Distribution Of Inclusions Research Articles

Step-wise constant-amplitude waves in non-Hermitian disordered media

Multi-reflection interference of sound waves is ubiquitous in our daily life, and suppressing any such distortions of a wave’s free propagation and achieving counter-directional adaptation is a challenging task, with many applications in acoustics. Here, we propose a non-Hermitian Fabry–Perot resonance unit, which demonstrates unidirectional invisibility in opposite directions at the so-called exceptional points by adjusting its geometric configuration and intrinsic acoustic parameters. Then, we extend the principle and design a waveguide containing six inclusion–membrane pairs in which a unique property of step-wise constant-amplitude waves in two opposite directions has been realized, irrespective of whether the distribution of inclusions is periodic or random. Our method breaks through the limitation of the impedance, amount, position of the inclusions, and the incident direction of the waves, revealing potential applications in acoustic sensing, noise control engineering, and other related wave disciplines.

National impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical trial staff attrition: Results of the SWOG Cancer Research Network Survey of Oncology Research Professionals.

11049 Background: Severe shortages in clinical trial staffing across the United States and internationally has been anecdotally noted, but data are lacking. To better assess the scope and impact of staffing shortages, SWOG conducted a Cooperative Group-wide survey of Oncology Research Professionals (ORP). Methods: The survey was developed by SWOG leadership and was granted an IRB exemption by Lifespan IRB (Providence, RI). The survey was disseminated by email in January 2022 to Head Clinical Research Associates (CRAs, n = 100) using an inclusive distribution list that goes to the site-identified administrative leader of each SWOG Member and National Community Oncology Research Program institution. The data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Lifespan. Descriptive statistics were performed and qualitative analysis conducted to identify major themes. Results: The response rate was 87% and 41 of 87 respondents completed the full survey (47%). The majority of respondents were female (89.6%), not Hispanic (87.8%) and White (85.1%). The proportion that identified as Hispanic or Asian was 12.8 and 6.9%, respectively. One participant identified as Black and another as American Indian/Alaskan native. The most common work setting was within an academic medical center (47.9%) and 57.8% held a management or leadership role at their institutions. The majority (79%) used an Institutional IRB for trials not overseen as part of the National Clinical Trials Network. Over 80% of respondents reported their institution is experiencing a personnel shortage due to COVID-19. Proportion who reported this negatively impacted IRB processes was 50%, financial review was 42%, and legal review was 26.9%. On a scale of 0 (none) to 6 (significant), the impact was most significant on audit activities and accrual to trials (both rated 5), transfer of data to sponsors and sponsor visits (both rated 4.5); all other aspects rated a 4, including screening procedures, regulatory activities, and data collection. Ranked reasons for attrition were desire for better pay, seeking better opportunities, and seeking more flexible working conditions. General burn out was ranked as the fourth most common cause. Important themes included increasing trial complexity, morale, lack of support (due to staff shortages), lack of opportunities for promotion, unfilled positions, and the lack of experience of new hires. Conclusions: Over 80% of research programs affiliated with SWOG report staffing shortages due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of these shortages touch every aspect of clinical research. Initiatives to recruit, train, and retain staff are urgently needed. As in other areas of medicine (e.g. hospital nursing), the potential for post-pandemic persistence of this issue requires an immediate national response.

Development of Self-Shielded Flux-Cored Wires for Arc Welding of Low-Alloy Steels

Current aspects of the developing of modern self-shielding flux-cored wires composition for arc welding of low-alloyed steels are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of flux-cored wires of carbonate-fluorite, oxide and oxide-fluoride types of are shown in comparison. The effectiveness of gas shielding of molten metal at welding with self-shielding flux-cored wires of carbonate-fluorite type is analyzed considering the thermal properties of their cores. It is shown that to improve reliability of gas shielding at welding using the wires of this type it is important not only to ensure generation of sufficiently large volume of shielding gases at thermal destruction of the wire core, but also to control this process, providing gas evolution at all stages of heating and melting of the wire. The results of complex thermal analysis of the wire core mixtures containing, for example, lithium carbonate show substantially large heat losses for heating and melting of the wire core, which are accompanied by the development of energy-intensive processes of thermal destruction of core components. It is shown that the limitation of lithium carbonate content in the wire at the level of not more than 2 wt. % allows not only to preserve welding arc burning stability at the acceptable level but also to provide effective gas shielding of molten metal and easy separation of slag crust. The control of thermochemical reactions in the core is achieved by selection of its proper composition to ensure favorable melting of flux-cored wire and electrode metal transfer to the welding pool. Results of metallographic examinations of distribution and composition of non-metallic inclusions in metal of the welds made with wires of the oxide and oxide-fluoride types are presented. Main properties of the developed self-shielding flux-cored wires and recommendations on welding are given in conjunction with prospective fields of their application.

Local nanoscale phase impurities are degradation sites in halide perovskites.

Understanding the nanoscopic chemical and structural changes that drive instabilities in emerging energy materials is essential for mitigating device degradation. The power conversion efficiency of halide perovskite photovoltaic devices has reached 25.7 per cent in single-junction and 29.8 per cent in tandem perovskite/silicon cells1,2, yet retaining such performance under continuous operation has remained elusive3. Here we develop a multimodal microscopy toolkit to reveal that in leading formamidinium-rich perovskite absorbers, nanoscale phase impurities, including hexagonal polytype and lead iodide inclusions, are not only traps for photoexcited carriers, which themselves reduce performance4,5, but also, through the same trapping process, are sites at which photochemical degradation of the absorber layer is seeded. We visualize illumination-induced structural changes at phase impurities associated with trap clusters, revealing that even trace amounts of these phases, otherwise undetected with bulk measurements, compromise device longevity. The type and distribution of these unwanted phase inclusions depends on the film composition and processing, with the presence of polytypes being most detrimental for film photo-stability. Importantly, we reveal that both performance losses and intrinsic degradation processes can be mitigated by modulating these defective phase impurities, and demonstrate that this requires careful tuning of local structural and chemical properties. This multimodal workflow to correlate the nanoscopic landscape of beam-sensitive energy materials will be applicable to a wide range of semiconductors for which a local picture of performance and operational stability has yet to be established.

Interactions between multiple rigid lamellae in a ductile metal matrix: Shear band magnification and attenuation in localization patterns

A ductile matrix material containing an arbitrary distribution of parallel and stiff lamellar (’rigid-line’) inclusions is considered, subject to a prestress state provided by a simple shear aligned parallel to the inclusion lines. Because the lamellae have negligible thickness, the simple shear prestress state remains uniform and its amount can be high enough to drive the matrix material on the verge of ellipticity loss. Close to this critical stage, a uniform remote Mode I perturbation realizes shear band formation, growth, interaction, thickening or thinning. This two-dimensional problem is solved through the derivation of specific boundary integral equations, holding for a nonlinear elastic matrix material uniformly prestressed; the related numerical treatment is specifically tailored to capture the stress singularity present at the inclusion tips. Results show how complex localized deformation patterns form, so explaining features related to the failure mechanisms of ductile materials reinforced with stiff and thin inclusions. In particular, the influence of the inclusion distribution on the shear bands pattern is disclosed. Conditions for the magnification (the attenuation) of the localized deformations are revealed, fostering the progress (the setback) of the failure process.

Response to Comment on "Discovery of davemaoite, CaSiO3-perovskite, as a mineral from the lower mantle".

Walter et al. issue a number of critical comments on our report about the discovery of davemaoite to the end that they believe to show that our results do not provide compelling evidence for the presence of davemaoite in the type specimen and that the hosting diamond had formed in the lithosphere. Their claim is based on a misinterpretation of the diffraction data contained in the paper, an insufficient analysis of the compositional data that disregards the three-dimensional distribution of inclusions, and the arbitrary assumption that Earth's mantle shows no lateral variations in temperature, inconsistent with state-of-the-art assessments of mantle temperature variations and with their own published results.

Mechanical behavior of interfacial stress transfer in platelet-reinforced thermoset polymeric composites

This study models the mechanical performance of thermoset polyamide filled with various percentages of glass beads using a coupling agent. A micromechanical model is developed for polyamide glass-bead composite containing three-phase zones with imperfect bonding across interfaces. The micromechanical/interface model uses square sub-region arrays representing particle, matrix, and interface zones to obtain the stress transfer behavior across the cohesive zone for a given microstructure. Understanding the stress transfer tool and interfacial adhesion across multi-coated inclusions, and developing accurate material models will help in establishing upcoming design criteria in the engineering of polymer based composites. The impact of this study comes from the fact that the diffusion quality and non-uniform distribution of inclusions within the polymer matrix, and weak bonding of filler to the polymer matrix, may result in an ineffective stress transfer, which in turn degrades the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. The influence of incomplete interfacial adhesion on the modulus and strength property of polymer-based composites has been investigated in this study. The coupling agent used had a minor impact on the stiffness of the composite which confirms the fact that stiffness is minimally affected by interfacial bonding. The model also revealed that the maximum obtainable stress decreases with increasing volume fraction of glass present in those composites with no coupling agent.

Purity Effect of High-Strength Steel on Failure Behavior of Automobile Front Axle

As unpredictable fracture of the front axle will lead to serious safety accidents, its failure behavior study is essential. This paper analyzes typical cracks on I-shaped and leaf springs of the front axle made by Steel A and Steel B. Steel B has a lower content of S, N, Cu, and Sn than Steel A. In order to identify the failure mechanism difference, the low magnification etch test, and metallographic and scanning electron microscope analyses were conducted. The results show that the microstructures are tempered sorbite, and the cracks are with intergranular fracture characteristics. The aggregated distribution of sulfide inclusions in the matrix of Steel A is higher than that of Steel B. Copper-rich particles are detected in the cracks of Steel A. The result indicates that the purity distinction of raw steel can have a big difference on the cracking rate of the front axle even under the same manufacturing process. Relevant suggestions to reduce the cracking are put forward from the aspects of raw materials and process conditions.

A Kinetic Model for Precipitation of TiN Inclusions From Both Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation During Solidification of Steel

Complex TiN + oxide inclusions which nucleate and grow on the surface of the primary oxide inclusions, e.g. MgO, have been frequently observed in various steel grades after solidification. To describe the precipitation kinetics of TiN and TiN + MgO inclusions, a model accounting for both heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation was proposed in this work. The model was validated by employing the literature data, and good agreement has been achieved between experimental data and calculation data. The influence of nitrogen and titanium concentrations, the interfacial tension between TiN and steel, cooling rate, and size distribution of primary oxides on the size distribution of TiN and TiN + MgO inclusions were investigated by the model calculations. It was found that nitrogen and titanium concentrations, the interfacial tension between TiN and steel, and the number density of primary MgO inclusions have an impact on the final size distributions of TiN and TiN + MgO inclusions. In contrast, the effects of cooling rate and size of MgO inclusions on the final inclusion size distribution are negligible. The large interfacial tension between TiN and steel would suppress the homogeneous nucleation and is favorable to heterogeneous nucleation. The increase of the number density of primary MgO can significantly suppress the homogeneous nucleation and reduce the size of TiN + MgO inclusions. The present model can be extended to describe the heterogeneous precipitation of other complex inclusions providing that the secondary inclusion has a low lattice mismatch with the primary inclusion. Combining the present model with our previous model for the size distribution of primary inclusions, the size distribution of inclusions in solidified steel can be well described and controlled.

Comprehensive numerical characterization of a piezoelectric composite with hollow metallic inclusions using an adaptable random representative volume

This paper investigates a piezoelectric composite made up of a piezoceramic matrix with irregularly scattered random-sized hollow metal inclusions. This composite can be produced using a combination of porous ceramic fabrication methods and microcapsule transfer techniques that were previously utilized to deliver nanoparticle medicines in biomedical applications. The effective material characteristics were computed using a numerical homogenization methodology that included finite element analysis, random representative volume element, perfect contact between distinct phases, special linear boundary conditions, and the Hill–Mandel principle. To imitate the random distribution of inclusions inside a particle-filled composite, the relationship describing the inclusion’s volume fraction was adjusted by adding a regularity coefficient. Thus, a new representative volume was designed to study the effect of the non-uniform distribution of randomly sized inclusions on the effective coefficients of the composite. An analysis of the effective properties of this new composite system with metalized pores surfaces (SMPS) revealed the following features. Due to the presence of metallic impurities, the resulting electric induction field or mechanical stress field inside the piezoelectric phase is scattered, which raises the transverse piezoelectric moduli with the increase of the inclusion’s volume fraction. Also, the electrical permittivity coefficients increase steadily with the increase in the portion of the metallic impurities. According to the findings, the volume fraction of the inclusion can be considered the most critical parameter to modify the electromechanical characteristics of the SMPS. The effects of the regularity coefficient on the equivalent properties increase as the inclusion’s volume fraction increases. The effective dielectric constants decrease as the degree of regularity of the composite structure grows, increasing the effectiveness of the piezoelectric transducer in transverse energy harvesting and motor applications. The findings of the newly constructed representative volume were verified using a basic periodic unit-cell and a random representative volume based on the random sequential adsorption (RSA) method. The developed structure of the representative volume can be applied to simulate a wide range of composites in the form of solid particles. Piezoelectric transducers constructed from the proposed piezocomposite are predicted to function well in piezoelectric motors and transverse piezoelectric sensors.

The distribution and density of Huntingtin inclusions across the Huntington disease neocortex: regional correlations with Huntingtin repeat expansion independent of pathologic grade

Huntington disease is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, especially of the striatum, and the presence of polyglutamine huntingtin (HTT) inclusions. Although HTT inclusions are most abundant in the neocortex, their neocortical distribution and density in relation to the extent of CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene and striatal pathologic grade have yet to be formally established. We immunohistochemically studied 65 brains with a pathologic diagnosis of Huntington disease to investigate the cortical distributions and densities of HTT inclusions within the calcarine (BA17), precuneus (BA7), motor (BA4) and prefrontal (BA9) cortices; in 39 of these brains, a p62 immunostain was used for comparison. HTT inclusions predominate in the infragranular cortical layers (layers V-VI) and layer III, however, the densities of HTT inclusions across the human cerebral cortex are not uniform but are instead regionally contingent. The density of HTT and p62 inclusions (intranuclear and extranuclear) in layers V-VI increases caudally to rostrally (BA17 < BA7 < BA4 < BA9) with the median burden of HTT inclusions being 38-fold greater in the prefrontal cortex (BA9) than in the calcarine cortex (BA17). Conversely, intranuclear HTT inclusions prevail in the calcarine cortex irrespective of HTT CAG length. Neocortical HTT inclusion density correlates with CAG repeat expansion, but not with the neuropathologic grade of striatal degeneration (Vonsattel grade) or with the duration of clinical disease since motor onset. Extrapolation of these findings suggest that HTT inclusions are at a regionally-contingent, CAG-dependent, density during the advanced stages of HD. The distribution and density of HTT inclusions in HD therefore does not provide a measure of pathologic disease stage but rather infers the degree of pathogenic HTT expansion.

Distribution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Slab for Tinplate

Tinplate is widely used in food packaging and chemical packaging. Industrial production continues to reduce the thickness of tinplate steel, which puts higher requirements on the control of inclusions. In this study, compared with traditional detection methods, the Ultrasonic Detection method can analyze the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in larger size samples, which is closer to the actual production process. The numerical simulation model is established to analyze the flow, heat transfer and solidification behavior of molten steel. The results show: There are two nonmetallic inclusion bands in the sample at the edge of the slab, one is the inner and outer arc side of the sample, and the other is the 1/8 to 1/4 slab thickness region of the inner arc side in the sample. The inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab edge within the range of 1/8 to 1/4 are captured in areas 800 mm to 1400 mm below the meniscus. The solidification of the inner and outer arcs is not symmetrical, which leads to the asymmetrical distribution of inclusions in the inner and outer arcs. This study can provide a reference for improving the tinplate production process.

Оптический метаматериал с близким к нулю случайным показателем преломления

A relation is obtained for the complex refractive index of an optical metamaterial, taking into account the structural factor that determines the discrete distribution of inclusions in the composite. It is shown that a small random change in the structure factor leads to a significant decrease in the refractive index of the metamaterial in a wide range of visible and IR wavelengths. The obtained theoretical results are confirmed by experiment on the example of a synthesized metamaterial from a polymer matrix with silver nanoparticles.

A computationally efficient approach for generating RVEs of various inclusion/fibre shapes

A computationally efficient method for generating virtual periodic representative volume element (RVE), capable of handling arbitrary inclusion shapes, is developed. A universal collision/overlap detection and repair method is proposed, where each inclusion shape is represented as a union of n-Spheres (UnS). A constrained optimization problem is formulated and solved to remove inclusion overlaps; a closed-form solution is derived for calculating the degree of inclusions overlap and its gradient vector with respect to inclusion position. RVE generation is illustrated with circular, spherical, four non-circular and four non-spherical inclusion shapes. Computational efficiency is demonstrated using an elaborate RVE generation time study. The generated RVEs are evaluated using various statistical metrics; results confirm the random distribution of inclusions. Effective properties of RVEs, representing unidirectional composites, are determined using homogenization with various fibre cross-section shapes; obtained mechanical properties have shown transverse isotropy.

Damage evolution during fracture by correlative microscopy with hyperspectral electron microscopy and laboratory-based microtomography.

Damage evolution during fracture of metals is a critical factor in determining the reliability and integrity of the infrastructure that the society relies upon. However, experimental techniques for directly observing these phenomena have remained challenged. We have addressed this gap by developing a correlative microscopy framework combining high-resolution hyperspectral electron microscopy with laboratory x-ray microtomography (XMT) and applied it to study fracture mechanisms in a steel inclusion system. We observed damage nucleation and growth to be inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Fracture resistance was observed to be controlled by inclusion distribution and the size scale of an inclusion-depleted zone. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that laboratory XMT can characterize damage to the micrometer scale with a large field of view in dense metals like steel, offering a more accessible alternative to synchrotron-based tomography. The framework presented provides a means to broadly adopt correlative microscopy for studies of degradation phenomena and help accelerate discovery of new materials solutions.

Convergence of Constant Step Stochastic Gradient Descent for Non-Smooth Non-Convex Functions

This paper studies the asymptotic behavior of the constant step Stochastic Gradient Descent for the minimization of an unknown function, defined as the expectation of a non convex, non smooth, locally Lipschitz random function. As the gradient may not exist, it is replaced by a certain operator: a reasonable choice is to use an element of the Clarke subdifferential of the random function; another choice is the output of the celebrated backpropagation algorithm, which is popular amongst practioners, and whose properties have recently been studied by Bolte and Pauwels. Since the expectation of the chosen operator is not in general an element of the Clarke subdifferential of the mean function, it has been assumed in the literature that an oracle of the Clarke subdifferential of the mean function is available. As a first result, it is shown in this paper that such an oracle is not needed for almost all initialization points of the algorithm. Next, in the small step size regime, it is shown that the interpolated trajectory of the algorithm converges in probability (in the compact convergence sense) towards the set of solutions of a particular differential inclusion: the subgradient flow. Finally, viewing the iterates as a Markov chain whose transition kernel is indexed by the step size, it is shown that the invariant distribution of the kernel converge weakly to the set of invariant distribution of this differential inclusion as the step size tends to zero. These results show that when the step size is small, with large probability, the iterates eventually lie in a neighborhood of the critical points of the mean function.

Effect of the orientation distribution of thin highly conductive inhomogeneities on the overall electrical conductivity of heterogeneous material

Many natural composite materials contain systems of partially oriented thin low-resistivity inclusions (for example, water-saturated microcracks in a double porosity sedimentary formation). We have calculated the components of the electrical conductivity tensor of such materials as a function of crack density. The results were obtained for thin ellipsoidal inclusions with conductivity (electrical or thermal) much larger than the matrix conductivity. To calculate the effective conductivity, we have used the effective field method (EFM). We have obtained the explicit expressions for the effective parameters of inhomogeneous materials. The application of the EFM allows one to describe the influence of the peculiarities in the spatial distribution of inclusions on the effective properties of the medium. General explicit expressions, obtained in this work, are illustrated by calculation examples for inclusions, homogeneously distributed in the sector [-Beta, Beta], where Beta is the disorientation angle, and some continuous angle distribution functions. The calculations have shown that the spatial distribution of the crack-like inclusions strongly affects the conductive properties of the effective medium and the symmetry of their tensor.

Study of the deformed halo nucleus 31Ne with Glauber model based on microscopic self-consistent structures

The exotic deformed nucleus 31Ne is studied with an approach that combines self-consistent structure and reaction theories. The deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) is utilized to demonstrate that deformation and pairing correlations give rise to a halo structure with a large-amplitude p-wave configuration in 31Ne. Then the valence nucleon wave functions and angle-averaged density distributions of 30Ne from this theory are used as input for the Glauber reaction model to study the observables of neutron-rich neon isotopes to search halo signatures. With NL1 effective interaction, our predictions of the reaction cross sections for these exotic neon isotopes on a carbon target can better reproduce the experimental data than those from the relativistic mean field model for a spherical shape with resonances and pairing correlation contributions, and are roughly 3.3% (∼ 50 mb) larger than those with Gaussian function-fitted densities of the core nuclei. The calculated one-neutron removal cross section at 240 MeV/nucleon, and the inclusive longitudinal momentum distribution of the 30Ne residues from the 31Ne breakup reaction are largely improved over previous theoretical predictions and agree well with data. These reaction evaluations indicate a dilute density distribution in coordinate space and are a canonical signature of a halo structure. Moreover, our predictions with the NL3 and PK1 effective interactions give slightly better descriptions of reaction observables for exotic neon isotopes.

Peritectic and phenocrystic garnet accumulation and the origin of strongly peraluminous granitic rocks: The Flagstaff Lake Igneous Complex, Maine

The Flagstaff Lake Igneous Complex of Maine contains a metaluminous phase that ranges from diorite to granite, and three phases of strongly peraluminous, garnet-bearing rocks with silica contents that range between 43 and 59 wt%. These peraluminous rocks have increasing amounts of normative corundum with increasing maficity, indicating that they do not represent liquid compositions, rather garnet accumulation accounts for their bulk-rock A/CNK compositions. Garnet in these rocks displays a variety of textures, inclusion patterns, and trace element compositions. The Loon Lake phase is characterized by garnet with abundant, randomly distributed apatite inclusions. Some grains have spiral inclusion patterns that are peritictic grains formed during partial melting of source rocks while they were undergoing differential stress. In contrast, the Quarry Phases A and B contain inclusion-free garnet with euhedral grain boundaries. These grains have trace element profiles indicative of crystal fractionation processes and are interpreted to be phenocrysts. Some of these phenocrysts have inclusion poor, resorbed cores that are mantled by inclusion-free overgrowths. The cores have lower concentrations of compatible trace elements and higher concentrations of incompatible elements than the mantles. These cores are resorbed phenocrysts from an evolved magma that were mingled in a more primitive, garnet crystallizing magma. Also present in Quarry Phase B rocks are a minor population of inclusion-rich garnets with random inclusion distributions. These are also interpreted as peritectic garnet, entrained from the source, or from dehydration melting of country rock biotite. They are mantled by inclusion-free garnet with the same composition as the phenocrysts and are phenocrystic overgrowths. Thus, the original Flagstaff Lake anatectic melts were mildly peraluminous with the current bulk-rock compositions of the garnet tonalites dominated by the accumulation of variable portions of phenocrystic garnet or the entrainment of peritictic garnet, both of which generated the increasing peraluminosity with increasing maficity of the complex. Magmatic, mafic enclaves present in the peraluminous rocks are similar to the metaluminous, main phase rocks of the complex, suggesting that the coeval basaltic magmas provided the heat for anataxis to generate the peraluminous magmas.

The Novelist as a Historian: A Study of the Nigerian/Biafran War Account from the Perspective of Chukwuemeka Ikeh’s Sunset at Dawn

The novelist is a creator and a creative writer whose foundation is lodged in imaginative thinking. It is in the creative writer’s ability to recreate events, which had either taken place or could take place, through the use of fictive characters, and creative use of language. This study therefore introspects the events of the Nigerian/Biafra civil war from the perspective of the novelist as a historian, in doing this the study examines the events of the civil war from the literary perspectives and accounts of a literary giant Chukwu Emeka Ikeh’s Sunset at Dawn. Data for the study is collected from secondary sources, the text under study and other Nigerian/Biafran war novels, historical books about the civil war, and internet sources. The study adopted the theory of historicism as a frame work. It highlighted the civil war era from the perspective of the writer under study, from the beginning of the conflict to when it became a full-blown war, the killings, starvation, hunger and the end of the war. The study identified some of the remote causes of the war to be the fear of political domination among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria, deep seated ethnic resentment and acrimony among others. This study recommends that similar situation in future can only be averted through power devolution, all- inclusive leadership style and equitable distribution of the nation’s resources.