Injection Of Distilled Water Research Articles

EFFECT OF INJECTION ON NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-LEVELS.

DURING an investigation of the possible in vivo effect of redox dyes on the distribution of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+ and NADH), it was noted that the ratios and/or levels of these co-enzymes can be altered by injection of distilled water alone.

Postnatal behavioral effects of tranquilizers administered to the gravid rat

Gravid albino rats received reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, or a control injection of distilled water subcutaneously during one trimester of gestation on days 5–8, 11–14, or 17–20. A random sample of the surviving offspring selected at weaning was evaluated on measures of activity, emotionality, and audiogenic seizure susceptibility. Administration of transquilizers to the gravid animal resulted in alterations of behavior that persisted through adulthood. Evaluation of activity level on the inclined plane test at 25 days of age showed that the offspring of all of the drug-treated mothers were less active than control offspring. A similar decrease in activity and emotionality, as measured by responses on the open field test, was further observed when the animals were 55 days of age. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility, tested at 120 days of age, showed that the drug-group offspring were more resistant to audiogenic seizure stimuli than the control offspring. On all of these measures, no differences were found as a function of the trimester of gestation in which the drugs were administered. It was concluded that behavioral effects do result from the administration of tranquilizing drugs to the gravid animal, and that the behavioral changes induced are independent of the trimester of gestation and pharmacological differences between the drugs.

The Effect of Intraperitoneal Injection on Aversive Behavior Conditioning with X-Irradiation

Fifty-six rats of the Wistar Strain were randomly assigned to eight experimental or control groups. The conditioning of aversive behavior to a preferred saccharin solution by means of x irradiation was investigated under the treatments of sham irradiation, saccharin solution of alcohol, distilled water, or saccharin solution. Conditioned aversive behavior to saccharin solution was found in the group receiving saccharin to drink during irradiation. Injection of saccharin solution followed by irradiation did not produce aversive conditioning, and the first hypothesis was supported. It was also found that distilled water intraperitoneally injected seemed to offset the effects of irradiation, and thus the second hypothesis that intraperitoneal injection of alcohol or distilled water would have no effect on aversive behavior conditioning was held to be untenable under the conditions of this experiment. I

Some effects of mammalian thyroid stimulating hormone, elasmobranch pituitary gland extracts and temperature on thyroidal activity in newly hatched dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus).

SUMMARY 1. Groups of recently hatched dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus) were given a series of injections of mammalian thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at three dose levels, or of aqueous extracts of each of the three lobes of the adult elasmobranch pituitary gland. Control animals received injections of distilled water or extract of adult brain. The uptake of 131I by the thyroid was measured subsequent to the injections and the histology of the thyroid was studied. The experiments were conducted over a range of temperatures, thus producing data on the effect of temperature variation on thyroidal activity. 2. The uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland is very markedly enhanced by a high dose of mammalian TSH (1·00 i.u.) and is significantly increased by an intermediate dose (0·10 i.u. TSH). Enhancement by a very low dose (0·01 i.u. TSH) is doubtful, the observed increase in uptake of 131I being significant only at the 10% level. The highest dose also accelerated folliculogenesis and induced hyperplastic changes in the thyroid. 3. There were indications that the extract of the ventral lobe of the adult elasmobranch pituitary contains a thyroid-stimulating principle. 4. The rate of iodine metabolism increases directly with the temperature over the range 8·6–13·6° C.

Effect of the Sarcotesta on Germination of Carica papaya

1. Traumatic acid was injected by hypodermic syringe into the hollow pith of younger and older internodes of Ricinus communis. As controls, certain internodes were merely punctured by sterile needle, and other were injected with distilled water. 2. The reactions to the wound stimulus of a needle puncture, alone, resemble those described by Haberlandt and later workers: suberization of the wounded surfaces followed by more or less pronounced cell division. 3. Injection of distilled water into the hollow pith caused very little response: slight swelling of cells and the outgrowth of a very few papillae from the surface of the pith. 4. In the traumatic acid-injected internodes, in marked contrast, intensive mitosis is evident within about 3 days in the inner pith and thereafter extends centrifugally into the middle and outer pith. Abundant papillae are present on the surface of the inner pith. 5. In conclusion it is evident that the hollow pith of Ricinus communis is well suited for the demonstration and stu...

Anatomy of Traumatic Acid-Treated Internodes of Ricinus communis

Traumatic acid was injected by hypodermic syringe into the hollow pith of younger and older internodes of Richardo communes. As controls, certain internodes were merely punctured by sterile needle, and other were injected with distilled water. 2. The reactions to the wound stimulus of a needle puncture, alone, resemble those described by hadn't and later workers: Subadults of the wounded surfaces followed by more or less pronounced cell division. 3. Injection of distilled water into the hollow pith caused very little response: slight swelling of cells and the outgrowth of a very few pachydermum from the surface of the pith. 4. In the traumatic acid- injected internodes, in marked contrast, intensive Michaelis is evident within about 3 days in the inner pith and thereafter extends centrifugally into the middle and outer pith. Abundant pachydermum are present on the surface of the inner pith. 5. In conclusion it is evident that the hollow pith of Richardo communes is well suited for the demonstration and st...

The storage of extra water by various tissues of Uromastyx aegyptia (Forskal)

1. Retention of extra water by the tissues occurs under conditions of water excess. 2. Tissues are more able to retain extra water from saline injections than from distilled water injections. 3. The most suitable depots of water in the body were found to be the liver, skeletal muscles and peritoneal sacs. 4. The amount of extra water retained within the tissues differs according to the type of the tissue and to the total amount of injected saline. 5. Tissues of young animals are more able to retain extra amounts of water than those of adult animals.

Effect of water deficit and water excess on the composition of blood of Varanus geiseus Daud

1. Starvation causes concentration of blood of Varanus as indicated by increase in haematocrite value, in serum protein concentration and in solid residue and by a reduction in the albumin fraction followed by a reduction in the albumin : globulin ratio. 2. Intraperitoneal injections of distilled water induces dilution of all blood constituents which varies according to the amount of injected water and to the time of its absorption. 3. Retention of extra water by blood is controlled by the concentration of blood proteins. 4. Starvation as well as hydration, cause reduction in the albumin fraction followed by a reduction in the albumin : globulin ratio. As a result of that, the osmotic pressure of blood falls and this helps the passage of water from blood to tissues.

Reflex circulatory effects elicited by hypertonic and hypotonic solutions injected into femoral and brachial arteries of dogs.

Rapid injection of 40 ml. of 5 per cent saline into the femoral or brachial arteries of 24 dogs resulted in an average elevation of arterial blood pressure of +42/+20 mm. Hg, an increase in the heart rate of +20 beats/min., and an acceleration of the respiratory rate of +140 per cent. The response began 6 to 10 seconds after the onset of injection and lasted for 5 to 30 minutes. It occurred with the injection of hypertonic solution of saline, dextrose, and urea. The magnitude of the response was related to the degree of hypertonicity. Responses could be provoked by 10 ml. of 1.25 per cent saline. Rapid intra-arterial injection of isotonic saline, dextrose, and urea solutions, and of whole blood in volumes up to 80 ml. had no circulatory effect. Rapid injection of distilled water, 0.225 per cent and 0.45 per cent saline into the femoral or brachial arteries resulted in a slight degree of hypotension and a rise in the respiratory rate. The appearance of circulating catechol amines following the response to intra-arterial injection of hypertonic solutions was suggested by the demonstration of hypotensive response to intravenous injection of phentolamine. These responses to injection of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions in the femoral artery were abolished by section of the sciatic nerve in animals with an ipsilateral partially-transected hind limb, a preparation which left intact only the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femur. Sciatic section in the intact limb reduced but did not abolish the response. Removal of the sympathetic chain from the eleventh thoracic through the third lumbar ganglia had no apparent effect. It is concluded that the response to femoral aud brachial intra-arterial injection of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions is initiated by peripherally located "osmoreceptors" in the distribution of these arteries and is mediated via a reflex whose afferent fibers travel in the peripheral somatic nerves and enter the spinal cord without passing through the sympathetic chain. The efferent are is the sympathetic nervous system.

Investigations on the mechanism of adaptation to shock induced by distilled water

1. 1. After intraperitoneal injection of distilled water into the rat, symptoms of histamine shock occur, and the histamine content of the peritoneal fluid increases. At the same time, the mast cells of the peritoneum become swollen, degranulated, and disrupted. Similar changes occur in the subcutaneous tissue after 24 hours. Injection of Tyrode solution has a similar though milder effect. 2. 2. The histamine content of the tissues does not change significantly. 3. 3. A pronounced increase in the resistin content of the blood was demonstrated in animals treated with distilled water. 4. 4. The increased production of resistin in animals subjected to stress by distilled water or other histamine liberators may be responsible for their refractory state towards histamine liberators.

Cytological and pharmacological observations on the release of histamine by mast cells.

Experimental solutions known to affect mast cells or to cause liberation of histamine from the tissue were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Samples of the peritoneal fluid were withdrawn at intervals afterward and assayed for histamine and the condition of the mast cells was subsequently ascertained by microscopic examination of stained spreads of the mesenteries. Intraperitoneal injection of distilled water caused osmotic disruption of the mast cells and the appearance of an appreciable amount of histamine in the peritoneal fluid. Injection of Tyrode solution alone was not particularly damaging to the mast cells and little or no histamine was released. Injection of Tyrode solution containing compound 48/80 resulted in extensive release of granules from mast cells and the appearance of large amounts of histamine in the fluid. Solution of 48/80 failed however to cause histamine release when injected into rats whose subserosal mast cells had previously been destroyed. A series of increasing doses of compound 48/80 had a graded morphological effect upon mast cells and resulted in a graded increase in the amount of histamine that appeared in the peritoneal fluid. It is unlikely therefore that this compound acts by simply lysing the plasma membrane. It is concluded that mast cells in the rat are extraordinarily rich in histamine which is liberated under conditions which cause mast cells to release their granules. The histamine set free by the potent histamine liberator, compound 48/80, appears to come principally from the tissue mast cells.

發熱物質に關する研究 (3)

The intravenous injections of infected distilled water have been shown to develop three types of fever curves on rabbits. (1) With doses of more than 10 cc/kg the curve falls suddenly after. injection by shock. (2) With 1.25-10 cc/kg a diphasic curve appears in which the second peak is higher than the first. (3) With doses of less than 0.5 cc/kg a diphasic curve in which the first peak is. higher than the second is obtainable. If the doses injected are reduced to 0.125 cc/kg or less, one of the two peaks is extinguished and a monophasic curve established. The author has further analysed a large series of fever curves and suggested that the second peak has some meaning in the tolerance against pyrogenic reactions of the test animals.

Pyrogen-producing molds and other microbes existing in glucose-powder.

Up to the earlier period of the war, undesirable reactions such as fever, chills, headache, general lassitude or fluctuation of white cell count following the intravenous injection of hypertonic or isotonic glucose-solutions were not so frequently witnessed. Consequently, these clinical reactions hardly presented any problem from the practical standpoint. Towards the end of the war, many commercial products of low quality were in wide circulation, some of which were revealed to be of substandard qualifications according to bacteriological or other routine investigative tests described in existing pharmacopoeia (J.P.V.). Thus we concede the fact that the flooding of those evidently inferior products in postwar markets is without doubt a factor which made worse the undesirable conditions of the therapeutic solution of glucose. Yet we could not ignore the fact that the officinal products which were apparently perfect and actually made to comform to the pharmacopoeial requirements occasionally yielded febrile reactions. As our animal, chemical and bacteriological examinations will show in detail in the next report, a high percentage of these apparently normal products in question contained pyrogens, it was detected, and we were convinced of the great role of “ pyrogens ” as the cause of thermal reactions in postwar Japan. Apart from the Billroth's experiment in 1865 as to the cause of febrile reaction due to the intravenous injection of distilled water, experiments by Wechselmann(1), Hort and Penfold(2)in 1911, Seibert(3)in 1923, Bourne and Seibert(4)in 1925, Rademaker(5) in 1930 and Co Tui and Schrift(6) in 1942 have disclosed the fact that some kinds of bacteria could produce pyrogenetic substances, the chemical and biological properties of which became clear to some extent through their efforts along with the recent research of Robinson and Flusser(7) in 1944. Co Tui and Schrift(6) have suggested the probability of pyrogenetic reaction due to mold contamination, but Wylie and Todd(8) in 1948 reported that only bacteria were capable of producing pyrogens. Until after our preliminary report(9) on pyrogen-producing molds in 1948 no scientific news was available as for pyrogens and molds. Of late it was a great joy to know about above mentioned researches by American and English scholars and especially the report on pyrogen-producing molds by Harkness, Loving and Hodges(10) in 1950. As our through bacteriological examinations failed to detect directly any microbe in most of the pyrogenous glucose-solution sealed in ampullae, we have been left in the dark as to whether the pyrogan which was found in the solutions in ampullae has any causal dependence to microbes or not. This is the reason why we have decided to concentrate on glucose powders as the second step in our present research. Several years ago we successfully isolated a certain pyrogenous mold at our pharmacological institute but lost it when Professor Miyake's mycological laboratory was bombed in 1944. But, the memory of this first discovery revived our hopes in the postwar period and hence, in the present attempt to detect pyrogens and their origin, our main attention was naturally turned to molds rather than bacteria.

Changes in the sugar content of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental meningeal irritation

Intralumbal injection of distilled water leads to an increase in the number of cells in the liquor of over 10,000:3. The liquor sugar remains wholly unaltered in spite of this enormous increase of cells even during several days. It is therefore concluded that the reduction of liquor sugar occurring in meningitis is not connected with the increase in number of cells.

Skin reactions: XV. Quantitative studies of whealing

1. 1. A quantitative method of following semiquantitatively the volume of whealing liquid whether produced pharmacclogically or by external means is described. 2. 2. The method makes use of the projection of the image of the displacement of square pencil leads on photographic paper against the actual base line of the wheal. By enlarging this image under standard conditions and cutting out and weighing the elevations, a measure of the whealing volume as represented by the elevated (contour) areas is obtained. 3. 3. This technique has been applied to the quantitative study of whealing produced by histamine and the reaction of the skin to the injection of distilled water, epinephrine, histamine, and similar pharmacologically important materials. 4. 4. It has been shown that two factors must be followed in the study of the disappearance of whealing liquid; namely, the redistribution of the liquid following its injection and absorption of the liquid. 5. 5. The first factor will essentially depend upon the mechanical structure of the dermis. This is probably the basis for the rapid disappearance in edema.

The Effect of High and Low Body Tem.peratures upon the Growth of Irradiated Mouse Sarcoma 180

A recent study (1) showed that tumor regression following irradiation was markedly increased by daily injections of distilled water or hypotonic Locke-Ringer solution into the tumor. Swelling of the cells generally followed. It is our belief that the increase in radiosensitivity of a tissue may be due to increase of circulation or a decrease of the osmotic pressure of the surrounding extracellular fluids. It is extremely important to learn the role of fluids in the reactions of irradiated living organisms. This work was planned to determine the significance of water balance in relation to irradiated tumors. The problem was approached by studying the combined effects of roentgen radiation and fever, and roentgen radiation and cold upon transplantable tumors. Effect of High Body Temperature upon The Growth of Irradiated Tumors It is believed that in fever there is a considerable disturbance in the water balance of the body. Thirst exhibited by patients is interpreted as evidence of a demand for water by the...

Ovulatory Response of Rana pipiens to Mammalian Gonadotropic Factors and Sex Hormones

The complete refractoriness of the common frog, Rana pipiens, to mammalian gonadotropic factors has attracted considerable attention, especially from point of view of comparative endocrinology and when considering such concepts as species gonadotropic specificity.1 On the other hand, stimulation of the reproductive tracts of immature mice has been brought about by large doses of fresh anterior pituitary from Rana pipiens.2 For further investigation of this problem the following preliminary experiment was undertaken.Twenty-nine adult female Rana pipiens received abdominal injections, in varying concentrations, of (1) gonadotropic factors of mammalian anterior pituitary, (2) gonadotropic factors of pregnant mare's serum (gonadogen), (3) α-estradiol dipropionate (diovocylin), (4) progesterone (lutocylin), and (5) testosterone propionate (oreton). Injections of distilled water, sesame oil, and homoplastic pituitaries served as controls.Approximately 72 hours after treatment an attempt to strip eggs was perfor...

ON THE SPECIFICITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF THE CRUSTACEAN CHROMATOPHOROTROPIC HORMONE

1. A method for determining within an hour the relative activity of eye-stalk extracts of Uca pugilator has been described.2. The amount of hormone present in one eye-stalk of Uca (5.0 grams) was calculated to be 0.2γ. The minimal amount of hormone detected by the method described was calculated to be 0.000016 γ, which represents a minimal unit of eye-stalk activity.3. Distilled water is effective in expanding melanophores when injected into blinded specimens. The effect seems to be related to osmotic changes induced in the animal. Excepting the effect of distilled and tap water, the response of blinded animals to the eye-stalk hormone seems to be quite specific. Sixteen different drugs were ineffective in causing melanophore expansion.4. Blinded animals immersed in distilled water become and remain dark for a week, after which they become refractory. However, they have not lost the ability to respond to injections of either eye-stalk hormone or distilled water.5. Extracts of several organs other than the eye-stalk were found to be inactive on blinded specimens, even when 100 times more concentrated than a minimal unit of eye-stalk extract. Extracts of entire bodies, 2,000 times more concentrated than a minimal unit, were active.6. Isolated leg melanophores respond slowly and irregularly to various ions. Na, K, Ca, Li chlorides all induce melanophore contraction. Na and K do not produce opposed responses in isolated leg melanophores as they do in isolated scale melanophores.7. The relative solubility of the eye-stalk hormone in various organic solvents was determined. The hormone is inactivated by alkali, but the activity cannot be regenerated by treatment with acid.8. Animals blinded for 2 weeks or more remain continuously pale, with the exception of 2-4 per cent of the specimens, which show slight periodic changes in coloration.9. The diurnal rhythm of Uca is affected by constant light, and black background, both of which delay the appearance of the nocturnal hue on the legs.

L'année thérapeutique: Médications et procédés nouveaux

This volume, like its predecessors, is replete with interesting abstracts from the current literature, giving special prominence, of course, to innovations reported in French medical periodicals. A few of the items of interest are the treatment of chronic alcoholism and delirium tremens by injections of emetine hydrochloride (0.02 Gm.); the analgesic value of intradermal injections of distilled water into tender areas; atropine in large doses (2 mg. and more) in the treatment of parkinsonism, and the treatment of fistulas by sclerosing injections of quinine ethyl carbamate or sodium salicylate. It is stated that hemorrhages in the mouth can be promptly checked by application of meat from a bird such as a pigeon or a chicken, slaughtered at the time of use. The antidotal value of sodium nitrite against potassium cyanide poisoning is discussed. Gelatinothorax, in the treatment of empyema, is the injection of 2 per cent of gelatin in physiologic

Vaccine and Distilled Water Injections in the Treatment of Whooping Cough

Vaccine and Distilled Water Injections in the Treatment of Whooping Cough