Display Size Research Articles

Effect of Income, Population, Government Spending, Export Goods and Services of Regional Economic Sector in Indonesia

The results of data analysis for 25 years from 1991 to 2015 using regression models) showed that the value added of each economic sector in the State of East Indonesia was determined to be individually or by changes in per capita income. Thus according to the title Effect income, population, government spending, exports of goods and services to the primary sector of regional economic in East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia, a study was done to see the impact of per capita income, population, production empire and exports of goods and services to a core sector growth in East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia for development planning in the region? The objective of this study was to review and analyze the growth sectors of economy East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia to national economic growth, and effect of income per capita GDP, the total population of the government spending, exports of goods and services to growth in the primary sector, East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. Analysis of growth and elasticity the display size of a correlation value added output of economic sectors due to changes in population and per capita income in region. The results of this analysis can be used to develop projections of economic growth rates and changes or shifts in economic structure in East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. Emphasizes that GDP grew in the 1950s and 1960s Rostow (1960) and Karlan et al, (2013) theory of economic growth can be achieved through capital investment or investment in large quantities in the industrial sector.

What specific plant traits support ecosystem services such as pollination, bio-control and water quality protection in temperate climates? A systematic map protocol

BackgroundAgricultural intensification has increased diffuse source pollution within water catchments, reduced heterogeneity within the landscape and caused major declines in farmland wildlife, including birds, mammals, invertebrates and wildflowers. This increase in pollution and wildlife decline, has effected three vital ecosystem services, pollination, biological pest control and water quality protection. The morphological traits of plant species, such as floral display size and leaf area, provide support to these services and vegetative strips can be established with plants that have these desirable traits. Vegetative strips are widely used across Europe and integrated into government environmental schemes such as The Common Agricultural Policy and The Water Framework Directive. However, issues of land availability and food security require a sustainable intensification of current agricultural practices. One component of this process is to sow vegetative strips that are designed to support multiple ecosystem services. To do this, combinations of plant species that will support specific ecosystem services, have been designed. However, to enable a fully-informed design process, evidence must be collated on which specific plant traits provide the support to the target ecosystem services. We propose to systematically map all evidence on which specific plant traits provide support for three of the most vital ecosystem services, pollination, bio-control and water quality protection. Information from this map could inform future decisions on which plant species are suitable for inclusion within a multifunctional vegetative strip that aims to provide the target ecosystem services. The aim of this systematic map is to create a searchable database of studies that demonstrate evidence of plant traits and how they support the named ecosystem services.MethodsSeven bibliographic databases, 25 organisational websites and 2 search engines, will be systematically searched with predefined and tested key search terms. All searches will be undertaken in English and only those undertaken in a temperate climate zone will be considered. Studies found will be screened at title, abstract and full text levels, recording the number of excluded articles. Following full text assessment, the meta-data of included studies will be incorporated into a systematic map database in Microsoft Access. A report will summarise the evidence, highlight any knowledge gaps, and provide recommendations for future research.

Ultrahigh-definition dynamic 3D holographic display by active control of volume speckle fields

Holographic displays generate realistic 3D images that can be viewed without the need for any visual aids. They operate by generating carefully tailored light fields that replicate how humans see an actual environment. However, the realization of high-performance, dynamic 3D holographic displays has been hindered by the capabilities of present wavefront modulator technology. In particular, spatial light modulators have a small diffraction angle range and limited pixel number limiting the viewing angle and image size of a holographic 3D display. Here, we present an alternative method to generate dynamic 3D images by controlling volume speckle fields significantly enhancing image definition. We use this approach to demonstrate a dynamic display of micrometre-sized optical foci in a volume of 8 mm × 8 mm × 20 mm. Control of speckle fields yields high-definition 3D holographic images.

AeroGlove: 3D Printed Airbag Design for Scalable Haptic Display

We present a novel method of creating wearable haptic display which is made out of 3D printed Rubber-Like material so that the display size, strength and shape can be customized by the user. This paper described a fingertip display which is consists of 4 miniature airbags and a wrist band display which is consists of 6 miniature airbags. It ’ s very light to wear and uses no electro-mechanical actuation to render the 3DOF force feedback sensation. A small sized full range speaker is mounted on a closed air chamber where the air is transferred back and forth through a tiny nozzle to the airbag. The Speaker movements creates a difference in air pressure and translated into airbag inflation and deflation.

Honest signals to maintain a long‐lasting relationship: floral colour change prevents plant‐level avoidance by experienced pollinators

Summary Honest signals prevail when those signals manipulate receivers to benefit the senders more than deceptive signals do. Floral colour change (FCC), reported in hundreds of species, is a well‐known example of honest signalling in plant–pollinator interactions. It occurs in fully turgid flowers, and usually correlates with a cessation of reward production in individual flowers. This trait has been considered a plant strategy that enhances distant pollinator attraction by extended displays, while minimizing visits to non‐reproductive flowers by honest colour signals. Here, we propose an additional, overlooked benefit of FCC, which emerges when we consider the spatial learning ability of pollinators to avoid unprofitable plants. If a plant retains rewardless flowers without FCC, it is difficult for pollinators to visually locate the rewarding flowers. Although the enhanced display initially attracts more pollinators, its low profitability for foraging may cause plant‐level avoidance by them. The avoidance resulting from rewardless flower retention may be prevented by FCC because it helps pollinators to find rewarding flowers. To test this hypothesis, we observed the behavioural changes of bumblebees foraging in an array of artificial plants. We found that rewardless flowers without FCC could initially attract bees by increasing the plant's display size, but their lack of reward resulted in plant‐level avoidance by those bees with spatial memories. The FCC in rewardless flowers, in contrast, encouraged bees to return by helping them to find rewards on plants. Consequently, honest plants with FCC received more visits than those dishonest plants that did not display colour change. Floral colour change thus can prevent plant‐level avoidance by pollinators that use spatial memory when choosing plants. The spatial learning ability of pollinators may, therefore, be one of the keys to understanding why both colour‐changing and non‐colour‐changing plant species occur among angiosperms. A lay summary is available for this article.

Delimiting plant diversity that is functionally related via interactions with diurnal pollinators: An expanded use of rarefaction curves

The way in which taxonomic diversity relates to functional diversity is important for understanding the mechanisms that sustain ecosystem function and services. We investigated how an explicit consideration of plant-pollinator interactions influences our view of plant diversity. We studied three plant species-rich communities located in different biodiversity hotspot regions: two soil-specific plant communities with Mediterranean-climate, sandy dolomite outcrops in Andalusia (Spain) and serpentine seeps in California (USA), and a third community in the sub-tropical dry scrublands in Yucatan (Mexico). Sampling at three spatial scales (region, site, plot) and rarefaction analyses were used to characterize and compare spatial and temporal variation of entomophilous plant diversity based on species presence (“static plant diversity”), flower display sizes along the season (“dynamic flower diversity”), and pollinator visitation (“interaction-effective diversity”). The studied communities differed in the static diversity of plants, with sub-tropical dry scrublands being less diverse than the two Mediterranean communities. Reduction of static diversity at local scale was stronger in the richest Mediterranean communities and, thus, static diversity was similar among regions when considering finer (site-level) spatial scales. In addition, the two Mediterranean communities displayed more seasonal variation, thus reducing differences in dynamic diversity among regions, i.e. when considering finer temporal scales. These results suggested that, at finer spatio-temporal scales expected to be relevant for interactions with pollinators, plant communities are not necessarily as diverse as the region where they occur. Accordingly, interaction-effective diversity based on pollinator visitation was in all cases lower than expected relative to the diversity of flowers. Thus, diversity of visited flowers does not perfectly track diversity of flowering species but instead reaches asymptotes at much lower values than expected in the richest communities. Regional species diversity may support the functionality of interactions at broader spatial and temporal scales than they actually occur.

Right here, right now: Populations of Actinotus helianthi differ in their early performance traits and interactions

AbstractPopulations across the geographical distribution of a species are shaped by different local environments to produce distinctive patterns of variation in plant traits. Among‐population variation is, therefore, important for understanding potential shifts in distributions under changing environments, but is often not included in studies. In particular, critical data on the suitability of local environments for plant traits expressed at different life stages are lacking. To address this we performed two experiments to disentangle the influence of the local environment on multiple plant traits for populations of Actinotus helianthi from across its latitudinal range. A common environment experiment was used to compare early plant traits of germination, early seedling growth and survival for 17 populations of A. helianthi. To examine how biotic interactions vary across populations, we evaluated whether plant traits, including height and number of pseudanthia, influence visitor diversity and abundance, and if insect visitor abundance or diversity was associated with seed set success. We found that populations varied in germination success between 0.2 ± 0.1% and 64.2 ± 2.3%. Seedling growth and early survival varied among populations by as much as a factor of two and 44 respectively. We recorded variation in plant traits across hierarchical spatial scales from the maternal plant to biogeographical regions. The abundance and diversity of insect visitors also varied among populations and seed set was found to be site specific. There was a trend for populations with taller plants and larger floral display sizes to be more frequently visited by pollinators. We also identified a positive linear relationship between the number of visits by flies and seed set success. These results suggest that the local environment has a strong role in directly and indirectly influencing variation in plant traits within populations of A. helianthi, and potentially other perennial species.

Projection-type see-through holographic three-dimensional display

Owing to the limited spatio-temporal resolution of display devices, dynamic holographic three-dimensional displays suffer from a critical trade-off between the display size and the visual angle. Here we show a projection-type holographic three-dimensional display, in which a digitally designed holographic optical element and a digital holographic projection technique are combined to increase both factors at the same time. In the experiment, the enlarged holographic image, which is twice as large as the original display device, projected on the screen of the digitally designed holographic optical element was concentrated at the target observation area so as to increase the visual angle, which is six times as large as that for a general holographic display. Because the display size and the visual angle can be designed independently, the proposed system will accelerate the adoption of holographic three-dimensional displays in industrial applications, such as digital signage, in-car head-up displays, smart-glasses and head-mounted displays.

Cervical spine biomechanics and task performance during touchscreen computer operations

The effects of different touchscreen interface designs on operators' task performance and cervical spine biomechanics were investigated in the current study. Fifteen male participants performed “Whac-a-Mole” type of visual target pinpointing tasks on a touchscreen monitor with different display sizes, icon sizes, icon colors and task difficulties. Participants' task performance, cervical spine biomechanics and upper extremity muscle activities were recorded and compared. Results demonstrated that an oversized desktop touchscreen monitor and small icons generated negative impacts on participants’ task performance and biomechanical measurements. Lighter icon color and more difficult task requirement generated worse task performance but had limited impact on cervical spine biomechanics. In addition, when using an oversized touchscreen monitor, the impacts of icon size and task difficulty seem to be magnified. Our results demonstrated that a more human-oriented interface design could help improve task performance and reduce neck and upper extremity injuries while operating touchscreen monitors. Relevance to industryIn this study we investigated how a number of different design factors could influence task performance as well as cervical spine biomechanics when using touchscreen monitors. Knowledge gained from the current study could help the design of future applications that involve finger touching operations on touchscreen monitors.

The role of size of input box, location of input box, input method and display size in Chinese handwriting performance and preference on mobile devices

This study presented two experiments on Chinese handwriting performance (time, accuracy, the number of protruding strokes and number of rewritings) and subjective ratings (mental workload, satisfaction, and preference) on mobile devices. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of size of the input box, input method and display size on Chinese handwriting performance and preference. It was indicated that the optimal input sizes were 30.8 × 30.8 mm, 46.6 × 46.6 mm, 58.9 × 58.9 mm and 84.6 × 84.6 mm for devices with 3.5-inch, 5.5-inch, 7.0-inch and 9.7-inch display sizes, respectively. Experiment 2 proved the significant effects of location of the input box, input method and display size on Chinese handwriting performance and subjective ratings. It was suggested that the optimal location was central regardless of display size and input method.

Larger receptive fields revealed using Battenberg stimuli to assess contrast summation with moving patterns.

This study reevaluated the summation extent for moving stimuli using the Battenberg summation paradigm (Meese, 2010), which aims to circumvent internal noise changes with increasing stimulus size by holding display size constant. In the checkerboard stimulus, the size of the checks (luminance-modulated drifting gratings) was varied to measure dependence on signal area. Experiment 1 was a contrast detection task that used either signal checks alternating with uniform, mean luminance, checks (single-motion) or alternate checks containing gratings moving in opposite directions (opposing-motion). The latter was designed to test whether summation extent changes when segregating regions based on motion direction. Results showed summation over a square summation area with a side length of 3.33°, much larger than previous estimates of less than 1° for similar stimuli (Anderson & Burr, 1991). This was found for both motion combinations, providing no evidence that summation extent differs when segregating patterns based on direction, at contrast detection threshold. These results are in close agreement with those obtained for static patterns (Meese, 2010) and support the same underlying summation model. Experiment 2 was a contrast increment detection task conducted to determine whether differences in summation extent arise under suprathreshold contrast conditions. There was no dependence on check size for either condition across the range of sizes tested. This supports the suggestion that segmentation mechanisms dominate perception under high-contrast conditions, a potential adaptive strategy employed by the visual system.

Brief Report: Just-in-Time Visual Supports to Children with Autism via the Apple Watch:® A Pilot Feasibility Study.

Using augmented input might be an effective means for supplementing spoken language for children with autism who have difficulties following spoken directives. This study aimed to (a) explore whether JIT-delivered scene cues (photos, video clips) via the Apple Watch® enable children with autism to carry out directives they were unable to implement with speech alone, and (b) test the feasibility of the Apple Watch® (with a focus on display size). Results indicated that the hierarchical JIT supports enabled five children with autism to carry out the majority of directives. Hence, the relatively small display size of the Apple Watch does not seem to hinder children with autism to glean critical information from visual supports.

Object-finding skill created by repeated reward experience.

For most animals, survival depends on rapid detection of rewarding objects, but search for an object surrounded by many others is known to be difficult and time consuming. However, there is neuronal evidence for robust and rapid differentiation of objects based on their reward history in primates (Hikosaka, Kim, Yasuda, & Yamamoto, 2014). We hypothesized that such robust coding should support efficient search for high-value objects, similar to a pop-out mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we let subjects (n = 4, macaque monkeys) view a large number of complex objects with consistently biased rewards with variable training durations (1, 5, or 30 + days). Following training, subjects searched for a high-value object (Good) among a variable number of low-value objects (Bad). Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that Good objects were accurately and quickly targeted, often by a single and direct saccade with a very short latency (<200 ms). The dependence of search times on display size reduced significantly with longer reward training, giving rise to a more efficient search (40 ms/item to 16 ms/item). This object-finding skill showed a large capacity for value-biased objects and was maintained in the long-term memory with no interference from reward learning with other objects. Such object-finding skill, and in particular its large capacity and long term retention, would be crucial for maximizing rewards and biological fitness throughout life where many objects are experienced continuously and/or intermittently.

Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata.

Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.

Petunia floral trait plasticity in response to soil nitrogen content and subsequent impacts on insect visitation

Plastic changes in floral trait phenotypes in response to biotic factors (i.e., herbivory and pollination) are known to impact pollinator behavior. In contrast, research on abiotic factors suggests substantial plasticity in floral traits, but has rarely explored the implications that such changes have on the behavior of putative pollinators. We explored the possibility of floral trait plasticity in Petunia hybrida Vilm. genotypes in response to soil nitrogen concentration, and the potential impact that such plasticity might have on insect visitation. Given the role of nitrogen in plant growth and biochemistry, we predicted increases in floral scent, pigmentation, and floral size with increased nitrogen. We further predicted that insect visitors would respond to this phenotypic plasticity by altering behavior patterns. Our results suggested little plasticity in floral color and floral scent in response to nitrogen. We found no changes in anthocyanin concentration per unit of floral tissue under increased nitrogen conditions. Of nine benzenoid/phenylpropanoid volatile compounds examined, only one (eugenol) increased per unit floral tissue with increasing nitrogen concentration. In contrast, floral size followed the predicted pattern, with clear increases in both corolla size and display size with increasing nitrogen. All traits varied among genotypes, indicating genotype-specific trait expression. Field-based choice experiments using genotypes from control, low, and high nitrogen treatments suggested support for our behavioral hypothesis: insects visited plants with increased soil nitrogen at a significantly higher rate than those without additional nitrogen. This pattern suggests that putative pollinators are likely responding to plastic changes in display size, corolla size, and/or eugenol emission. We also found a significant difference in insect visitation between genotypes, as predicted by floral phenotype differences found for these true-breeding lines, and a strong interaction between genotype and treatment, suggesting that differences in genotype responses to nitrogen treatments result in differential insect behavior patterns.

Eye-Gaze Tracking Analysis of Driver Behavior While Interacting With Navigation Systems in an Urban Area

With the advent of global positioning system technology, smart phones are used as portable navigation systems. Guidelines that ensure driving safety while using conventional on-board navigation systems have already been published but do not extend to portable navigation systems; therefore, this study focused on the analysis of the eye-gaze tracking of drivers interacting with portable navigation systems in an urban area. Combinations of different display sizes and positions of portable navigation systems were adopted by 20 participants in a driving simulator experiment. An expectation maximum algorithm was proposed to classify the measured eye-gaze points; furthermore, three measures of glance frequency, glance time, and total glance time as a percentage were calculated. The results indicated that the convenient display position with a small visual angle can provide a significantly shorter glance time but a significantly higher glance frequency; however, the small-size display will bring on significantly longer glance time that may result in the increasing of visual distraction for drivers. The small-size portable display received significantly lower scores for subjective evaluation of acceptability and fatigue; moreover, the small-size portable display on the conventional built-in position received significantly lower subjective evaluation scores than that of the big-size one on the upper side of the dashboard. In addition, it indicated an increased risk of rear-end collision that the proportion of time that the time-to-collision was less than 1 s was significantly shorter for the portable navigation than that of traditional on-board one.

Adaptive Color Saturation Control for Low Power RGBW OLED Displays

As the OLED display size is larger, power consumption is less efficient because more energy is lost as heat in OLED light-emitting devices. Thus, power consumption reduction becomes an important practical issue. For signal-level power reduction, the existing method sacrifices the color saturation of the displayed image. Color is desaturated with a fixed ratio regardless of whether the color is neutral or saturated, and it consequently lowers colorimetric accuracy excessively. In this paper, we straightforwardly extend the existing work by adaptively controlling the extent of color saturation based on the principle of JNCD (Just Noticeable Color Difference). By using JNCD, it is possible to determine the color saturation ratio of a pixel adaptively, and we can reduce power consumption while minimizing perceptual color distortion. Experimental results with the RGBW-type 55 inches OLED TV confirm that the proposed method can efficiently reduce power consumption of OLED displays.

DisCo

We present DisCo, a novel display-camera communication system. DisCo enables displays and cameras to communicate with each other while also displaying and capturing images for human consumption. Messages are transmitted by temporally modulating the display brightness at high frequencies so that they are imperceptible to humans. Messages are received by a rolling shutter camera that converts the temporally modulated incident light into a spatial flicker pattern. In the captured image, the flicker pattern is superimposed on the pattern shown on the display. The flicker and the display pattern are separated by capturing two images with different exposures. The proposed system performs robustly in challenging real-world situations such as occlusion, variable display size, defocus blur, perspective distortion, and camera rotation. Unlike several existing visible light communication methods, DisCo works with off-the-shelf image sensors. It is compatible with a variety of sources (including displays, single LEDs), as well as reflective surfaces illuminated with light sources. We have built hardware prototypes that demonstrate DisCo’s performance in several scenarios. Because of its robustness, speed, ease of use, and generality, DisCo can be widely deployed in several applications, such as advertising, pairing of displays with cell phones, tagging objects in stores and museums, and indoor navigation.

Life cycle assessment of organic light emitting diode display as emerging materials and technology

This study presents a life cycle assessment of an organic light emitting diode display for smartphones, in which our research concentrated on generating a life cycle inventory of specialty chemicals and a fabrication process in manufacturing scale. Previous studies to investigate the environmental impact of organic electronics have been limited to organic photovoltaic cells in a laboratory scale fabrication, which prevents understanding of the practical impact of organic electronics. In this study, we computed cradle-to-gate environmental impact of the most commonly used organic electronics today: active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display for smartphones, through the formulation of new approaches to construct inventories for emerging materials and processes. The approaches for constructing inventories of chemicals and fabrication process involve manipulation of existing inventory with stoichiometry, and application of observed correlation between display area and production cost in the display industry. The environmental impact assessment results communicate that integration of detailed material flow improves data representation of the production of complex chemicals. Additionally, environmental impact per AMOLED display exhibited superiority in global warming potential, when compared with a previous study on a comparative size of liquid crystal display.

Object integration requires attention: Visual search for Kanizsa figures in parietal extinction

The contribution of selective attention to object integration is a topic of debate: integration of parts into coherent wholes, such as in Kanizsa figures, is thought to arise either from pre-attentive, automatic coding processes or from higher-order processes involving selective attention. Previous studies have attempted to examine the role of selective attention in object integration either by employing visual search paradigms or by studying patients with unilateral deficits in selective attention. Here, we combined these two approaches to investigate object integration in visual search in a group of five patients with left-sided parietal extinction. Our search paradigm was designed to assess the effect of left- and right-grouped nontargets on detecting a Kanizsa target square. The results revealed comparable reaction time (RT) performance in patients and controls when they were presented with displays consisting of a single to-be-grouped item that had to be classified as target vs. nontarget. However, when display size increased to two items, patients showed an extinction-specific pattern of enhanced RT costs for nontargets that induced a partial shape grouping on the right, i.e., in the attended hemifield (relative to the ungrouped baseline). Together, these findings demonstrate a competitive advantage for right-grouped objects, which in turn indicates that in parietal extinction, attentional competition between objects particularly limits integration processes in the contralesional, i.e., left hemifield. These findings imply a crucial contribution of selective attentional resources to visual object integration.