Districts Of West Bengal Research Articles

Critical Watershed Prioritization through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques and Geographical Information System Integration for Watershed Management

The Precambrian hard rock topography of the Manbhum-Singhbhum plateau, which is well known for its semi-arid climates prone to drought, is often seen in Purulia district in West Bengal, India. Despite the district’s middling groundwater capacity, 17 out of 20 blocks have exorbitant fluoride pollution in the groundwater that negatively impacts the health of local residents. Approximately 13% of the whole area suffers from severe erosion. It is evident that the river Kangsabati and its tributaries are not well fed by rainwater and thereby there is always a dearth of ground water. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize integral watersheds in the Purulia area using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The evaluation was carried out in the Bandu sub-watershed, which contains five micro watersheds: 2A2B5m, 2A2B5k, 2A2B5h, 2A2B5b, and 2A2B5j. The analysis considered five major factors: lithological properties, land use and land cover, soil erosion, groundwater recharge, and hydrogeomorphology. The weights of these criteria were determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, which was then prioritized using the Techniques for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique. This study emphasized an integrated approach to assess watershed hazards and to establish rational conservation goals. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) of India report was referred during data analysis. As a result of this study, the 2A2B5k watershed emerged as the most critical due to its susceptibility across the analyzed parameters. This thorough plan demonstrated the usefulness of identifying watershed threads and prioritizing conservation efforts.

A Comparative Study of Regional Disparities in the Districts of West Bengal

In the post-economic reform period, the overall economic growth of West Bengal has been increasing. However, agricultural growth has become sluggish since the 1990s. The relatively low contribution of the secondary sector reveals an absence of a strong manufacturing base in the state. The high contribution of the tertiary sector indicates diversification and expansion of services. The time dimension for district-level analysis has been constricted by data availability. The inequality among the district is increasing, with a divergence of growth. Three development indices and a composite index reveal a significant disparity in development outcomes across districts between 2001 and 2013. The developmental gap between districts in the southern and northern parts of West Bengal has become prominent. JEL Codes: R11, 047, D63

A Study on Contribution of Handloom and Cotton Industry in Indian Economy

The wave of globalization and liberalization appeared in the India in 1991. With the concept of liberalization, privatization and globalization a new chapter has been opened up in the Indian economy and her billion plus population. The Hugli district and Nadia District in West Bengal are one of the most renowned names in the handloom and cotton industry of West Bengal and a good percentage of people are engaged in this heritage industry. The paper also suggests some strategies to make this ever challenging industry globally competitive, such as, the identification of modern trends, promotion of exports, market assessment so that this heritage industry can cope with the modern trends and utilise the benefits of globalization.

Estimating Marketing Efficiency of Organic Farmers: Evidence from Districts of West Bengal, India

The growing organic food market offers considerable trading opportunities for organic farmers in India. In this context, this article intends to find out whether the organic farmers are exploring these marketing opportunities in the three districts (namely, Purulia, Purba Bardhaman and Nadia) of West Bengal. Farm-level marketing efficiency is measured in a framework of data envelopment analysis. Evidence reveals that farmers’ marketing activities determine the level of marketing efficiency. Results show that organic farmers in Nadia district are relatively marketing efficient in comparison to the farmers in Purulia and Purba Bardhaman districts. Moreover, an attempt has been made to identify the determinants of marketing efficiency. The result shows that marketing efficiency is affected by the economic status, level of education, years of farming experience, size of landholding of the farmer household and the type of marketing arrangement.

Awareness About Maternal and Child Health among the Tribal Women in Two Villages of North Bengal, West Bengal

Despite the implementation of various national programs in India, maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity remain persistently high in tribal areas, primarily due to a lack of awareness about Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services among tribal women. This study was strategically designed to evaluate the knowledge levels of married tribal women in the reproductive age group regarding MCH services. The focus of this investigation is to understand the awareness about mother and child health services among tribal women in the reproductive age group in two villages, Shikarpur of Jalpaiguri and Hatighisa of Darjeeling district in West Bengal. A total of 100 (50 from each village) married women of reproductive age group were selected. All the participants were interviewed using a survey schedule. Among 100 respondents, 68% completed primary education. A significant proportion of child-birth/deliveries (81%) occur at home, prompting the need for safer institutional deliveries. Prenatal and postnatal care practices vary, with 68% receiving two Tetanus Toxoid doses. Healthcare consultations during sickness show diversity and 57 individuals did not seek any. Breastfeeding initiation within 24 hours was observed. Introducing complementary foods occurred mostly between 0-6 months. The study underscores the necessity for targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage and healthcare-seeking behaviors, and emphasizes promoting exclusive breastfeeding for enhanced maternal and child well-being.

Comparative Evaluation of Horizontal Lip Position With Ricketts Esthetic Plane in Preschool and School-Going Children of Bankura, West Bengal: A Craniofacial Anthropometric Study.

Introduction The horizontal lip position and esthetic plane are two important parameters to define facial beauty, and these factors are always given importance in children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate horizontal lip position in primary and mixed dentition children with class I occlusion and to analyze its association with gender among preschool and schoolchildren of villages in the Bankura district in West Bengal. Materials and methods Researchers screened 437 children for the study and selected those who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 407 children were segregated: 201 children aged three to five years with the flush terminal plane and mesial step in primary teeth and 206 children aged seven to eleven years with class I occlusion in mixed dentition were selected from schools in villages in Bankura district, West Bengal, India. The subjects were instructed to hold the head in the natural head position by looking straight, and points were marked on the nose and chin tip, respectively. A metallic ruler was placed from nose to chin, representing Rickett's esthetic line. The horizontal lip distance to the esthetic plane of both upper and lower lips was measured as a linear distance from the most anterior part of the lip to the metallic ruler. The data were recorded, compared with gender, and statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences software (SPSS version 19.0, 2015, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The most prevalent horizontal lip distance for both upper and lower lips to the esthetic line for primary and mixed dentition in the Bankura region of West Bengal was category I, where the lip is seen beyond the E plane, followed by category II, where lips are at a horizontal distance in the range of 0-1.5 mm from the esthetic line. A significant correlation of lip position with Rickets aesthetic plane was also illustrious with gender in primary dentition, but a non-significant association with gender was noted in mixed dentition. Conclusion Children with class I occlusion from the Bankura district of West Bengal showed a higher percentage of lip position beyond the esthetic plane in both primary and mixed dentition, which is not in line with the inference of Ricketts's studies on the Caucasian population. There is a definite association between gender and horizontal lip distance in Ricketts esthetic plane. Protrusive upper lips were seen more in males, and retrusive lips were seen more in females. Clinical significance The horizontal lip position with reference to Ricketts esthetic plane has been documented in the literature for adults and teens undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. However, there is no study done to define these measurements in preschool and school-going children, which can assist in determining future esthetic profiles and in preparing a protocol for early age interceptive orthodontics along with aesthetic rehabilitation of the anterior area of the mouth.

Morbidity among the tribal populations of West Bengal: A study based on data collected from the Mobile Medical Clinic.

Tribes are the most socially excluded group in the nation due to their restricted access to healthcare. There are little data on the real burden and distribution of illnesses among tribes. The present study determines the types and patterns of sickness among tribal populations in West Bengal. Five blocks from five districts in West Bengal were used for this cross-sectional study. Between the years 2018 and 2019, 52,189 patients visited these mobile medical clinics (MMCs), but only 36,128 were included in our study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (ver. 27.0). Younger age groups (1-25 years) show higher primary registration compared to other age categories; older age groups (>60 years) show higher repeat registration. High prevalence in infectious diseases (44.5% of the total primary registration) and high repeated cases in NCDs (11.5% to 33.2%), which are nearly three times higher than primary cases (Cramer's V test = 0.29; P = .001) are observed. Among the studied MMCs, Binpur II and Matiali MMC have more than two times the risk of gastrointestinal problems, while Madarihat MMC has more than one time the risk. Garbeta II MMC shows more than three times the risk of NCDs (adjusted odds ratio = 3.97; 95% confidence interval: 3.05-5.17) than the other diseases. The present study shows high prevalence of infectious diseases, injury and pain, NCDs, gastrointestinal problems, and vertigo in tribal populations of West Bengal.

Cardiovascular risk factors of tea garden workers from a district of West Bengal, India

Background and Aims: Cardiovascular risk factors in tea gardens have been seldom studied. The risk factors for these marginalized population needs attention for public health interventions. The current research aimed to assess the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among tea garden workers in the Alipurduar district of West Bengal, India. Methods: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 463 tea garden workers working in a district of West Bengal, India to assess risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Proforma was filled along with clinical examination and evaluation of records. Diseases classified as per ICD- 10. Statistical analysis was done with Microsoft excel 10. Results: Most of the study participants were from marginalized society (81.2% tribals). 76% were female. More than 50% (55.9%) were illiterate. 67.2% were from lower income group. As per ICD-10 classification, 24.2% have some non-communicable disease. Risk factors like addiction was quite prevalent (67.2% for tobacco and 57.1 % for Alcohol). Conclusions: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are quite prevalent among the marginalized population, which needs high priority for intervention.

Impact of Priority Sector Lending in Agriculture: A Study on Select Districts in West Bengal

In India, until the late sixties, commercial banks mainly provided loans to big trade houses for commerce, trade, and business. The stream of loans toward priority sectors, primarily agriculture, weaker segments, and small businesses, is scarce. However, India cannot achieve balanced, equitable, and sustainable growth and development without developing the agriculture sector, given that over 50% of the population is involved. After the nationalization of commercial banks, the broad categories under priority sectors were agriculture, small-scale industry, and exports. The paper relies on primary data about priority sector lending in the agricultural industry of selected blocks in West Bengal to assess the effectiveness of PSL in this sector. The paper employs suitable statistical tools to measure the efficacy. Based on the analysis, results, and findings, the paper offers suggestions to improve the situation of small and marginal farmers and landless farmers, the central portion (around 85% of the agriculture sector) in West Bengal.

Understanding the Presence of Human Trafficking Through the Lens of Feminism Philosophy

Human trafficking has raised significant political and public concerns in the contemporary time period. Individuals are often illegally trafficked throughout India for various purposes, such as forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. India is an infamous destination for trafficked women from Bangladesh, primarily for commercial sexual exploitation. In West Bengal, the challenge of human trafficking poses a serious concern to the residents. Often in the news and official reports, it is observed that two districts of West Bengal, namely North Bengal and South 24 Parganas, are considered the main haven for perpetrators to traffic humans from one place to the other. The porous border that West Bengal shares with Bangladesh has aggravated the situation since the perpetrators can escape the scope of security while engaging in human trafficking. In order to understand the presence of human trafficking in contemporary times, an action that has been termed illegal for over a century now, this research will analyze and discuss why trafficking of humans still continues to persist through the lens of feminist philosophy. This research article seeks to analyze the theoretical framework advocated by the neo-abolitionists who condemn all forms of prostitution as they believe it is oppression against women and tries to understand the presence of human trafficking as a consequence of gender oppression.

Beyond the leaves: Unveiling the societal impact of research on the self-perceived quality of life among indigenous female tea garden workers

Most indigenous women in the sub-Himalayan region of Northern Bengal have been engaged in wage labor within tea gardens. The payment system within these gardens has often lacked transparency, resulting in these workers receiving compensation below the legal minimum wage. This persistent uncertainty has had a profound impact on social behavior and self-satisfaction among the workforce. Notably, no prior study has explored the quality of life experienced by these women workers through a comprehensive examination of their perceptions, determinants, and narratives. The study, conducted in a district of West Bengal, meticulously selected 10 Tea Gardens (TGs) for investigation. This research project employs a mixed type of ethnographic data collection, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methods, and utilizes the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The findings of the study reveal a consistent pattern of deprivation and inequality experienced by tribal women at various stages of their lives. Furthermore, the research outcomes have provided valuable insights into the overarching societal impacts, encapsulated as follows: 1) the self-reported quality of life sense of the tribal women merely touched by other researchers signifies that these women rarely lived a decent life with utmost priority in every aspect, such as their physical strength, psychological health, and societal well-being; 2) Policymakers can address the factors contributing to the challenges faced by these women, fostering improvements in their overall quality of life.

Social Adjustment Patterns of Tribal Students: Exploring Family Dynamics

This research delves into the intricate aspects of social adjustment among Scheduled Tribe students within the secondary school environment. The study explored the influences of family related factors (family dynamics) such as gender, family type, number of siblings, father’s education and occupation, and familial monthly income on the social adjustment abilities of these students. Based on a cross-sectional survey conducted on randomly selected 310 bengali medium secondary school students from three subdivisions of Purba Medinipur District in West Bengal, the study revealed compelling insights. Bengali translated version of the Bell’s Adjustment Inventory (Social Adjustment Subscale) was used as research instrument. Data were analysed through independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA. The gender-based analysis highlights that female (Mean=7.64) students within the Scheduled Tribe community face more significant adjustment challenges and exhibit lower social adjustment compared to their male counterpart (Mean=6.20) (P=.000). The influence of family type is also substantial, with students from nuclear families (Mean=7.22) encountering higher adjustment difficulties and more downward social adjustment than those from joint families (Mean=5.86) (P=.000). The examination of family size indicated that students with two siblings (in comparison to students who are single child, having one sibling and having three or more siblings) experience heightened adjustment difficulties and lower social adjustment (P=.025). Furthermore, the study underscored the role of socio-economic factors, revealing significant relationships between the father’s occupation (P=.04) and educational qualifications (P=.05) with students’ social adjustment abilities. While overall differences in familial monthly income did not prove statistically significant (P=.134), selected pairwise comparisons were also showed variations. Collectively, these findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping social adjustment among Scheduled Tribe students. The implications extend to the development of tailored interventions and support systems that address the unique needs of these students within the educational context.

Factor and Constraints Involved in Income Generation from Sericulture: A Study in three Districts of West Bengal, India

Sericulture is an important sector for income generation in rural areas. Socio-personal and management factors along with relevant constraints were identified for income generation from sericulture in West Bengal. A total of 127 respondents were taken under the three districts i.e., Murshidabad, Nadia and South 24 Parganas. Total 14 socio-personal and 7 management factors were taken as independent variables and were statistically analyzed to understand their relationship with dependent variable income (y). The statistic used was correlation coefficient (r). Only 7 from socio-personal and 5 from management variables were found positively correlated with income. A total of 14 and 3 constraints were identified against mulberry and cocoon production, respectively. For mulberry production, 7 constraints were pest and disease related in that root rot disease and mealy bug pest (tukra) effected 8.66% and 18.11% with 6th and 1st rank respectively. For cocoon production 2 constraints were solely disease related in that grasserie infection and muscardine infection effected 62.20% and 29.92% with 1st and 2nd rank respectively. In socio-personal and management categories, a total of 4 major constraints were identified against income generation. However, based on the findings, it is to be mentioned that for any future income generation policy in sericulture care should be taken on identified factors and constraints based on their importance identified in this study.

Evaluating Flood Susceptibility in the Brahmaputra River Basin: An Insight into Asia's Eastern Himalayan Floodplains Using Machine Learning and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

Floods represent a significant threat to human life, property, and agriculture, especially in low-lying floodplains. This study assesses flood susceptibility in the Brahmaputra River basin, which spans China, India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh—an area notorious for frequent flooding due to the saturation of river water intake capacity. We developed and evaluated several innovative models for predicting flood susceptibility by employing Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The models showed robust performance, evidenced by Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC-ROC) scores exceeding 70% and Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) scores below 30%. Our findings indicate that approximately one-third of the studied region is categorized as moderately to highly flood-prone, while over 40% is classified as low to very low flood-risk areas. Specific regions with high to very high flood susceptibility include Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Majuli, Darrang, Nalbari, Barpeta, Bongaigaon, and Dhubri districts in Assam; Coochbihar and Jalpaiguri districts in West Bengal; and Kurigram, Gaibandha, Bogra, Sirajganj, Pabna, Jamalpur, and Manikganj districts in Bangladesh. Owing to their strong performance and the suitability of the training datasets, we recommend the application of the developed MCDM techniques and ML algorithms in geographically similar areas. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, regional administrators, environmentalists, and engineers by informing flood management and prevention strategies, serving as a climate change adaptive response within the Brahmaputra River basin.

Arsenic stress management through arsenite and arsenate-tolerant growth-promoting bacteria in rice.

Arsenic (As) contamination is a major problem affecting soil and groundwater in India, harming agricultural crops and human health. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as promising agents for reducing As toxicity in plants. This study aimed to isolate and characterize As-tolerant PGPR from rice field soils with varying As levels in five districts of West Bengal, India. A total of 663 bacterial isolates were obtained from the different soil samples, and 10 bacterial strains were selected based on their arsenite (As-III) and arsenate (As-V) tolerant ability and multiple PGP traits, including phosphate solubilization, production of siderophore, indole acetic acid, biofilm formation, alginate, and exopolysaccharide. These isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis as Staphylococcus sp. (4), Niallia sp. (2), Priestia sp. (1), Bacillus sp. (1), Pseudomonas sp. (1), and Citricoccus sp. (1). Among the selected bacterial strains, Priestia flexa NBRI4As1 and Pseudomonas chengduensis NBRI12As1 demonstrated significant improvement in rice growth by alleviating arsenic stress under greenhouse conditions. Both strains were also able to modulate photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugar content, proline concentration, and defense enzyme activity. Reduction in As-V accumulation inoculated with NBRI4As1 was recorded highest by 53.02% and 31.48%, while As-III by NBRI12As1 38.84% and 35.98% in the roots and shoots of rice plants, respectively. Overall, this study can lead to developing efficient As-tolerant bacterial strains-based bioinoculant application packages for arsenic stress management in rice.

Understanding relationships between socioeconomic, household crop diversification, and child malnutrition in rural Jhargram, West Bengal, India

In India, child malnutrition remains a huge, persistent challenge to tackle with due to its complex and multidimensional nature. Malnutrition among children under 5 years old can lead to cognitive and physical impediments. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the determinants and the linkage of child malnutrition with socioeconomic characteristics and household crop diversification. In this study, the primary data collected from 200 households in the rural area of Jhargram district in West Bengal, India, during April to May 2017 were analyzed. For determining the child nutritional status, the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard measurement was analyzed using the WHO-anthro software. The transformed Herfindahl index was calculated to illustrate the crop diversification. Statistical methods, such as bivariate analyses and logistic regression models, were used for data analysis. The study found that 36% of the children in the sample had stunted growth, 35.5% were underweight, and 22.5% were identified as wasted. It was found that cropping intensity was very high (183%) in the region, with low crop diversification. Results from logistic regression models found a significant relationship between child malnutrition and birth order, mother’s age, caste status, type of house, and farm size of the household. The study also found that low crop diversification of a household was significantly associated with higher malnourishment level among the children. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as well as crop diversification for improving the nutritional status of children.

Norms that matter: Exploring the distribution of women’s work between income generation, expenditure-saving and unpaid domestic responsibilities in India

Based on primary data from a large household survey in seven districts in West Bengal in India, this paper analyses the reasons underlying low labor force participation of women. In developing countries, women who are engaged in unpaid economic work in family enterprises are often not counted as workers, whereas the men are. We show that for women, not being in paid work is not synonymous with not being in the labour force. Women are often involved in expenditure saving activities i.e. productive work within the family, over and above domestic chores and care work. We document the fuzziness of the boundary between domestic work and unpaid (and therefore invisible) productive work that leads to mismeasurement of women’s work and suggest methods to improve measurement. Counting women’s expenditure-saving activities yields a substantially higher estimate of women’s participation in economic work. On social norms, we show that religion and visible markers such as veiling are not significant determinants of the probability of being in paid work. We find that being primarily responsible for domestic chores lowers the probability of “working”, after accounting for all the conventional factors. Our data shows substantial unmet demand for paid work. Given that women are primarily responsible for domestic chores, we find that women express a demand for work that would be compatible with household chores. We demonstrate the existence of ‘virtuous cycles’ within families: a history of working women in the family (mother or mother-in-law ever worked) increases the probability of being in paid work between 18 and 21 percentage points. This suggests that the positive effects of increasing women’s labour force participation today are likely to have positive multiplier effects on the prospects for work in future generations of women.

Historical root and cultural context of Bhumij Tribal community in West Bengal and Jharkhand: An Ethnographic study

Abstract: The Bhumij tribes have a traditional identity with certain territories of community living, especially in West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha. As per the 2011 census report, the total Bhumij population is 911,349. This study has been focused on the origin, historical roots, and cultural context of the Bhumij community. The study arises from the fact that Bhumij tradition and culture need to be preserved. Bhumij are highly influenced by Hindu culture and rituals, and their traditional culture has been rapidly changed. This study explores the Bhumijs’ dress code, food habits, birth, marriage, and death, as well as their religious beliefs and practices. This study was conducted in six districts in West Bengal and Jharkhand. The researcher applied the ethnographic method and used primary and secondary both sources of data. For the collection of data, participatory observation, interviews, and household surveys were used. Bhumijs’ are the fourth largest tribal community in West Bengal, but the acculturation process has been highly prevalent in Bhumij society. Due to the effects of acculturation, they have rapidly lost their own traditional culture and language.

Assessing the impact of precipitation on hardrock aquifer system using standard precipitation index and groundwater resilience index: a case study of Purulia, West Bengal, India.

Groundwater stored in the aquifers provides water security during natural hazards, e.g. clean water access during floods and droughts. Groundwater drought, a phenomenon closely linked with rainfall (climate) variability, is less researched, especially in India. This study aims to detect precipitation and groundwater droughts and comprehend the groundwater response to long-term precipitation trends (25years). As a case study, the drought-affected and groundwater-depleted Purulia district in West Bengal, India, which is a part of the Chotanagpur plateau, was selected. Precipitation and groundwater droughts (in aquifer types of shallow, moderate and deep) are detected using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Groundwater Resilience Index (GRI). During the 25 yearstudy period (1996-2020),Purulia had 13 (52%) rainfall deficiency years, with an annualaverage rainfall of 1382 mm. SPI detected four severe droughts and the most severe occurring in 2010-2011 (1.50). GRI found that aquifermedium had a 71% [Formula: see text] conditions and are the most resilient and aquiferdeep experienced maximum extreme drought events and is the most stressed. The cross-correlationcoefficients (CCCs) between rainfall and groundwater is moderate in deep, shallow, and medium aquifers, with CCCs - 0.43, - 0.59, and - 0.49, respectively. Positive CCCs are found for seasonal lags of - 3, - 4, and - 7. The study found that during the monsoon, average depth to groundwater level is 1 - 4m and it drops to 8-10m during the lean period, more than 85% of wells are vulnerable to extreme droughts (SPI > 1.5), aquifer's response to rainfall is aquifershallow > aquifermoderate > aquiferdeep, and aquifer's may be arranged as aquifermoderate > aquifershallow > aquiferdeep depending on their drought resistance. This study, with the use of statistical tools and long term data, will aid in the management of groundwater at varying depthsby creating basis forunderstanding the groundwater response to rainfall events.

Assessment of demonstration through yield and gap analysis of kharif groundnut in the different districts of West Bengal

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a popular source of oil and confectionery snack. Farmers of both tropical and subtropical regions grow groundnut to get high income. It has a good demand for its high nutritive value. This crop can be grown both in kharif and rabi seasons. In West Bengal conditions, small farmers prefer the varieties namely TG51 and TAG24. Five districts of West Bengal were taken under experiment during 2017 to 2021 (kharif season). A total 170 demonstrations were conducted in kharif, as per AICRP guidelines. Different percentage of gap was observed as a result of different practices like seed treatment, fertilizer management etc. In addition extension gap, technology gap etc. were calculated which showed a positive effect towards demonstration fields when compared to farmer's own field. With the adoption of improved management practices and varieties through demonstration, farmers got 26.8% more average gross return and 30.5% more average net return in the demonstration field over the farmers' fields.