Software Distribution Research Articles

К вопросу об отсутствии понятия уголовно-правового регулирования использования технологии искусственного интеллекта

The main regulatory and regulatory and technical acts that streamline the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the Russian Federation and in countries of far and near abroad are considered, and the need for prompt resolution of general legal problems and issues of a criminal law nature is proved, since the main feature that distinguishes crimes with the use of artificial intelligence from traditional types of crimes is the possibility of mass distribution of software with its use, the openness of information platforms, forums and sites where methods and methods of its application are discussed, as well as the high probability of anonymity of criminals who commit crimes using artificial intelligence for a fee in cryptocurrency. The goal is to give the author's definition of the concept and essence of artificial intelligence technology. In the course of the study, the properties of artificial intelligence are revealed, various doctrinal approaches to the definition of the concept of artificial intelligence and its essential features are analyzed, on the basis of which the author’s vision of the category under consideration is developed. Various scientific definitions of artificial intelligence are ordered in accordance with various criteria, the main features inherent in artificial intelligence are investigated, the necessary and sufficient conditions for recognizing an intellectual system are identified.

Exploring the operation of a neural network using the example of handwritten digits recognition in an advanced informatics course using the python 3.8 programming language

The article discusses the possibility of including artificial intelligence topics in the informatics course at the level of secondary general education on the demonstration example of handwritten digits recognition using the Python 3.8 programming language and the TensorFlow package. A hands-on example of a classification problem using the classic MNIST (Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology) training example set is dealt with step-by-step.Most of the tools required for the work (language interpreter, basic libraries, and shell) are downloaded in the form of a single software distribution kit of Anaconda. The network is trained using different methods. When the model is trained, the optimization method, the loss function, and the metric for estimation are specified. Image processing by convolutional nets containing special layers, which "convolve" the image the way a bitmap filter does, is also demonstrated

Open-source Software Sustainability Models: Initial White Paper From the Informatics Technology for Cancer Research Sustainability and Industry Partnership Working Group.

BackgroundThe National Cancer Institute Informatics Technology for Cancer Research (ITCR) program provides a series of funding mechanisms to create an ecosystem of open-source software (OSS) that serves the needs of cancer research. As the ITCR ecosystem substantially grows, it faces the challenge of the long-term sustainability of the software being developed by ITCR grantees. To address this challenge, the ITCR sustainability and industry partnership working group (SIP-WG) was convened in 2019.ObjectiveThe charter of the SIP-WG is to investigate options to enhance the long-term sustainability of the OSS being developed by ITCR, in part by developing a collection of business model archetypes that can serve as sustainability plans for ITCR OSS development initiatives. The working group assembled models from the ITCR program, from other studies, and from the engagement of its extensive network of relationships with other organizations (eg, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Open Source Initiative, and Software Sustainability Institute) in support of this objective.MethodsThis paper reviews the existing sustainability models and describes 10 OSS use cases disseminated by the SIP-WG and others, including 3D Slicer, Bioconductor, Cytoscape, Globus, i2b2 (Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside) and tranSMART, Insight Toolkit, Linux, Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics tools, R, and REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), in 10 sustainability aspects: governance, documentation, code quality, support, ecosystem collaboration, security, legal, finance, marketing, and dependency hygiene.ResultsInformation available to the public reveals that all 10 OSS have effective governance, comprehensive documentation, high code quality, reliable dependency hygiene, strong user and developer support, and active marketing. These OSS include a variety of licensing models (eg, general public license version 2, general public license version 3, Berkeley Software Distribution, and Apache 3) and financial models (eg, federal research funding, industry and membership support, and commercial support). However, detailed information on ecosystem collaboration and security is not publicly provided by most OSS.ConclusionsWe recommend 6 essential attributes for research software: alignment with unmet scientific needs, a dedicated development team, a vibrant user community, a feasible licensing model, a sustainable financial model, and effective product management. We also stress important actions to be considered in future ITCR activities that involve the discussion of the sustainability and licensing models for ITCR OSS, the establishment of a central library, the allocation of consulting resources to code quality control, ecosystem collaboration, security, and dependency hygiene.

Theoretical and experimental studies on fabrication of two-layer aluminum−copper pipe by friction stir additive manufacturing

Using a friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) process, the fabrication of a two-layer aluminum−copperpipe was studied experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, by presenting a 3D thermo-mechanical model in ABAQUS software, the temperature and strain distributions during the process were studied. The simulation results show that, although the rotational-to-traverse speed ratio with a good approximation can predict the heat input during welding, it is not a precise measure to predict the occurrence of defects in the weld cross-section. There is a good agreement between the predicted and experimental thermal results, and the maximum relative error is 4.1% in estimating the maximum temperature during welding. Due to heat and severe plastic deformationin the stir zone, the aluminum−copper intermetallic compounds (CuAl2 and Cu9Al4) are formed. The maximum hardness in the stir zone is 301.4 HV0.1in sample welded with an overlap of −0.5 mm.The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the two-layer pipe fabricated by friction stir additive manufacturingare(319.52±2.31) MPa and 19.47%, respectively.

The Right to Repair Goods in the Era of Digitalization and Globalization

Today, large companies are increasingly using controversial strategies related to the violation of the buyer’s rights to repair the goods both during and after the expiration of the warranty period. This is primarily manifested in the restriction of access to the necessary information on the product repairing, hindering the work of independent service organizations, intentional complication of parts during their design, unreasonably high degree of integration of units, lack of a sufficient number of spare parts on the market, etc. As a rule, such actions distort the principles of integrity and transparency, which, in turn, entails risks to consumer and environmental safety. This issue is of particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when sellers of medical equipment restrict the possibility of its restoration by independent specialists, and also prevent the distribution of the necessary software. Based on the results of the work, it is concluded that it is advisable to establish boundaries for the conduct of market participants to stimulate the production of durable and maintainable goods in order to transit to a circular economy.

Optimal construction method and demonstration application of multi-in-one station grounding system

Mutual influence may be driven by different models and operating mechanisms of grounding systems in multi-in- one substations. Even equipment damage and personal injury will occur in the event of a short-circuit or lightning strike. To meet the construction requirements of different multi-in-one substations, two typical application modes of grounding systems in multi-in-one substations are analyzed in this paper: plane and longitudinal layout schemes. First, the safety index and withstand voltage of secondary equipment in multi-in-one substations are introduced. Second, the plane layout scheme of grounding grids is examined. Based on a 35-kV multi-in-one substations in Shanghai, it was verified that the overall grounding grid needs to be laid to meet the safety of secondary equipment in the station. Finally, considering that it is feasible to rebuild the upper layer of a substation, the longitudinal layout scheme of the grounding grid in multi-in-one substations is also examined. Safety assessment is carried out in terms of aspects such as short-circuits and lightning strikes, and relevant optimization construction methods are analyzed. In this study, a real 35-kV substation in Shanghai was selected as an example. Simulation and field tests based on Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Fields, Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis (CDEGS) software verified that the proposed construction scheme can achieve safe operation of multi-in-one substations. This construction idea can also serve as a reference for the future construction of multi-in-one substations.

Criminal law and criminological threats in the Internet during a pandemic

A general description of criminal law and criminological threats on the Internet, which have become particularly common or arose during the pandemic in Ukraine and the world have been analyzed in the scientific paper. It is noted that during this pandemic people began to rely more than ever on computer systems, mobile devices and the Internet for remote working, education, communication, shopping, sharing and receiving information, minimization the influence of the social distancing, etc. Increasing of the number of Internet users and the time spent them online, combined with the feelings of confusion, anxiety and fear has become an enabling environment for criminal activity in the cyber space. The risks associated with the digitalization of health care in Ukraine and abroad have been identified. It is noted, that Interpol has identified three the most common types of cyberattacks at the international level, which affected individuals and legal entities during the pandemic: 1) the functioning of malicious domains; 2) distribution of malicious software; 3) download extortion programs. Phishing and other types of cyber fraud, related to COVID-19, were analyzed. It is emphasized, that the perception of fake information (depending on its content) can lead to the panic spreading among the population, the formation of aggression against certain groups of people and so on. It was determined, that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the increasing of the amount of "screen time" among both adults and children contributed to the intensification of actions aimed at sexual abuse of children on the Internet, cyberbullying, incitement to risky online behavior, distribution of potentially dangerous content. It is stated, that according to experts opinion, the implementation of criminal law and criminological threats on the Internet in 2020 caused losses of more than 1% of world GDP.

Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation

Improving a tower earthing system by reducing the impedance is an effective solution to prevent back flashover from occurring and thus maintaining the sustainable operation of power supply. Knowledge of the soil and earthing structure is an important element when designing an earthing system and to determine the parameters of a transmission line (TL). This paper presents the computation of soil structure interpretation based on several earthing designs using current distribution, electromagnetic interference, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The results showed that each tower has a multi-layer soil structure and it was also found that the soil resistivity at the surface layer strongly affected the earthing impedance. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that soil structure and the earthing design arrangement are the two parameters that significantly affected the ground potential rise (GPR). This aspect affects the resistance and impulse impedance of a tower and thus influences the performance of the TL system when subjected to lightning strike, which is undoubtedly one of the major culprits of power outages in Malaysia.

Immunization calculation engine: An open source immunization evaluation and forecasting system.

IntroductionThe immunization calculation engine (ICE) is a free, open‐source immunization forecasting evaluation and software system whose default immunization schedule supports all routine childhood, adolescent, and adult immunizations based on the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). ICE utilizes its immunization rules and patient data to evaluate and return the validity of each immunization in the patient's history along with one or more evaluation reasons. It also returns a recommendation for each vaccine group along with one or more recommendation reasons.MethodsIn January 2020, ICE was first released as a Docker image along with the traditional zip archive file which had been used up to that point. Docker enables software providers to easily distribute their software so that it can be run “out of the box” in the user's local environment. Software running in Docker containers drastically reduces the complexity of software distribution and set up.ResultsClinical systems of many types use ICE. The project began within the public health arena as a feature of Immunization Information Systems (IIS), but electronic health records (EHR) and personal health records (PHR) have also deployed ICE. While it is not possible to identify the specific impact of ICE on clinical care without additional research, it should be pointed out that once deployed within an IIS, EHR, or PHR the display of ICE results is performed for every patient viewed by a user and often for every patient appearing on a report. In a typical month, thousands if not millions of evaluations and forecasts are performed by ICE and displayed to the users.ConclusionsThe ICE Project believes in minimizing the barriers to installing and using ICE anywhere. To that end, there is no registration required to download the source code or runtime code for the ICE service and its default rule. Similarly, the Project created a Docker image of ICE to facilitate easy and seamless implementation.

International non-financial reporting systems from the perspective of establishing the sustainable development concept

Under modern conditions of the growing trend of sustainable development the issue of disclosing relevant, high-quality and user-friendly reports of non-financial information about the economic, environmental and social aspects of business entities’ activities is of particular importance. The purpose of the article was to study international non-financial reporting systems from the perspective of establishing the sustainable development concept to substantiate the directions for improving the process of information disclosure about sustainable development by business entities. The comparative analysis, abstract-logical generalization, historical and chronological methods have been applied. The evolution of the sustainable development concept has been studied and the key characteristics of the stages of its formation at all levels of the management hierarchy have been identified. The peculiarities and areas of application of the most widespread modern international non-financial reporting systems among economic entities have been studied and their general characteristics and shortcomings have been summarized. The ways of improving the process of such information disclosure in accordance to the set requirements have been suggested in the following areas: the development of the state non-financial reporting standard on sustainable development, which is based on the concept of the triple bottom line and contains provisions for drawing up a report that must be standardised according to the Sustainable Development Goals; the introduction of a mandatory audit of such reporting and the business entity responsibility for its non-submission; the creation of conditions for the training of persons responsible for drawing up non-financial reporting on sustainable development and those performing its audit; the provision of development and free software distribution for compiling and submitting such reports. The practical significance of the obtained results is stipulated by the creation of prerequisites for increasing the awareness of business entities regarding activities in the direction of sustainable development and increasing the effectiveness of the state policy of sustainable development

Detailed design of the science operations for the XRISM mission

XRISM is an X-ray astronomical mission by the JAXA, NASA, ESA and other international participants, that is planned for launch in 2022 (Japanese fiscal year), to quickly restore high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of astrophysical objects. To enhance the scientific outputs of the mission, the Science Operations Team (SOT) is structured independently from the instrument teams and the Mission Operations Team. The responsibilities of the SOT are divided into four categories: 1) guest observer program and data distributions, 2) distribution of analysis software and the calibration database, 3) guest observer support activities, and 4) performance verification and optimization activities. As the first step, lessons on the science operations learned from past Japanese X-ray missions are reviewed, and 15 kinds of lessons are identified. Among them, a) the importance of early preparation of the operations from the ground stage, b) construction of an independent team for science operations separate from the instrument development, and c) operations with well-defined duties by appointed members are recognized as key lessons. Then, the team structure and the task division between the mission and science operations are defined; the tasks are shared among Japan, US, and Europe and are performed by three centers, the SOC, SDC, and ESAC, respectively. The SOC is designed to perform tasks close to the spacecraft operations, such as spacecraft planning, quick-look health checks, pre-pipeline processing, etc., and the SDC covers tasks regarding data calibration processing, maintenance of analysis tools, etc. The data-archive and user-support activities are covered both by the SOC and SDC. Finally, the science-operations tasks and tools are defined and prepared before launch.

DataLad: distributed system for joint management of code, data, and their relationship.

DataLad is a Python-based tool for the joint management of code, data, and their relationship, built on top of a versatile system for data logistics (git-annex) and the most popular distributed version control system (Git). It adapts principles of open-source software development and distribution to address the technical challenges of data management, data sharing, and digital provenance collection across the life cycle of digital objects. DataLad aims to make data management as easy as managing code. It streamlines procedures to consume, publish, and update data, for data of any size or type, and to link them as precisely versioned, lightweight dependencies. DataLad helps to make science more reproducible and FAIR (Wilkinson et al., 2016). It can capture complete and actionable process provenance of data transformations to enable automatic re-computation. The DataLad project (datalad.org) delivers a completely open, pioneering platform for flexible decentralized research data management (RDM) (Hanke, Pestilli, et al., 2021). It features a Python and a command-line interface, an extensible architecture, and does not depend on any centralized services but facilitates interoperability with a plurality of existing tools and services. In order to maximize its utility and target audience, DataLad is available for all major operating systems, and can be integrated into established workflows and environments with minimal friction.

Probabilistic one-time programs using quantum entanglement

Quantum technology allows for unparalleled levels of data and software protection. Probabilistic one-time programs harness these capabilities for quantum-assisted classical computations by encoding classical software in small quantum states resulting in computer programs that can be used only once. Such self-destructing one-time programs facilitate a variety of applications reaching from software distribution to one-time delegation of signature authority. Whereas previous experiments demonstrated the feasibility of such schemes, the practical applications were limited. Here we present an improved protocol for one-time programs that resolves major drawbacks of previous schemes, by employing entangled qubit pairs. This results in four orders of magnitude higher count rates and the ability to execute a program long after the quantum information exchange has taken place. We implement a one-time delegation of signature authority over an underground fiber link between university buildings in downtown Vienna, emphasizing the compatibility of our scheme with prepare-and-measure quantum internet networks.

Combined mechanisms of legal protection of software in cross-border business activities

In this article, the author examines the legally established mechanisms of legal protection of software rights available to entrepreneurs engaged in cross-border business activities. The author conducted an analysis of existing legal acts, including international treaties, establishing different egimes of legal protection of software rights. The author highlights the pros and cons of each of the available mechanisms of legal protection of software rights. The article reveals the main aspects of software as an object of intellectual property that are subject to protection by each of the considered mechanisms of legal protection available to right holders. In order to determine the features of different types of software and its impact on the mechanism of legal protection of software to be chosen, the author provides a classification of software types depending on the functionality, goals and methods of using and distribution of specific software. In order to minimize the disadvantages of existing mechanisms of legal protection and to ensure the protection of the most valuable features of a specific software, the author proposes combined mechanisms of legal protection that are of practical importance for ensuring comprehensive protection of software rights in cross-border business activities.

Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of Bayesian Network Application in Safety Field

Bayesian network (BNs) has been widely used in uncertain knowledge modeling since it was proposed, especially in safety assessment and risk prediction. In order to fully understand the application status of Bayesian network in the field of safety, 3111 sample documents were collected from the web of science core collection database. Through CiteSpace technology text mining and visual analysis software, document output, keywords, author cooperation, organization cooperation, citation and journal distribution were analyzed. The results show that: FAISAL KHAN, MOHAMED ABDELATY, HELAI HUANG, TAREK SAYED, JAEYOUNG LEE, etc. published Bayesian networks The most widely used literature in the field of safety has made an important contribution to the development of this field; institutional cooperation is mainly based on Univ Central Florida, MEM Univ Newfoundland, Univ British Columbia, Tongji Univ, Texas A & M Univ, cents Univ, Delft Univ technology and other universities; journal distribution of literature is mainly based on the core functions of Bayesian network, and mainly distributed in ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECODE, RELIABILITY ENGINEERING SYSTEM SAFETY and SAFETY SCIENCE.

A new approach to improve the assessment of rock mass discontinuity spacing using image analysis technique

The mean discontinuity spacing can significantly varies with varying the scanline direction. To clarify the assessment of mean discontinuity spacing using measurement and relevant conventional equations, several artificial cubic models having three different discontinuity sets with various spacings and orientations were made by foam. The grand mean measured discontinuity spacing (XGMM) of various scanline directions on different profile planes had a linear correlation with the block size (XBS) of the typical artificial models (XGMM = 0.725XBS). Then, a new method using image analysis of in-situ rock mass was applied to assess mean rock mass block size as an alternative solution to represent the mean discontinuity spacing. The scaled images were prepared from ninety-four cases of twenty zones of in-situ rock masses in several mines, and the discontinuity spacing was also measured in six scanline directions for each case, as measurement was carried out in 564 scanlines. The images of in-situ rock masses were analyzed by Split-Desktop software and rock block size distribution, X20, X50 (mean size) and X80 were determined. The rock block size obtained by the images analysis (X50-image analysis) had a good linear correlation with the grand mean measured discontinuity spacing of six scanline directions of each case (XGM-measured) for various rock mass conditions (XGM-measured = 0.70X50-image analysis). The obtained relation can be a reliable solution to specify the mean value of discontinuity spacing using image analysis of rock mass.

การสเกลพอดแกนแนวนอนด้วยปฏิทินออนไลน์สำหรับคูเบอร์เนติส

Kubernetes is free distribution software for managing containers or Pods. It has a function to support the basic needs for developers and system administrators as well. However, the automatic scaling of Pods based on the horizontal pod autoscaler is a slow to response. This is caused by the process of waiting for the load to appear in the system and then adding resources, and the container preparation time causes a slow response from the unavailable time interval. In this research, developed the Kubernetes system to be able to prepare Pods in advance via an online calendar. The software has a feature to read the schedule from the online calendar and send it to control the Kubernetes resources via the MQTT protocol. This includes the number of users and the appointment date. When the system receives the information, it will automatically expand the Pods according to the online calendar appointments. Experiments have shown that once the appointment is due, the system will automatically begin creating a Pods in less than 10 minutes.

Energy management system design oriented for energy cost optimization in electric water heaters

Energy consumption in homes with Electric Water Heaters accounts currently means up to 30% of the total energy consumption. Their low cost and easy installation are priority factors for users, despite the high cost of electricity consumption in these equipments.The aim of this paper is to develop a modular and low cost Energy Management System which minimizes the electricity bill without compromising the level of comfort. An algorithm is developed that estimates the appropriate hours of operation of the Electric Water Heater that guarantees comfort based on the consumption habits, the monitorization of temperatures and dynamic electricity prices.Another of the functionalities implemented in the Energy Management System is to manage the instantaneous power demanded at homes by disconnecting certain non-priority loads when the maximum contracted power is going to be exceded and to reduce the fixed cost of the bill.The Energy Management System has been installed in a home and results of cost optimization are provided. The device uses free distribution software with Raspberry/NodeMCU platforms and allows monitoring and control of the system through a web page.

An improved fault analysis method based on bus-voltage thresholds determination for distribution networks with distributed generators

Integration of distributed generators (DGs) into a distribution network (DN) can impact on the reliability operation and stability of protection systems. Depending on DG types, their installed locations, and operation states, fault current values in the distribution network can be significantly changed such that protective devices can inaccurately operate. Traditional fault analysis methods have not considered the presence of distributed generators and their operation characteristics, bidirectional power flows and change in bus-voltage values in the DN. Therefore, improvement of fault current calculation methods is necessary to fast, automatically and accurately determine fault current values in the DN with distributed generators. Hence, this paper develops an improved fault analysis method based on bus-voltage thresholds determination for distribution networks with DGs. The bus-voltage thresholds can be evaluated by determining load power confidence intervals (LPCI), and fault current thresholds will be then calculated in the DN with DGs. Based on a developed LPCI calculation tool and E-terra distribution software, achieved simulation results have validated the effectiveness of fault analysis method based on bus-voltage thresholds for distribution networks in case of considering types, locations and operation states of various distributed generators.

Implementation of a Software Distribution Intervention to Improve Workload Balance in an Academic Pediatric Radiology Department.

In our pediatric radiology department, radiographs (XR) are the shared responsibility of the body section and interpreted in addition to modality or site-specific assignments. Given an unequal contribution amongst radiologists to the XR workload, a software solution was developed to distribute radiographs and improve workload balance. Metrics to evaluate the intervention's effectiveness were compared before and after the intervention. Data was retrieved from the radiology analytics platform, scheduling software, and the peer learning database. Metrics were compared 12months pre (March 2018-February 2019) and 6months post (March 2019-August 2019) intervention on non-holiday weekdays, 7 am-5 pm. To evaluate the intervention's effectiveness, variance between radiologists' contributions to XR volume was assessed using Levene's and Fisher's tests. Changes in turnaround times (TATs) and error rates pre- and post-intervention were evaluated as secondary metrics. Following the intervention, the average number of XR interpreted on target rotations increased by 8.9% (p = 0.011) while the departmental volume of radiographs increased only 4.5%. The variance between radiologists' daily XR contribution was 21.3% (p < 0.0001) higher prior to the intervention. Days where target rotations read fewer than 5 XR decreased from 17.8 to 1.1% (p < 0.0001) after the intervention. Days in which more than 75% of all XR had a TAT less than 60min improved from 26.8 to 39.7% (p = 0.017) after the intervention. There was no statistically significant difference in error frequency (error rate 2.49% pre and 2.72% post, p = 0.636). In conclusion, the software intervention improved XR workload contribution with decreased variability. Despite increased volumes, there was an improvement in turnaround times with no effect on error rates.