Gender Distinctions Research Articles

Complete loss of case and gender within two generations: evidence from Stamford Hill Hasidic Yiddish

Yiddish was the everyday language spoken by most Central and East European Jews during the last millennium. As a result of the extreme loss of speakers during the Holocaust, subsequent geographic dispersal, and lack of institutional support, Yiddish is now an endangered language. Yet it continues to be a native and daily language for Haredi (strictly Orthodox) Jews, who live in close-knit communities worldwide. We have conducted the first study of the linguistic characteristics of the Yiddish spoken in the community in London’s Stamford Hill. While Krogh (in: Aptroot, Aptroot et al. (eds.) Leket: Yiddish studies today, Düsseldorf University Press, Düsseldorf, pp 483–506, 2012), Assouline (in: Aptroot, Hansen (eds.) Yiddish language structures, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, pp 39–62, 2014), and Sadock and Masor (J Jew Lang 6(1):89–110, 2018), investigating other Hasidic Yiddish-speaking communities, observe what they describe as morphological syncretism, in this paper we defend the claim that present-day Stamford Hill Hasidic Yiddish lacks morphological case and gender completely. We demonstrate that loss of morphological case and gender is the result of substantial language change over the course of two generations: while the case and gender system of the spoken medium was already beginning to undergo morphological syncretism and show some variation prior to World War II, case and gender distinctions were clearly present in the mental grammar of both Hasidic and non-Hasidic speakers of the relevant Yiddish dialects at that stage. We conclude the paper by identifying some of the language-internal, sociolinguistic and historical factors that have contributed to such rapid and pervasive language change, and compare the developments in Stamford Hill Hasidic Yiddish to those of minority German dialects in North America.

Uvular rhotic weakening in Yiddish adjectival suffixes

In traditional Yiddish dialects, the presence versus absence of word-final rhotics after unstressed [3] in adjectival suffixes carries a heavy functional load, making distinctions of gender, number, and case. Belk et al. (2019) note that some Yiddish speakers with uvular rhotics do not fully articulate them word-finally, endangering this crucial distinction and perhaps contributing to the loss of gender and case in the Yiddish of contemporary Hasidic communities. This study analyzes adjectival endings in publicly available recordings of four speakers with uvular rhotics. The majority of speakers generally do not produce an audible [R] or [] before consonants, but for these speakers, an underlying rhotic conditions lower F1 and sometimes higher F2 in the pre-rhotic vowel [3]. These formant differences tend to be relatively consistent over the course of the vowel, suggesting that they are phonologized, rather than a phonetic effect due to coarticulation with a following uvular rhotic whose articulation may be covert. Word-final [3] similarly exhibits lowered F1 and higher F2 before a word starting with [R] or a dorsal fricative [x/ü], suggesting that coarticulation with a following dorsal is the phonetic precursor to the phonological effect observed for underlying rhotics.

The International Vocabulary of Russian and Slovenian Languages: Gender Category

Slovenian and Russian substantive internationalisms of different grammatical gender are compared in the present article. Five groups of internationalisms have been distinguished on the basis of the formed glossary based on the dictionaries of the two languages which includes about 450 pairs of lexemes with different gender characteristics: 1) Slovenian feminine ~ Russian masculine; 2) Slovenian masculine ~ Russian feminine; 3) Slovenian masculine ~ Russian neuter; 4) Slovenian feminine ~ Russian neuter; animated nouns constitute a separate group. The significant difference is the small number of neuter gender internationalisms in Slovenian, while there are a great number of such internationalisms in Russian; as well as the predominance of feminine gender borrowings in Slovenian. The analysis has illustrated that the internationalisms gender in both languages is determined by a common set of factors (the influence of gender of the prototype word, features of the morphological category of gender in language, lexical and semantic characteristics), which have different importance in the two languages. The influence of the prototype word gender is mainly characteristic in Slovenian, while structural and paradigmatic factors play a much larger role in Russian. The differences in the donor languages are of great importance for understanding the gender distinction of internationalisms in Slovenian and Russian. The time factor is more evident in Russian, where there is a gradual increasing importance of a paradigmatic factor in the gender determination of a number of borrowings, whereas for Slovenian, where a number of borrowings-internationalisms were formed later, the time factor does not play a big role.

Examination of the levels of structures in the thorax in multidetector computerized tomography images

Aim: Levels of the anatomical structures found in thorax and their relationships are particularly important in terms of surgical procedures. These levels are indicated with reference to the ribs and most are based on cadaver studies. The vertebral level of many structures is not specified. In this study, it was aimed to determine the level changes of some structures in the thorax according to age and gender by referring to the vertebrae. Methods: Multidetector computed tomography images of the thorax region in the PACS archives of Selcuk University Medical Faculty Hospital were used in the study. Images of 700 people, who did not undergo thoracic surgery, were studied in different age groups. The anatomical structures were evaluated with reference to the vertebrae on these images, and the findings were compared according to age groups and genders. Results: Some of the levels of the investigations were different from the information in the classical books. It was seen that the entrance level of the aorta from the diaphragm was at Th10 level, the entrance level of superior vena cava to the right atrium was Th7 in the 0-9-year age group, Th6 level in the other age groups, and exit level of the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and the apex of the heart were Th7 and Th10, respectively. Conclusion: Most of our current knowledge is based on cadaver studies rather than living human beings and the intercostal spaces are referenced in defining the levels of structures in the thorax. Age and gender distinctions have not been made in cases where most of the structures are not specified. Vertebral reference is important in terms of comparing superficial and deep structures. As the thoracic surgeon is needed in every age group, it is important that surgeons know these differences

Review and pictorial essay on complications of bariatric surgery.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess fat in the body and a real public health problem. Bariatric surgery, in recent decades, has gained space in its treatment due to the efficiency obtained in weight loss and significant reduction of the related comorbidities. The most commonly performed bariatric procedures include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric band, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Possible complications described include fistulas, dehiscence, marginal ulcers, intestinal obstruction, internal hernias, and anastomotic stenosis. These complications may have unfavorable clinical outcomes since symptoms are often nonspecific. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) is an important tool in the evaluation of postoperative complications, both in the immediate and late postoperative status of patients undergoing such a procedure. We analyzed the most illustrative tomographic findings of the different complications after reducing gastroplasty in 203 patients without distinction of age or gender. Correct interpretation requires radiologists to understand the surgical technique since postoperative anatomy and surgery-specific complications may be obstacles to proper interpretation.

Environmental pollution as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents

Abstract Autism spectrum disorders caused, inter alia, by environmental pollutions have been in focus of public health leaders, doctors (paediatricians, perinatologists, nutrition experts). Based on the data from 2016 Demographic Yearbook, it has been established that among children and adolescents in the age below 17, the population of boys is 3155000 and girls 3994000. In USA in recent decades the CDC studies have shown that the incidence of ASD has increased from 1 case per 150 children in 2000 to 1 case per 59 children in 2014 i.e. it more than doubled. Three groups of factors modifying the risk of ASD development in children and adolescent populations, being more common in boys population, were identified: the declining environmental chemical pollution by POP, probably reduces the inflammation status of microglia cells in the central nervous system. Significant gender distinction of the microglia cells of the mouse brain, caused probably by steroid hormones at the transcriptome level, results in a different behaviour of the microglia in female individuals. The microglia cells of this gender reduce the level of microglia damage caused by acute focal ischemia. It seems likely that the lower prevalence of ASD in girls may be due to the effective protective activity of female sex hormones, at this level. Meanwhile the elimination of chemical pollutants from the discussed substances on the gastrointestinal tract - white part of the brain axis strengthens the proper functioning of the intestinal microbiome - brain axis. Demographic data, it has been estimated that the number of boys at risk of ASD in Poland may be approximately 30000 and girls fourfold less, i.e. approximately 7500. A definite absence of epidemiological data collected through representative studies on the prevalence of ASD in children aged 3-17 years in Poland indicates a need for a proper diagnosis in order to develop a more effective health care system for population in question compared to the existing one. Key messages The female sex hormones protect the majority of girls against ASD, probably at a brain microglia level. Brain microglia, may be key to mitigation of the risk of asd health disorder in the population of girls and women.

Influence of ICTs on Math Teaching–Learning Processes and Their Connection to the Digital Gender Gap

This study presents research aimed at analyzing whether, in contrast with traditional methodologies, the usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the process of learning mathematics affects gender distinctions by affecting the low rate of matriculation of women into technological studies. The research was carried out by utilizing a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest procedure using a non-equivalent control group with traditional teaching methodology (textbook and usual drawing tools), and an experimental group, in which a classroom wiki and its digital equivalents were used in the Cabri, Geogebra, and Descartes programs. A quantifiable comparison of the effects on teaching was performed by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of employing ICTs. The results show a higher motivation in the experimental group, evident in their learning and their better marks compared to those of the control group. In addition, in the pretest and posttest, women’s marks were better than those of men. In conclusion, the transformation of the teaching–learning methodologies in mathematics is demanded with the use of programs such as Dynamic Geometry or Geogebra, which enable greater student involvement and more meaningful and relevant learning.

Gender-Related Differences of Tachykinin NK2 Receptor Expression and Activity in Human Colonic Smooth Muscle.

The tachykinin NK2 receptor plays a key role in gastrointestinal motor function. Enteric neurons release neurokinin A (NKA), which activates NK2 receptors on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, leading to contraction and increased motility. In patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, the NK2 receptor antagonist ibodutant had a greater therapeutic effect in females than males. The present study aimed to determine whether gender influences the expression and activity of NK2 receptors in human colonic smooth muscle. In vitro functional studies were performed to examine the contractile responses of colonic muscle strips to NKA and the selective NK2 receptor agonist [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]NKA(4-10). Contractions were also measured in the presence of ibodutant to determine its antagonistic potency. The signal transduction pathways coupled to NK2 receptor activation were investigated using second messenger inhibitors. Western blot and fluorescent immunohistochemistry were conducted to determine the protein expression and localization of NK2 receptors. NK2 receptor-mediated contractility was greater in females compared with males. When against NKA, ibodutant was more potent in females. NK2 receptor expression increased with age in females, but not in males. Phospholipase C-mediated signaling was less prominent in females compared with males, whereas Ca2+ sensitization via Rho kinase and protein kinase C appeared to be the dominant pathway in both genders. The distribution of NK2 receptors in the human colon did not differ between the genders. Overall, gender differences exist in the expression and activity of NK2 receptors in colonic smooth muscle. These gender distinctions should be considered in the therapeutic development of NK2 receptor agents. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The tachykinin NK2 receptor has been identified as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bowel and bladder dysfunctions. The present study has revealed gender-related variations in NK2 receptor activity, signaling transduction pathways, antagonist potency, and changes in expression with age. These factors may underlie the gender differences in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with NK2 receptor antagonists. Our findings highlight that gender differences should be considered in the therapeutic development of NK2 receptor agents.

Posthuman Knowledge

Posthuman Knowledge

DEDE KORKUT HİKÂYELERİNDE OTAĞIN TOPLUMSAL İNŞASI VE TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET

When the place is thought as publicly and privately, it becomes known with religion, culture, class, and gender by going beyond just being a home or a country. Therefore, although the adoption of a physical unit is intended to meet concrete needs at the beginning, the meanings it gains in the process is inherent to certain experiences. At this point, a fictional or physical place should be examined with the symbols that are loaded in time but actually constitute an important part of the social/ cultural structure. While cultural symbols form a power that shapes gender roles in the process of socialization, this formation turns into cultural codes of social memory through various cultural elements and by going through a certain phase. Thus, it is seen that places are matched with genders by acquiring figurativeness sometimes in accordance with the forms, sometimes how they are used, their usage practices or their positioning in social perception. In this sense, especially folk culture elements in which social acceptances are shaped can be seen as one of the important areas where the relationship between gender and place can be read in parallel with social acceptances. As a matter of social hierarchy, the direct or indirect relationships of the communities that belong to the same cultural structure create a gender distinction that can be encountered in almost every culture. This situation also carries an individual or a collective value. Within this scope, the relation of gender and place, whose primary field of occupation is culture in folk culture, can create a wide working area holding different perspectives. From this point of view, Dede Korkut stories which present many things about Turkish culture as a whole should also be examined within the relationship between gender and place. The image of physical, fictional and social place in the stories constitutes the main subject of the research. In this study, the link between the space setup in Dede Korkut stories and the social setup of daily life has been tried to be determined, and the values attributed on gender and place have been emphasized through feminine and masculine codes. Throughout the study, phenomenon of place has been seen and studied as part of the production of gender-based roles and the construction process of sociality based on the detection of determining factors in the relationships between men and women.

The Truth Behind Voice and Power in My Feudal Lord: A Speech Act Analysis

Female writers use autobiography to express their experiences, deference, and inner-conflicts. They describe their connection to different events and people in domestic or social context to explain their feelings and complexity of their lives. This study analyzes the way Durrani constructs norms of gender and power in her autobiography, My Feudal Lord. The paper imports Searle’s theory of speech act analysis to discover the way the author creates and performs gender in the domain of power through textual interactions. Durrani achieves the effect of patriarchy through frequent use of directives, expressives, and commissives by her husband through employing direct language. The husband openly expresses criticism, blame, complain, and acknowledgement in his interactions which validate his authority over his wife. The striking feature of the wife’s speech is even more frequent use of directives as compared to the husband. However, the major gender distinction was reflected in the use of directives. The husband used more commands and the wife asked more questions. Another major difference was that of commissives which occurred half of the times in the wife’s speech as compared to her husband’s speech. She hardly used any apologies or compliments which shows her diminishing submission to her husband’s authority. Her expressives also reflect her firm attitude and courage to take risk of protesting against her physically and socially more powerful husband.

O Poder do Capital Psicológico: A Força das Crenças no Comportamento Empreendedor

RESUMO Objetivo: esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento empreendedor a partir dos componentes do capital psicológico e da teoria social cognitiva, na perspectiva da agência humana. Métodos: foi empregada a pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas em profundidade, com 21 empreendedores de diferentes perfis. As falas foram interpretadas pela análise de conteúdo e confrontadas com as teorias. Resultados: os resultados evidenciam que as ações desenvolvidas pelos entrevistados no decorrer da criação e desenvolvimento do negócio estão alinhadas às características empreendedoras conforme a literatura, sem distinção de gênero, idade ou tempo de atuação. Esses indivíduos expressam suas crenças em comportamentos de autoeficácia, otimismo, esperança, resiliência, intencionalidade, antecipação, autorreatividade e autorreflexão como mecanismos de enfrentamento de desafios e aproveitamento de oportunidades. Conclusões: esses achados indicam que as forças psicológicas atuam como elementos fundamentais e de extrema importância para o sucesso do empreendedor, tendo que ser compreendidas no âmbito teórico e gerencial como um elemento de relevância às pesquisas.

WOMEN LEADERS, VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:A PHENOMENOLOGY

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to give light to the experiences of working women and women leaders who are also victims of domestic violence. This study may inspire women from all walks of life and to give voice to the abused women to stand for their rights in advancing gender equality and development. Five informants from Matanao, Davao del Sur were selected through purposive sampling on February 18, 2017, for an in-depth interview. The research design employed in this study was phenomenology as it explained well the experiences and perspectives of women leaders on domestic violence. The results of the interview were transcribed, translated, and coded to produce themes. Several issues escalated as regards to the narratives of working women leaders who are abused at home, the following were the themes: anxiety and signs of depression, prejudice, low self-esteem, and poor disposition, and resilience. As to their insights that they can share with other women and to the academe: disputing chauvinism, the optimistic outlook in life, faith in God, tenets on leadership, and gender distinctions.

Subversion and Exclusive Identity in Palestinian Fiction by Women

Palestinian fiction by women subverts and challenges the existing gender paradigms and traditional patriarchal norms in the Arab culture. This paper explores Huzama Habayeb's novel Velvet with the theoretical backing of Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection, thus maintaining that a critical focus on the nexus between distinctive performativity and exclusive identities offers an alternative stance to the oppressive patriarchy in the Arab world. With the recent refugee crisis in the Muslim world, these narratives become extremely important and relevant, offering a space where issues of gender, identity, patriarchy, and religion erupt and coincide. Unveiling the construct of the female gender as only a set of performative norms instead of being an existentialist reality offers distinctive gender configurations and a site of exclusive identity for women. The paper establishes that Palestinian fiction by women has become a site for women's actualization where they defy and resist male hegemony.

Caracterización Y Tipos De Errores Articulatorios En Pacientes Con Labio Y Paladar Hendido Bogotá( Colombia)

Introducción: La condición de labio y paladar hendido (LPH) es una malformación abundante al nivel mundial; en Colombia la presentan 16 por cada 10000 nacidos vivos, resultando mayormente en Trastorno del habla por presencia de Articulaciones compensatorias.
 Objetivo: Caracterizar a la población colombiana residentes en Bogotá respecto a errores articulatorios y fonemas afectados por el antecedente de LPH.
 Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 108 historias clínicas de pacientes evaluados en el año 2016 tomando datos de valoración fonoaudiológica y adaptación de Universal Parameters for Reporting Speech Outcome in individuals with Cleft Palate. 
 Resultados: El 75% de la población requiere terapia de habla predominando la presencia de oclusión glotal y distorsión de los fonemas dentoalveolares oclusivo /t/ y fricativo /s/. El 41,66% de ellos presenta fistula e hipernasalidad. El desempeño del sexo femenino es significativamente inferior. Una mayor presencia de errores en los grupos de: PH y rango de edad de 7 a 36 años.
 Conclusiones: Los profesionales de fonoaudiología deben centrarse en la intervención temprana de personas con LPH para lograr un adecuado desempeño en deglución, audición, lenguaje y habla para así disminuir secuelas y repercusiones en su calidad de vida.

Inhibitory effect of PAI-I in perifocal and resection line tissues on tumor growth in women with melanoma.

e22083 Background: The ability of malignant tumors to invasion and metastasis is associated with increased activity of the plasmin/plasminogen family proteases. The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in the plasmin/plasminogen system in tumors and adjacent tissues in patients with cutaneous melanoma in dependence on their gender. Methods: The study included 13 men and 22 women with cutaneous melanoma pT1-2N0M0. Levels of plasmin (PAP), content and activity of uPA, content and activity of tPA, content and activity of PAI were determined by ELISA in homogenates of melanoma (M), perifocal (P) and resection line (RL) tissues after surgical treatment. All patients gave a voluntary informed consent for the study. Skin tissues obtained from 20 non-cancer patients after plastic surgery served as the control. Results: The maximal PAP content in women was found in M – 16.5 times higher than in control, in RL – twice higher; PAP in all tissues of men was on average 7 times higher than in control. The content and activity of uPA and tPA in M were elevated in patients of both genders: in women by more than 3 times, in men by 4.9 and 3.7 times for uPA, respectively, and on average by 1.4 times for tPA. Increased content and activity of PAI-I were observed only in M of women by 74.6 and 2.3 times respectively, while PAI-I levels in men were similar to control values, and its activity was 2.9 times higher. Content and activity of PAI in P and RL tissues of men did not exceed the norm despite an increased activity of uPA and tPA, while in women they were elevated on average by 4 and 1.8 times, respectively. Conclusions: A local increase in the content and activity of the PAI-I plasminogen activator inhibitor in P and RL tissues only in women is a distinctive gender characteristics that can inhibit the spread of melanoma.

Behavioral red flags of fraud: a gender-based ex post analysis

PurposeThis study aims to attempt a gender-based ex post examination of behavioral red flags of fraud exhibited by fraud perpetrators.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data collected from semi-structured interviews were triangulated, quantified and subjected to statistical analysis to calculate the relative risk of exhibition of a behavioral red flag of fraud by a male/female fraud perpetrator.FindingsThis study reports the percentage of fraud cases in which male and female fraud perpetrators display particular behavioral red flags. The study also enlists the behavioral red flags likely to be more frequently exhibited by female fraud perpetrators relative to male fraud perpetrators and vice-versa.Practical implicationsUse of the results of this study in anti-fraud training is likely to make organizational fraud more susceptible to observation.Originality/valueThis study is unique because it is one of the very few studies that examine employee behavior as a potential fraud signal, establish gender distinction in behavioral red flags of fraud, and assess this phenomenon in a country other than a Western country.

Sex and gender differences in caregiving burden experienced by family caregivers of persons with dementia: A systematic review.

ObjectivesMuch is known about the demands of caregiving for persons with dementia (PWD) and its effects on family caregivers, however sex and gender aspects have received less attention. We synthesized the evidence on sex and gender distinctions in: (1) the caregiving burden and (2) the impact of caregiving on the physical and mental health of family caregivers of PWD.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature between January 2007 and October 2019 were searched.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesIncluded studies met the following criteria: (1) examine experiences and/or impacts of caregiving among family caregivers of individuals with any form of dementia; (2) report sex and/or gender distribution of study population and/or report results stratified by sex and/or gender, and (3) include both male and female family caregivers.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed risk of bias using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist and National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. Data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis approach.ResultsA total of 22 studies were included. Caregiving burden was measured using various methods. A majority of studies reported higher burden among females. All studies that did not report a sex and gender difference in caregiving burden accounted for confounders. Findings on sex and gender differences on physical and mental health conditions were inconsistent with most studies failing to account for confounders in their analyses.ConclusionsCurrent evidence on sex and gender differences in caregiving burden, mental and physical health is limited. Findings suggest presence of sex and gender differences in caregiving burden. Given the variety of mental and physical health constructs that were examined, further research is required to substantiate the evidence.PROPSERO Registration Number: CRD 42018070032.

Ex-Chromosomes: Contemporary Performance and the End of Gender

In the 1915 novel Herland, Charlotte Perkins Gilman imagined a utopian society, populated only by women, that has been flourishing in the absence of men for more than two thousand years. When Gilman's narrator—one of three male explorers to “discover” this much-mythologized wonderland—discusses gender distinctions with the Herlanders, he quickly learns that these utopians have long shed any consciousness of what a society with two genders would entail. “And there are two of you—the two sexes—to love and help one another,” a Herlander exclaims, in one of the novel's many ironic flourishes. “It must be a rich and wonderful world.”

Indonesian Speakers’ Perspective in Distinguishing Gender Based on Indonesian Vocabularies

Language and gender are related in the practice. According to Coates (1998), language simply reflects social divisions and inequalities. The gender distinction in many languages spoken worldwide, in practices are separated into gendered and genderless languages, which means language differences between men and women are a mirror of social differences, and these differences will persist as long as society perceives men and women as being different and unequal. We can observe this in various languages that have gender classifications in their vocabulary and also the use of different words by looking at the gender and number of interlocutors who speak the language, which has indeed been determined by generations by the speakers and also the committee of the language hall of the language. This research will proves that Indonesian speakers which known as a Genderless Language, showed their differences in judge nonsense words either masculine or feminine or also cannot identify. Therefore the data were taken by Interview with a Questionnaire which contains sentences.