Display Size Research Articles

Gamification Intensity in Web-Based Virtual Training Environments and Its Effect on Learning

Gamification approaches to learning use game-inspired design elements to improve learning. Given manifold design options to implement gamification in virtual environments, an important but underexplored research area is how the composition of gamification elements affects learning. To advance research in this area, we systematically identified key design elements that have shown promise in leading to positive learning results. We then conducted an experiment in which we varied gamification intensity in web-based virtual training environments for a procedural industrial task. 355 participants were divided into a baseline group without gamification, a basic, and an advanced gamification group. Analysis of participants' learning included learning outcomes (time-to-completion and number of mistakes), affective learning factors (motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction), learning system usability, and perceived cognitive load throughout the learning process. The results did not show any statistically significant differences between the lower and higher levels of gamification intensity. Conversely, we found that participants’ computer gaming habits and technical equipment (display size and computer pointing device) significantly influenced learning.

Visual display size and shape impact the accuracy of US adults' health‐risk estimates

AbstractHealth risks, when presented as ratios (e.g., two out of seven people), are challenging to understand, but visual displays can foster accurate understanding. We conducted three experiments to test how characteristics of numbers (Experiment 1), icon arrays (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), and number lines (Experiments 1 and 3) influenced people's ability to accurately estimate the risk of experiencing side effects. Participants in each experiment saw smaller‐ (e.g., 2 out of 7) and larger‐component (e.g., 264 out of 924) equivalent ratios in one of three conditions: with number lines only, with icon arrays only, or in the form of Arabic numerals with no accompanying visual. We found that risk estimates were more accurate when presented in 10 × 10 icon arrays, long horizontal 1 × 99 arrays, or number lines. We theorize that hypothetical risks can be estimated more accurately when the display affords easy translation to a percentage.

Fertilizer and herbicide alter nectar and pollen quality with consequences for pollinator floral choices.

Pollinating insects provide economically and ecologically valuable services, but are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic changes. The availability and quality of floral resources may be affected by anthropogenic land use. For example, flower-visiting insects in agroecosystems rely on weeds on field edges for foraging resources, but these weeds are often exposed to agrochemicals that may compromise the quality of their floral resources. We conducted complementary field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate the: (1) effect of low concentrations of agrochemical exposure on nectar and pollen quality and (2) relationship between floral resource quality and insect visitation. We applied the same agrochemcial treatments (low concentrations of fertilizer, low concentrations of herbicide, a combination of both, and a control of just water) to seven plant species in the field and greenhouse. We collected data on floral visitation by insects in the field experiment for two field seasons and collected pollen and nectar from focal plants in the greenhouse to avoid interfering with insect visitation in the field. We found pollen amino acid concentrations were lower in plants exposed to low concentrations of herbicide, and pollen fatty acid concentrations were lower in plants exposed to low concentrations of fertilizer, while nectar amino acids were higher in plants exposed to low concentrations of either fertilizer or herbicide. Exposure to low fertilizer concentrations also increased the quantity of pollen and nectar produced per flower. The responses of plants exposed to the experimental treatments in the greenhouse helped explain insect visitation in the field study. The insect visitation rate correlated with nectar amino acids, pollen amino acids, and pollen fatty acids. An interaction between pollen protein and floral display suggested pollen amino acid concentrations drove insect preference among plant species when floral display sizes were large. We show that floral resource quality is sensitive to agrochemical exposure and that flower-visiting insects are sensitive to variation in floral resource quality.

19‐3: Slim Backlights for Holographic 3D Displays by Advanced Coatings Capabilities

Advanced high precision AR coating stacks are key enabler for backlight units for slim holographic 3D displays. This is achieved by an optical functionalization of these units to ensure the optimized incoupling of coherent “RGB” light under an extremely shallow angle of 87°. In order to provide for a homogenous illumination, the elaborate coating stacks had to be applied with optical precision over an area of 300x200 mm² for a display size of 260x160 mm². This was achieved by advanced inline magnetron sputtering, which enables this technology for even larger display sizes. Results of the optical performance, the technology and hardware will be presented.

24‐2: Facile Design of Integrated Gate Driver Circuit with Self‐aligned InGaZnO TFTs and Reliable Compensation Technology for 166 PPI WOLED Displays

In this research, we describe a facile design of white organic light emitting diode (WOLED) displays applicable to 8K4K resolution of large‐area displays. We demonstrated a 13.3‐inch diagonal size (166 pixel‐per‐inch) of WOLED display, including a self‐aligned oxide thin‐film transistors, simple pixel driving circuit, external compensation method, fast driving integrated gate driver circuit. The narrow bezel of 3.9 mm is realized when multi‐output gate driver circuit is applied. The required function for external compensation method is realized by the integrated gate driver circuit. The external compensation improved global luminance uniformity, especially at the low gray level.

P‐76: Development on the Improvement of Low Temperature Folding Performance of AMOLED Modules

Since 2019, more than 20 foldable products have been released, and the categories released increased year by year. It can be seen that foldable products are increasingly favored by consumers and mobile phone manufacturers due to their advantages in expandable display size. It is expected that there will be explosive growth in the future. However, there are still some technical challenges for foldable product, such as waviness, poor impact/press resistance, and low temperature folding failure. This paper focuses on the research on improving the low temperature folding reliability of AMOLED modules. The difficulties of folding, the main failures and improvement methods, and the analysis of bending force in low temperature are introduced. Finally, the reliability for 50k times at ‐30℃ of out‐folding R 5mm, in‐folding U form R 1.5mm, in‐folding water drop form R 2mm are achieved.

42‐3: Impact of resolution of image condensation and of matrix BLU on power saving, contrast enhancement and local dimming processor complexity dedicated to automotive applications

This paper treats for automotive application the trade‐off between power saving and visual quality enhancement at one side and logic complexity as well as processing speed of local dimming processor at the other side. A key parameter is the resolution of an image condensed which is effectively the input image for the LED optimization. A higher number of condensation cells allows a more detailed consideration of the image given and the shape of the light spread function (LSF) of an LED. On the other hand, more memories are needed, and the processing steps are increased. The number of condensations cells are varied for 3 backlight units (BLU) with 133, 240 and 384 LEDs for a standard automotive display size of 12.3 inches. Power saving rate for a set of automotive HMIs as well as contrast enhancement are calculated. A recommendation for the resolution of image condensation in dependence of the LED resolution of the BLU will be given.

63‐4: A New Single X‐Wire Active Matrix mini‐LED backlight with Motion Blur Reduction for LCD TVs

We have developed a high‐image‐quality 85‐inch 4K HDR LCD display with 2,304 dimming zones using single X‐wire AM mini‐LED backlight unit with motion blur and residual image reduction technology. Our latest work includes the proposed new single X‐wire AM driving method, consists of one matrix controller (DCON) and X‐wires of mini‐LED driver ICs (dimmers), which eliminates extra scanning, sensing lines and pixel/source driver IC using adjustable addressing dimming method, the flexible layout makes the display size easier to expand with low cost, and the H‐scan driving method which is designed for reducing motion blur and residual image using a scanning black frame insertion technology to improve display quality. The proposed mini‐LED BLU can save about 9% power consumption compared to conventional one in normal display.

78‐2: A flat‐panel‐display compatible ultrasound platform

We present a thin‐film piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) technology compatible with flat‐panel manufacturing methods. Using the developed flow which is based on a low temperature AlScN piezoelectric layer, we fabricate large area 48x48 element PMUT arrays on glass. Beam steering and ultrasound medical imaging are demonstrated. The developed transducer technology can be combined with a TFT backplane and has the potential of direct integration on top of display size glass sheets, expanding the boundaries of ultrasound application domains.

Pollen production per flower increases with floral display size across animal-pollinated flowering plants.

The number of open flowers on a plant (i.e., floral display size) can influence plant fitness by increasing pollinator attraction. However, diminishing marginal fitness returns with increasing floral display are expected as pollinators tend to visit more flowers per plant consecutively. An extended flower visitation sequence increases the fraction of ovules disabled by self-pollination (ovule discounting) and reduces the fraction of a plant's own pollen that is exported to sire seeds in other plants (pollen discounting). Hermaphroditic species with a genetic system that prevents self-fertilization (self-incompatibility) would avoid ovule discounting and its fitness cost, whereas species without such a genetically based barrier would not. Contrarily, pollen discounting would be an unavoidable consequence of a large floral display irrespective of selfing barriers. Nevertheless, the increasing fitness costs of ovule and pollen discounting could be offset by respectively increasing ovule and pollen production per flower. We compiled data on floral display size and pollen and ovule production per flower for 1241 animal-pollinated, hermaphroditic angiosperm species, including data on the compatibility system for 779 species. We used phylogenetic general linear mixed models to assess the relations of pollen and ovule production to floral display size. Our findings provide evidence of increasing pollen production, but not of ovule production, with increasing display size irrespective of compatibility system and even after accounting for potentially confounding effects like flower size and growth form. Our comparative study supports the pollen-discount expectation of an adaptive link between per-flower pollen production and floral display across animal-pollinated angiosperms.

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Sexual dimorphism in a dioecious species with complex, specialist-pollinated flowers.

Pollinators with flower constancy and long nectar-feeding organs should favor less or no sexual dimorphism in the individual flowers of dioecious plants. This hypothesis is deduced because such pollinators can discriminate between intersexual flower size differences, and morphological differences between male and female flowers often diminish pollen transfer. We compared floral traits and pollinator behavior between male and female flowers in the hawkmoth-pollinated species, Trichosanthes cucumeroides. In field studies, we removed petal fringes on both sexes and observed pollinators to assess the role of elaborate petal fringes in pollinator attraction and pollination success for each flower sex. Female flowers had a similar front flower size and fringe extension as male flowers, supporting our hypothesis. In contrast, females allocated fewer resources to floral biomass. Additionally, they had smaller and narrower petal lobes, lower fringe density, shorter tubes with inferior nectar rewards, and lower display size than males, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis. Nocturnal hawkmoths prefer flowers with long fringe extensions. Fringe removal significantly decreased hawkmoth visitations to both female and male flowers but reduced success only in females. A literature survey indicated that female flowers of specialist-pollinated species are similar in size or larger than the males and thus tend to attract more pollinators compared with female flowers of generalist-pollinated species. Female flowers have evolved fringe extensions that are similar to those of male flowers, likely increasing pollinator attraction even slightly, and had less biomass in other floral parts and produced less nectar compared with male flowers. Our findings imply that female-biased resource limitation and flower-size sensitivity of pollinators together exert sex-specific selection of floral traits in T. cucumeroides.

Covariation among reproductive traits in flowering plants shapes their interactions with pollinators

Abstract Globally, plants display enormous variation in life‐history strategies and trait combinations. However, evidence suggests that evolutionary and physiological constraints limit the number of plant ecological strategies. Although there have been recent advances in understanding correlations among plant traits, reproductive traits are rarely considered, despite their key role in shaping plant life‐history strategies and interactions with pollinators. Here, using a global dataset of 18 reproductive traits for 1506 species, we investigate the reproductive spectrum of flowering plants to identify how it shapes interactions with pollinators. We show that over 50% of all trait variation is explained by the first two reproductive axes, which represent the negative correlation between flower number and flower size, and the negative correlation between autonomous selfing and floral display size. In addition, these reproductive axes were associated with the identity and number of visits of the distinct pollinator guilds. However, reproductive axes explain a relatively small amount of variance in pollinator interactions highlighting the need to incorporate other factors along with reproductive traits to fully explain large‐scale patterns of plant–pollinator interactions. Our study identifies the major reproductive trait correlations in flowering plants and their role in shaping plant–pollinator interactions at a macro‐ecological scale. These findings emphasise the importance of considering reproductive traits in the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the need to explore beyond floral morphological traits to broaden our understanding of plant–pollinator interactions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Images of objects are interpreted as symbols: A case study of automatic size measurement.

Are photographs of objects presented on a screen in an experimental context treated as the objects themselves or are they interpreted as symbols standing for objects? We addressed this question by investigating the size Stroop effect-the finding that people take longer to judge the relative size of two pictures when the real-world size of the depicted objects is incongruent with their display size. In Experiment 1, we replicated the size Stroop effect with new stimuli pairs (e.g., a zebra and a watermelon). In Experiment 2, we replaced the large objects in Experiment 1 with small toy objects that usually stand for them (e.g., a toy zebra), and found that the Stroop effect was driven by what the toys stood for, not by the toys themselves. In Experiment 3, we showed that the association between an image of a toy and the object the toy typically stands for is not automatic: when toys were pitted against the objects they typically represent (e.g., a toy zebra vs. a zebra), images of toys were interpreted as representations of small objects, unlike in Experiment 2. We argue that participants interpret images as discourse-bound symbols and automatically compute what the images stand for in the discourse context of the experimental situation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of floral traits on geitonogamous selfing rates and reproductive success in a protandrous species

Abstract Through its role in regulating pollinator behavior, floral display size and nectar gradient within inflorescences may alter the extent of geitonogamy and thus female reproductive success in protandrous species. However, this has seldom been examined. By quantifying selfing rate, seed number and male donor number, we estimated the effects of floral display size, nectar gradient and their interactions on plant reproduction in protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum. At plant level, selfing rate and seed number increased with a larger floral display of both main and lateral inflorescences but reduced with a declining nectar gradient. The effects of floral display of the main inflorescence on selfing rate and seed number were altered by the nectar gradient and floral display of lateral inflorescences as shown by their interactions. Larger floral display of the main inflorescence reduced male donor diversity. At flower level, the selfing rate and the seed number varied among flower positions, in which bottom flowers had lower selfing rate and higher seed number than top flowers. The effects of floral traits on geitonogamous selfing rate and seed number were inconsistent among flower positions. Although low cost of geitonogamous selfing for reproduction was tested by hand-pollination, the selfing rate was negatively correlated with seed number and male donor number in open-pollinated population. Our results suggest the potential role of trade-off between geitonogamy cost and reproductive benefit in evolution of floral traits. The variation of selfing rate and reproductive success among flowers may alter the trade-off and thus complicate evolution of traits.

A Novel Transformation-Based E-Commerce Website Structure Optimization Model

E-commerce websites host extensive and heterogeneous web entities requiring constant structural modifications to generate optimal online storefronts in alignment with the latest trends, market changes, customer needs, and expectations. Such website restructuring problems require the generation of optimal web entity sequences where the order and placement of web entities maximizes the sales even while facilitating a lasting online customer relationship. Most existing research in designing such websites focuses on making superficial changes, such as addition of new and popular links or automatic creation of index pages to ease navigation. Moreover, the existing research did not focus much on display time, aesthetic appeal, location, size, discounts, customer preferences, and ongoing trends, etc. taken together, while restructuring websites. In this paper, these factors have been taken into consideration by the proposed novel transformation-based adaptive website structure optimization model for e-commerce websites. Further, genetic algorithm has been used in the proposed model to compute optimal web entity sequences. Experimental results showed that the web entity sequences computed using the proposed model results in effective and user-friendly website design that would foster a lasting customer relationship.

Native fauna interact differently with native and alien trees in a tropical megacity

The negative effects of invasive alien plant species on natural ecosystems are well known. However, in rapidly growing cities, alien plants can provide native fauna with resources otherwise lost due to the biotic homogenization, which is common to urban ecosystems. Interactions of native fauna with alien flora have thus far focused largely on invertebrate pollinators in temperate cities in the northern hemisphere. Cities in tropical areas, however, are larger and are growing more rapidly, and host a variety of vertebrate pollinators. Understanding how birds and mammals interact with native and alien flora in these megacities could improve management of urban ecosystems in highly biodiverse regions while limiting invasion potential. Therefore, here we investigate whether native diurnal birds and mammals interact differently with native versus alien trees in Bengaluru, India where historical planting has led to an abundance of alien tree species. We find that tree origin alone was not an important predictor for bird species richness and abundance, but taller native trees with large floral display sizes were more species rich than alien trees of similar floral displays. As expected from their shared evolutionary history, nectarivorous birds fed from native trees more often in a manner that could facilitate pollination, but engaged in nectar theft more often with alien trees. Squirrels (the mammal observed most frequently to interact with flowers) were more likely, however, to depredate flowers of native trees. Our results suggest alien trees can be an important resource for fauna in expanding urban areas, and that nectar theft by birds could reduce the seed set of alien trees.

Integral imaging-based tabletop light field 3D display with large viewing angle

Light field 3D display technology is considered a revolutionary technology to address the critical visual fatigue issues in the existing 3D displays. Tabletop light field 3D display provides a brand-new display form that satisfies multi-user shared viewing and collaborative works, and it is poised to become a potential alternative to the traditional wall and portable display forms. However, a large radial viewing angle and correct radial perspective and parallax are still out of reach for most current tabletop light field 3D displays due to the limited amount of spatial information. To address the viewing angle and perspective issues, a novel integral imaging-based tabletop light field 3D display with a simple flat-panel structure is proposed and developed by applying a compound lens array, two spliced 8K liquid crystal display panels, and a light shaping diffuser screen. The compound lens array is designed to be composed of multiple three-piece compound lens units by employing a reverse design scheme, which greatly extends the radial viewing angle in the case of a limited amount of spatial information and balances other important 3D display parameters. The proposed display has a radial viewing angle of 68.7° in a large display size of 43.5 inches, which is larger than the conventional tabletop light field 3D displays. The radial perspective and parallax are correct, and high-resolution 3D images can be reproduced in large radial viewing positions. We envision that this proposed display opens up possibility for redefining the display forms of consumer electronics.

모바일 기기 UI 디자인의 방향 연구 ╶ 안드로이드의 미니멀 앱 아이콘 디자인을 중심으로╶

Despite the recent development of displays, people's attention is focused on the importance of UI design, and various studies have been conducted, it is difficult to find studies related to the problems of excessive minimalism that currently appear everywhere. Therefore, this study starts with the question of the present time when the design between the app GUI elements lacks differentiation, each individuality disappears, and the boundaries between the elements become ambiguous.
 Minimalist UI design has become one of the most important design systems of modern times. Previous scuremorphism designs consumed more pixels than needed for real-life metaphor representation at limited display sizes. This has become a very fatal drawback in small displays such as mobile devices, and it can be seen that a change to a simple design that consumes fewer pixels is inevitable as mobile devices become popular. However, these minimalist designs are being abused and misused, reducing user usability and intuition, and making individuality between each element disappear.
 Therefore, in this study, we will look at the design trends and reasons for changes in the UI so far and derive problems with the current UI design, away from ambiguity in the future. After that, we seek the elements that UI design must have to escape from excessive minimalism. Finally, I would like to study the direction in which each element can have differentiation and move toward various design directions.

The experimental evaluation of the effects of display size on forceps manipulation and eye and head movement of endoscopic surgery using a pediatric laparoscopic fundoplication simulator

BackgroundThe size of the display used for endoscopic surgery has been increasing recently, but the effect of the display size on procedure outcomes is unclear. The present study clarified the effect of display size on the outcomes of endoscopic surgical procedures. MethodsEight pediatric surgeons performed the laparoscopic fundoplication task using a disease-specific laparoscopic simulator with 3 different display sizes (43, 32, and 24 inches). The movement of the forceps during the task was measured using an electromagnetic spatial three-dimensional position-measuring instrument. The movements of the eyes and head during the task were also measured using glasses-style smart eyewear. We assessed the time required to complete the task, total path length of forceps, average velocity of forceps, number of blinks, number and strength of eye movements, and head tilt of participants during the task. ResultsThere were no significant differences in the required time, total path length, average velocity, number of blinks, number and strength of eye movements, or head tilt among the three display sizes. After the task, participants were asked which display felt the easiest to use. Four participants (50%) answered that the 32-inch display was easiest to use. ConclusionThis study showed that display size differences did not influence endoscopic surgical procedures. However, 50% of participants felt that the task was easiest using the middle display size. There may be an optimal monitor size for a given procedure. Level of evidenceLevel II.