Distinct Parts Research Articles

Discharge Coefficient of a Compound Weir with a Triangular underneath Gate for Different Geometric and Hydraulic Conditions

It is common practice in the field of irrigation systems to use composite hydraulic structures, which are constituted of two distinct parts. The initial component, represented by two rectangles, is responsible for the overflow regime, while the subsequent component, represented by a triangular gate, is responsible for the underflow regime. In order to measure, direct, and control the flow, both components are required. The present study investigates the flow through a combined two-rectangle weir with a below-triangular gate across the channel, which serves as a control structure. The weir's upper rectangle has a constant width, designated as b1 and measuring 20 cm, while the lower rectangle has a variable width, designated as b2 and comprising the values of 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm. The depth of the lower rectangle, z, is also a variable with values of 6 cm, 9 cm, and 11 cm. The dimensions of the triangular gate are 15 cm in height and 0, 60, 90, or 120 degrees in vertex angle. The aforementioned dimensions were employed interchangeably as geometric conditions and the disparate water heads h2 as hydraulic conditions. Additionally, the compound weir devoid of a gate (θ = 0) was used for varying water heads. The results demonstrated that the dimensions of the weir and gate had an impact on the discharge that went through the two rectangular weirs and gates. In terms of discharge capacity, the combined structure was observed to be more effective than a classic weir, with the ability to convey a discharge that was two to ten times greater. An empirical formula was developed to predict the discharge coefficient, Cd, for the combined structure, based on the given geometric and hydraulic conditions. It should be noted that the results and analysis of this study were limited to the tested dataset.

Exploring Myrsine umbellata: a comprehensive analysis of phytochemicals, antioxidant potential, antityrosinase effect, and cytotoxic activities across distinct plant parts

ABSTRACT Myrsine umbellata, a native Brazilian tree, was investigated for its chemical composition and bioactivity. A total of 44 compounds were identified, including resorcinol derivatives, sesquiterpenes, and embelin. The ethyl acetate leaf fraction exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, with superior antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.87–17.33 µg mL-¹) compared to Ginkgo biloba. Specific fractions (MSA, MSH, MSC) showed selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells (IC50 = 9.51–24.95 µg mL-¹), sparing normal cells. Quercitrin and embelin exhibited low toxicity. These findings suggest M. umbellata as a promising source of natural antioxidants, antimelanogenic agents, and potential chemotherapeutics for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

Coupling between landward and seaward fringes of sandy beaches: algal deposits on the upper beach influence biogeochemistry and faunal assemblages in the swash zone

Energy subsidies from the sea typically underpin ocean-exposed sandy beach ecosystems. Strandings of detached macroalgae – ‘wrack’ – can be a spectacular form of such cross-ecosystem transfers of organic matter that sustain consumers in the recipient shore system; this has given rise to a model of wrack promoting the diversity and abundance of invertebrates, with scaling effects on upper trophic levels.However, most wrack is often wave-cast to the upper beach, whereas a distinct part of the shore fauna is limited to the ocean fringe of beaches – the ‘swash zone’. This has the potential to create a spatial asymmetry between the location of subsidies (concentrated at the landwards fringe) and the location of some of the putative recipients distributed at the ocean fringe.Here, we tested whether the fauna of the swash zone can benefit from wrack subsidies, by sampling fauna and algal deposits on a range of beaches in NW Spain. We also measured the potential functional link between algal wrack and nutrients released from wrack during decay.Wrack decay increased nutrient concentrations, and it is the combination of wrack cover, nutrient levels, and sediment coarseness that jointly drove variation in the assemblage structure of the swash fauna among beaches. Similarly, the density of the swash fauna and species richness increased markedly at higher nutrient levels and wrack cover.Filter feeders were an important compartment in the food web of the swash macrofauna; we hypothesize that wrack deposits in the upper beach enhance food availability for this trophic guild via increasing nutrients in the water column, stimulating primary production and providing particulate organic matter derived from algal decay. Besides, several polychaetes and peracarid species function as secondary consumers and detritus feeders that plausibly benefit, directly or indirectly, on the particulate organic matter that accumulates on the sediment surface or percolates into the interstitial environment.These findings expand the ‘wrack enhancement’ model to include the promotion of consumers at the ocean edge of sandy shores; it also contains a cross-shore linkage via decomposition processes that favourably change the nutrient regime across all the beach face and thereby couple the swash zone with the upper strandline.

Residual Energy and Broken Symmetry in Reduced Magnetohydrodynamics

Alfvénic interactions that transfer energy from large to small spatial scales lie at the heart of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. An important feature of the turbulence is the generation of negative residual energy—excess energy in magnetic fluctuations compared to velocity fluctuations. By contrast, an MHD Alfvén wave has equal amounts of energy in fluctuations of each type. Alfvénic quasi-modes that do not satisfy the Alfvén wave dispersion relation and exist only in the presence of a nonlinear term can contain either positive or negative residual energy, but until now, an intuitive physical explanation for why negative residual energy is preferred has remained elusive. This paper shows that the equations of reduced MHD are symmetric in that they have no intrinsic preference for one sign of the residual energy over the other. An initial state that is not an exact solution to the equations can break this symmetry in a way that leads to net-negative residual energy generation. Such a state leads to a solution with three distinct parts: nonresonant Alfvénic quasi-modes, normal modes produced to satisfy initial conditions, and resonant normal modes that grow in time. The latter two parts strongly depend on initial conditions; the resulting symmetry breaking leads to net-negative residual energy both in Alfvénic quasi-modes and ω = k ∥ V A = 0 modes. These modes have net-positive residual energy in the equivalent boundary value problem, suggesting that the initial value setup is a better match for solar wind turbulence.

Predicting Landslide Deposit Zones: Insights from Advanced Sampling Strategies in the Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador

In landslide susceptibility modeling, research has predominantly focused on predicting landslides by identifying predisposing factors, often using inventories primarily based on the highest points of landslide crowns. However, a significant challenge arises when the transported mass impacts human activities directly, typically occurring in the deposition areas of these phenomena. Therefore, identifying the terrain characteristics that facilitate the transport and deposition of displaced material in affected areas is equally crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive capability of identifying where displaced material might be deposited by using different inventories of specific parts of a landslide, including the source area, intermediate area, and deposition area. A sample segmentation was conducted that included inventories of these distinct parts of the landslide in the hydrographic basin of Lake Ilopango, which experienced debris flows and debris floods triggered by heavy rainfall from Hurricane Ida in November 2009. Given the extensive variables extracted for this evaluation (20 variables), the Induced Smoothed (IS) version of the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) methodology was employed to determine the significance of each variable within the datasets. Additionally, the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) algorithm was used for modeling. Our findings revealed that models developed using the deposition area dataset were more effective compared with those based on the source area dataset. Furthermore, the accuracy of models using deposition area data surpassed that of that using data from both the source and intermediate areas.

Failures of Scale Separation in Biology and the Problem of Inter-Level Causation

ABSTRACT A conflict between evidence for causation and the metaphysical requirement of spatiotemporal distinct causal relata arises if the results of experiments commonly described as ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ are taken to demonstrate ontological determination dependencies between parts and wholes or their respective behaviours. It has been argued that the problem can be circumvented if experimental results are interpreted in terms of relationships between variables measured and manipulated at separating scales. I argue that scale separation fails in the case of biological phenomena due to the small number of molecules and molecular events underlying these phenomena, which makes it impossible to completely disentangle micro and macro-scale behaviours. I defend instead a causal mediation interpretation according to which experiments assess the effects of interventions targeting the composition and exposure of biological systems. Under this interpretation, causal relata are ontologically distinct fractions or parts of biological systems, thus avoiding the oddity of part-whole causation.

“Third Space”, Cultural Translation and Linguistic Hospitality in Sinéad Morrissey’s Poetry

ABSTRACT The exploration of the intermediary state or space is a central trope in the prominent contemporary Northern Irish poet Sinéad Morrissey’s poetry, especially in her early collections where movement and travel feature prominently. As a significant and distinctive part of her poetic creation, Morrissey’s poems about her encounters with China and Japan are selected and reprinted in her latest poetry collection: Found Architecture: Selected Poems (2020). Focusing on her poems relating to China in Found Architecture, this essay probes how Morrissey codifies her experience of different aspects of China, involving language, culture, literature and history, within her poems and how she interrogates and reflects on her perspectives not only during her travels but also in the process of her aesthetic creation. Drawing on the theories of Homi K. Bhabha and Paul Ricoeur, it also analyses how Morrissey explores and illuminates the theorisations of cultural translation and hospitality in her poetry.

Подход к твёрдотельному моделированию геометрических объектов в точечном исчислении

The development of computer-aided design systems involves a combination of fundamental and applied research. The conceptual foundation of the mathematical framework for such systems lies in the notion of a complete geometric body—a geometric set of points where the number of active parameters matches the dimensionality of the space, with the geometric body represented as a distinct part of that space. The analytical representation of these point sets is achieved through the mathematical apparatus of point calculus, which can be generalized to multidimensional spaces. The article compares this proposed approach to solid modeling of geometric objects with existing methods. Examples demonstrating the modeling of geometric bodies using the new approach are provided. The advantages of this ap-proach are emphasized, including the compactness of the analytical description, the elimination of transformation ma-trices, the facilitation of parallel computations within the mathematical framework, and more. Additionally, the article explores the capabilities of modeling geometric bodies in point calculus, such as the representation of isotropic and ani-sotropic bodies as solid geometric objects with a functionally controlled linear or nonlinear spatial structure.

Accelerated Degradation Data Analysis Based on Gamma Process With Random Effects

ABSTRACTThe Gamma constant‐stress accelerated degradation model is a natural model for monotonous degradation processes. However, unit heterogeneity often exists in practice, necessitating a more realistic model. This study develops a Gamma process with random effects to accurately capture accelerated degradation data for reliability analysis, encompassing both point and interval estimation. First, the Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm is developed to obtain point estimates of the proposed model. Since these estimates are sensitive to initial values, potentially impacting the outcomes, an improved EM algorithm is proposed, which iteratively refines the estimation quality by executing two different M‐steps, thereby enhancing overall estimation accuracy. Secondly, given the complexity of the model and the constraint of small sample sizes and limited stress levels, a three‐step interval estimation method is devised. This method segregates the parameters into three distinct parts and addresses them individually using the generalized pivotal quantity method, which simplifies the parameter interval estimation process and enhances the estimation accuracy. Finally, simulation studies and a real example of O‐rings are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Spatiotemporal control of translation in live zebrafish embryos via photoprotected mRNAs

Translation of mRNA into protein is a fundamental process and tightly controlled during development. Several mechanisms acting on the mRNA level regulate when and where an mRNA is expressed. To explore the effects of conditional and transient gene expression in a developing organism, it is vital to experimentally enable abrogation and restoration of translation. We recently developed the FlashCaps technology allowing preparation of translationally muted mRNAs and their controlled activation by light. Here, we validate its functionality in vivo. We demonstrate that translation of FlashCap-eGFP-mRNA can be triggered in zebrafish embryos with spatiotemporal control. The injected FlashCap-mRNA is stable for hours and remains muted. Light-mediated activation up to 24 h post fertilization produces visible amounts of eGFP and can be restricted to distinct parts of the embryo. This methodology extends the toolbox for vertebrate models by enabling researchers to locally activate mRNA translation at different timepoints during development.

Ancistrohaptor forficata sp. n. (Monopisthocotyla, Dactylogyridae): A New Parasite of Triportheus signatus (Characiformes, Triportheidae) from the Salgado River, Brazil

The genus Ancistrohaptor was proposed to accommodate monopisthocotylans flatworms parasitic on the gills of species of the genus Triportheus in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. Its main characteristics are (a) an accessory piece of the male copulatory organ composed of two distinct parts; (b) dextral or dextroventral vaginal openings; and (c) large ventral anchors with elongated shafts. A new species of Ancistrohaptor was found to parasitize the gills of Triportheus signatus collected from the Salgado River, Ceará State, Brazil. A new species of Monopisthocotyla was collected and described. Ancistrohaptor forficata sp. n. is primarily characterized by having a male copulatory organ with less than one turn, the presence of an articulated accessory piece with a concave rod-shaped termination, and a free accessory piece that is clamp shaped and bifurcated, as well as a dorsal bar with shading present in its medial part. This is the fourth species description of the genus Ancistrohaptor for fish of the genus Triportheus and the first record for T. signatus and the aquatic ecosystems of the Caatinga domain.

The Affective Revolution in Entrepreneurship: An Integrative Conceptual Review and Guidelines for Future Investigation

Entrepreneurial affect has emerged as a burgeoning area of study, with a wealth of articles demonstrating that affect, broadly conceptualized, plays an important part in entrepreneurial life. While a few affective phenomena, such as passion and positive and negative affect, are primarily driving the affective revolution in entrepreneurship, a wide range of additional forms of affect, from momentary feelings to enduring affective dispositions, have been found to influence entrepreneurs’ judgments, decision-making, attitudes, and behaviors in distinct parts of the entrepreneurial process. Moreover, entrepreneurs’ affective experiences and displays of these experiences influence entrepreneurial behaviors and investors’ decision-making. Although this is an exciting time for work on entrepreneurial affect, several theoretical and empirical inconsistencies impede further knowledge accumulation. To assess how and why affect is critical to entrepreneurship, to clarify the theoretical inconsistencies, and to provide an integrative framework, we conduct a systematic review of 276 published empirical and conceptual articles on entrepreneurial affect. In doing so, we analyze how various affective phenomena (e.g., emotions, moods, sentiments), along with their discrete forms (e.g., anger, grief, happiness), influence and are influenced by specific stages of the entrepreneurial process. We conclude that while this body of research confirms that entrepreneurship is an emotional endeavor, the collective approach has thus far obscured a more detailed and useful understanding of affect in each stage of the entrepreneurial process. We examine the theoretical and empirical approaches taken to date and lay out an agenda for future scholars, thus bolstering the affective revolution in entrepreneurship.

A review article on the sweet scandal: The truth behind rhodamine B

Cotton candy is a popular treat with various names around the world. It debuted toward the end of the 1800s at the St. Louis World’s Fair. Different names for it were used in distinct parts of the world. Rhodamine B (Rh-B), a basic dye developed in 1887, serves diverse industrial purposes. During the metabolism of Rh-B, cytochrome 450 breaks down, generating oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. It should be cautiously used due to its possible mutagenic qualities and negative effects on cellular function, including binding to DNA. The article examines the physical and chemical characteristics of Rh-B and its applications, mechanisms, and impacts on brain function, particularly in the cerebellum and brainstem. Studies suggest that exposure to Rh-B may result in functional abnormalities and mutagenic effects. In this review, Rh-B poses significant risks to human health and the environment, necessitating careful consideration and regulatory measures in its usage and disposal.

Influence of Na2SO4 Produced from Phosphogypsum Conversions on the Basic Properties of Building Gypsum.

This study comprises two distinct but interrelated parts. The first part involves optimizing the conditions for the conversion of phosphogypsum to a Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 solution. The second part focuses on enhancing the mechanical properties of gypsum through the use of a sodium sulphate additive derived from the conversion of phosphogypsum. An ultrasonic disperser was employed to accelerate the reaction between phosphogypsum and a sodium hydroxide solution. The mean dispersion time was found to be 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 min. The resulting product was a solution of calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. The impact of varying quantities of Na2SO4 on the compressive strength and density of building gypsum samples was investigated. An increase in the quantity of sodium sulphate from 0.2% to 2% resulted in a notable rise in the density of the building gypsum samples, from 1127 kg/m3 in the reference sample to 1264 kg/m3 in the sample containing 2% sodium sulphate. Therefore, in all instances, the utilization of the Na2SO4 additive in the gypsum samples resulted in elevated compressive strengths (4.8-8.6 MPa) in comparison to the reference sample devoid of this additive (1.6 MPa).

Exchange Rate Flexibility and Macroeconomic Stability: A Panel Data Modeling Approach

The exchange rate regime is a central element of a country’s economic policy, playing a crucial role in its macroeconomic stability and global competitiveness. Over the decades, Morocco, like many other countries, has seen its exchange rate regime evolve significantly. After more than ten years under a controlled exchange rate regime, the country adopted a semi-floating exchange rate regime in 2018, characterized by occasional central bank interventions. This transition reflects the fundamental objectives of Moroccan economic policy, aiming to ensure macroeconomic and financial stability, promote economic growth, and foster integration into the global economy. This evolution raises crucial questions about the impact of exchange rate flexibility on macroeconomic instability. This article aims to empirically analyze the impact of exchange rate flexibility on macroeconomic instability by addressing the following central question: To what extent would the Moroccan economy have been unstable if the country had adopted a floating exchange rate regime? Would a floating exchange rate have been preferable to a quasi-fixed regime? To address this issue, our work is structured into two distinct parts. The first part offers a brief literature review on exchange rate regimes and macroeconomic stability, providing a solid theoretical framework. The second part includes an empirical study using panel data from four countries (Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and Turkey) for a comparative analysis.

A decision-making model for blasting risk assessment in mines using FBWM and GRA methods

Due to the extensive use of explosives, the failure to identify hazards and assess risks in blasting may lead to catastrophic consequences. However, classical risk assessment approaches are limited in their ability to address ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as in assigning weights to the criteria involved in the risk assessment process. This study employs a multi-criteria decision-making system to address these limitations and assess the risks associated with blasting. The proposed model integrates Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) to prioritize risks and the Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM) to assign weights to the criteria critical to the risk assessment process. The findings indicated that “not using personal anti-static protection devices during blasting (R12)”, “placing the explosive fuse near explosive materials (R15)”, and “bringing explosive materials to the explosion site before completing drilling and blasting operations (R23)” were the most significant blasting risks, respectively. These risks stem from operational processes, human factors, and the working environment, thus requiring special attention. The weighting of the study criteria, including Consequence (C), Probability (P), and Exposure (E), revealed that the C criterion, with a final weight of 0.538, was the most influential in the risk assessment process. The P and E criteria, with weights of 0.294 and 0.167, respectively, ranked second and third in importance among the assessment criteria. To ensure the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method, a validation study comprising two distinct parts—sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis—was conducted. The results of these evaluations highlighted the appropriate and reliable performance of the proposed approach. This approach can assist decision-makers, managers, and risk analysts in more accurately identifying and assessing risks by addressing some of the limitations inherent in classical risk assessment methods.

A review of the Neogene formations and beds in Slovenia, Western Central Paratethys

Neogene sedimentary successions are found in eastern and northeastern Slovenia. Their formation was closely related to the evolution of the western part of the Pannonian Basin System and the Central Paratethys; it was influenced by global transgressive and regressive cycles as well as by global, regional and local tectonics. Several formations and beds were defined within the Neogene sedimentary successions which can be found in three separate areas. The first one includes the formations north of two major fault systems, the Periadriatic Fault System and the Mid-Hungarian Zone, which were associated with the Mura-Zala and the Styrian Basins, respectively. Successions south of these major faults are not formally connected to any of the major basins and developed in two distinct parts: a strip between Tunjice and Kozjansko to the north and the Krško area to the south. From the Egerian to the early Badenian, different areas exhibit different types of sedimentation, whereas from the middle Badenian onwards, sedimentation in different zones is partly comparable, depending on the type of depositional environment. Egerian and Eggenburgian sediments are only found south of the above-mentioned major fault zones, whereas Karpatian sedimentation only occurred north of them. Sediments in both areas are characterized by alternation of shallow marine, brackish and terrestrial sedimentation. In contrast, sedimentary environment in the Badenian evolved from a terrestrial, mainly fluvial environment with alluvial fans, through a transitional stage (delta and lagoon) to a shallow and deep marine environment. The Sarmatian sequences reflect a brackish environment with decreasing salinity and continue into extensive Pannonian delta systems that gradually fill the basins from west to east. The formations that correspond to the Pannonian in the Mura-Zala Basin can be correlated with the formations in the Krško area. The Pliocene is characterized by terrestrial sedimentation with the formation of rivers and lakes in the newly established intramontane basins.

“Miroirs et Reflets” by Gabriel Iranyi – An Auditory Metaphor of Visual Interactions

The work Miroirs et reflets by composer Gabriel Iranyi, explores the concept of mirroring and reflection in both technical and metaphorical ways. Iranyi was inspired by the visual art of Claude Monet and Paul Klee, translating principles of reflection, symmetry, and heterophony into his musical composition. The piece is structured in two distinct parts, with the first section characterized by a static and rigorous approach, and the second part defined by spontaneity and fast tempo. Iranyi uses various compositional techniques, such as isolated sustained sounds, pitch shifts, harmonics, and convex motion, to create an auditory metaphor for visual interactions. The work aims to engage the listener and performer in an artistic exploration that adds depth to the musical motifs.

Integration of User Experience and Agile Software Development: A Systematic Literature Review

New methods and best practices are being used to enhance the software lifecycle because of the recent expansion of the software industry. Agile development approaches have also been widely used, and they have positively affected people's lives and the operations of enterprises. Although agility makes working with developers easier, it does not offer enough chances to collaborate with users. In early Agile formulations, User Experience (UX) was not recognized as a distinct part of software development. The tricky part is figuring out where to integrate them and how to merge them so that the two parts interact. Combining user experience with Agile approaches is the subject of this research's proposed systematic literature review (SLR). This research found ten relevant studies highlighting the growing interest and research in merging these two critical areas of software engineering. In conclusion, this research found some papers or studies integrating user experience into Agile methodologies. Many techniques are used, and all studies have different approaches to integrate them.

Phytochemical profiling of two distinct stem parts of Cissus quadrangularis L. and exploration of their metabolic pathways

Phytochemical profiling of two distinct stem parts of Cissus quadrangularis L. and exploration of their metabolic pathways