Display Size Research Articles

Display-Size Dependent Effects of 3D Viewing on Subjective Impressions

This paper describes how the screen size of 3D displays affect the subjective impressions of 3D-visualized content. The key requirement for 3D displays is the presentation of depth cues comprising binocular disparities and/or motion parallax; however, the development of displays and production of content that include these cues leads to an increase in costs. Given the variety of screen sizes, it is expected that 3D characteristics are experienced differently by viewers depending on the screen size. We asked 48 participants to evaluate the 3D experience when using three different-sized stereoscopic displays (11.5, 55, and 200 inches) with head trackers. The participants were asked to score presented stimuli on 20 opposite-term pairs based on the semantic differential method after viewing each of six stimuli. Using factor analysis, we extracted three principal factors: power , related to strong three-dimensionality, real, etc.; visibility , related to stable, natural, etc.; and space , related to agile, open, etc., which had proportions of variances of 0.317, 0.277, and 0.251, respectively; their cumulation was 0.844. We confirmed that the three different-sized displays did not produce the same subjective impressions of the 3D characteristics. In particular, on the small-sized display, we found larger effects on power and space impressions from motion parallax (η 2 = 0.133 and 0.161, respectively) than for the other two sizes. We found degradation of the visibility impressions from binocular disparities, which might be caused by artifacts from stereoscopy. The effects of 3D viewing on subjective impression depends on the display size, and small-sized displays offer the largest benefits by adding 3D characteristics to 2D visualization.

Agreement Between Self-reports and Photos to Assess e-Cigarette Device and Liquid Characteristics in Wave 1 of the Vaping and Patterns of e-Cigarette Use Research Study: Web-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Backgrounde-Cigarette device and liquid characteristics are highly customizable; these characteristics impact nicotine delivery and exposure to toxic constituents. It is critical to understand optimal methods for measuring these characteristics to accurately assess their impacts on user behavior and health.ObjectiveTo inform future survey development, we assessed the agreement between responses from survey participants (self-reports) and photos uploaded by participants and the quantity of usable data derived from each approach.MethodsAdult regular e-cigarette users (≥5 days per week) aged ≥21 years (N=1209) were asked questions about and submitted photos of their most used e-cigarette device (1209/1209, 100%) and liquid (1132/1209, 93.63%). Device variables assessed included brand, model, reusability, refillability, display, and adjustable power. Liquid variables included brand, flavor, nicotine concentration, nicotine formulation, and bottle size. For each variable, percentage agreement was calculated where self-report and photo data were available. Krippendorff α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Results were stratified by device (disposable, reusable with disposable pods or cartridges, and reusable with refillable pods, cartridges, or tanks) and liquid (customized and noncustomized) type. The sample size for each calculation ranged from 3.89% (47/1209; model of disposable devices) to 95.12% (1150/1209; device reusability).ResultsPercentage agreement between photos and self-reports was substantial to very high across device and liquid types for all variables except nicotine concentration. These results are consistent with Krippendorff α calculations, except where prevalence bias was suspected. ICC results for nicotine concentration and bottle size were lower than percentage agreement, likely because ICC accounts for the level of disagreement between values. Agreement varied by device and liquid type. For example, percentage agreement for device brand was higher among users of reusable devices (94%) than among users of disposable devices (75%). Low percentage agreement may result from poor participant knowledge of characteristics, user modifications of devices inconsistent with manufacturer-intended use, inaccurate or incomplete information on websites, or photo submissions that are not a participant’s most used device or liquid. The number of excluded values (eg, self-report was “don’t know” or no photo submitted) differed between self-reports and photos; for questions asked to participants, self-reports had more usable data than photos for all variables except device model and nicotine formulation.ConclusionsPhotos and self-reports yield data of similar accuracy for most variables assessed in this study: device brand, device model, reusability, adjustable power, display, refillability, liquid brand, flavor, and bottle size. Self-reports provided more data for all variables except device model and nicotine formulation. Using these approaches simultaneously may optimize data quantity and quality. Future research should examine how to assess nicotine concentration and variables not included in this study (eg, wattage and resistance) and the resource requirements of these approaches.

Drivers of plant individual-based pollinator visitation network topology in an arid ecosystem

Interactions with pollinators underlie the structure and function of plant communities. Network analysis is a valuable tool for studying plant-pollinator interactions, but these networks are most frequently built by aggregating interactions at the species level. Interactions are between individuals and an advantage of individual-based networks is the ability to integrate inter-individual variation in traits and environmental context within complex ecological networks. We studied the influence of inter-individual variation on pollinator sharing among foundation shrubs and cactus in a desert ecosystem using plant individual-based pollinator visitation networks. We hypothesized that the traits that alter attractiveness of plants to pollinators will also influence an individual plant's role within the visitation network. Foundation plants growing with higher densities of nearby blooming shrubs had higher pollinator visitation rates and had greater access to the conspecific mating pool, suggesting widespread and diffuse pollination facilitation within this community. Further, shrub density influenced the role of betweenness centrality and the effective number of partners (eH). Floral display size also influenced the effective number of interaction partners but did not directly influence the centrality measures for individual plants or other measures of network structure despite increasing visitation rates. The individual-based visitation networks were significantly modular and module membership was predicted by species identity and pollinator visitation rates. Ecological and individual context mediate the outcome of pollinator-mediated interactions and are fundamental drivers of whole community structure. This study shows that the density of immediate neighbours can influence the overall structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks. Exploring the contribution of intraspecific variation to community interaction networks will improve our understanding of drivers of community-level ecological dynamics.

Spatial context target relearning following a target relocation event: Not mission impossible.

Our visual system relies on memory to store and retrieve goal-relevant structures and information from the environment for the purpose of optimizing the allocation of attention. This concept, referred to as contextual cueing, has been demonstrated using visual search tasks, wherein repeated visual contexts lead to reduced search times compared with random displays. Subsequently, when an unexpected change occurs in the environment, or memory fails, a cognitive expense is incurred as the mind tries to resolve the conflict with the memory of the previous environmental context. How memory resolves these conflicts and is updated is of great interest. Previous studies showed that, without extensive practice, individuals were unable to associate a secondary target location with a previously learned spatial context following the relocation of the initially learned target. Here, we explored variables that could potentially affect contextual learning and relearning, such as display size, crowding, context color, and whether the target switched to a previously occupied or unoccupied location. In a series of four experiments, we find relearning occurring in all instances. Previous research may have suffered from underpowered designs.

What you see is what you get, and what you don't goes unsold: Choice overload and purchasing heuristics in a horticulture lab experiment

AbstractThough choice overload has been extensively studied in packaged products, fewer studies have explored these phenomena in minimally packaged agribusiness products such as potted plants. This matters as these products are heterogeneous not only across product categories but also within the same plant genus, changing the baseline cognitive load for consumer decision‐making. This study uses eye‐tracking technology to explore how increases in the number of options presented in potted plant retail displays affects visual attention and consumer choice by expanding cognitive load. In a within‐subjects design, participants completed six choice tasks, indicating their likelihood to buy their most preferred alternative. As display size increased, participants ignored a larger percentage of the display, engaged in common choice patterns, and spent a lower percentage of their gaze sequence fixated on their selected alternative. [EconLit Citations: C91, D91, Q13]

Method for studying the dependence of the visibility of artifacts in an image on its physical dimensions

An actual size of screen proposed displays video sequence influence the process of creating subjective quality evaluation of multimedia content perception on various devices. The question of display size and resolution impact on improvements in perceived visual quality still remains unclear. Any decisions on display size must demand understanding of physical, perceptual and cognitive opportunities of each user, also physical working/operational environment constrains. In proposed paper presented a method allowing to dynamically change the visual quality of a typical media content depending on the physical size of the display. The unique contribution of proposed study for the first time represents method ology of the degraded video images association with streaming video and their effects on various display sizes with fixed screen parameters. Method can be used for scientific purposes related to practical applications for visualization technologies, signal reception and processing in information technology devices, also in related areas such as marketing, advertising, film industry.

Region Based Non-Uniform Scheme for Effective Retargeting

With the invent of displays of varied features like bendable displays, twistable displays and slant displays the feed of these displays need to be adjusted so that useful objects of the scene are not destroyed. In general, if we want to project a particular scene of specified size after capturing on the display of other dimensions, image resizing is done. In image resizing, the whole image will be converted into dimension of the target display. In the process the whole image, including all the objects may be expanded or squeezed depending on the size of the target display. But, in image retargeting, in addition to changing the size of the image to suit the target display, some additional intelligence will be added there by preserving or retaining useful objects and removing unnecessary background information. In this paper, the global significance map will drive the retargeting which is formed by merging the local significance maps. The local significance maps are derived after forming regions by considering the average intensity levels locally. The simulation results clearly show the superiority of the scheme proposed

An Efficient Optical Mura Compensation System for Large Liquid-Crystal Display Panels

Increased mura defect rates as liquid-crystal display (LCD) sizes and resolutions increase have become an issue of the utmost concern for large LCD panel makers. To address this issue, an efficient optical mura compensation (referred to as a de-mura) system for large LCD panels is proposed in this work. More specifically, the following measures were implemented to ensure the operation of the system with high reliability and efficiency: (1) An elliptic paraboloid (EP) model was proposed to deal with the measurement error caused by the viewing-angle vignetting in the LCD panel during imaging. (2) A time-domain filter and other preprocessing algorithms were built into the firmware of a high-resolution monochrome camera. (3) To accurately compensate for luminance mura, a fourth-order polynomial was applied to generate luminance de-mura data. On this basis, a local linear interpolation model was established to generate the chromaticity de-mura data. (4) The parallel acceleration of the algorithm was achieved by using a combined central processing unit (CPU) multithreading-graphic processing unit (GPU) computing architecture. The experimental results show that the developed system and algorithm perform quite well, in terms of reliability and operational efficiency. The tact time (T.T) for 4K and 8K LCD panels was less than 20 and 25 s, respectively, which fully meets manufacturers’ mass production requirements.

How to Ensure a Good Depth Perception on a Light Field Display

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">In this article, we define the technical requirements for a light field display to provide effective depth cues such as binocular disparity, motion parallax, and accommodation at a pixel resolution expected by the eye. These requirements are evaluated with respect to existing technologies (e.g.,integral imaging displays) or expected future ones (e.g., micro-light-emitting diode (LED) displays). Simulation of light field displays are proposed for different display sizes (smartphone, desktop, or TV), resolution per view, and pixel pitch. These simulations convey the main impact of the pixel pitch to reach the light field display goal in terms of depth cue requirements. The last part of the paper focusses on data generation issues: how to generate the necessary amount of views at the display side and what the adapted data formats are for such a purpose. The paper is associated with supplementary videos that will illustrate the view generation topic using a dedicated data format that is optimized for current graphics processing unit (GPU) processors. Video capture of early-stage light field displays will also be provided</i> .

Review of Responsive Design Concept Based On Framework Materialize On The Website

Responsive web design is a website design that can adjust each size on each device. Based on the results of several respondents, 60% of respondents agreed that some websites were not able to adjust the display size on the web, 50% of respondents agreed that design affects the convenience factor, 58% of respondents agreed that the main content and functionality of websites that are difficult to access via mobile devices, 53% of respondents agreed that the appearance of a website that was not attractive had a bad effect on the comfort factor of the respondents, 50% of respondents also agreed that the website was not able to adjust the size on every mobile device. From the results of this review, it can be concluded that an unresponsive website greatly affects the inconvenience of users in accessing information through the website.

A Compact Raster Lensless Microscope Based on a Microdisplay.

Lensless microscopy requires the simplest possible configuration, as it uses only a light source, the sample and an image sensor. The smallest practical microscope is demonstrated here. In contrast to standard lensless microscopy, the object is located near the lighting source. Raster optical microscopy is applied by using a single-pixel detector and a microdisplay. Maximum resolution relies on reduced LED size and the position of the sample respect the microdisplay. Contrarily to other sort of digital lensless holographic microscopes, light backpropagation is not required to reconstruct the images of the sample. In a mm-high microscope, resolutions down to 800 nm have been demonstrated even when measuring with detectors as large as 138 μm × 138 μm, with field of view given by the display size. Dedicated technology would shorten measuring time.

Smartphone display size can influence perceptual judgments

Classic research in perception has suggested that visual context can impact how individuals perceive object characteristics like physical size. The current set of studies extends this work to an applied setting by examining whether smartphone display size can impact the perception of objects presented on smartphones. Participants viewed several target items, on two different sized virtual device displays based on actual consumer devices and were asked to make simple judgments of the size of presented objects. Results from both experiments confirm that display size impacts perceived size, such that larger displays cause users to significantly underestimate the size of objects moreso than smaller displays. This is the first study to confirm such an effect, and suggests that beyond aesthetics or cost, one’s personal choice of device might have additional performance consequences.

PC 원격 제어 애플리케이션의 터치 인터페이스 방식 개발

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find a new way to operating and improving the usability of touch interface when remotely controlling a PC through a tablet PC.<BR>Background: With the recent activation of telecommunication due to the coronavirus situation, remote control has become a widely accepted telecommunication tool. However, since existing operation methods for remote control via a touch screen often cause dissatisfactions to the user, there is a need for better touch interfaces.<BR>Method: Two new operation methods, which are distinct from two operation methods being provided in existing applications, are devised in the research. Next, under the condition of remote control, data search, data verification, and data transmission procedures were assumed and executed through an experiment. Finally, an optimal alternative was found through analyses.<BR>Results: When using a tablet PC to remotely control a PC, the gamepad mode was most preferred over other operation methods for double-clicking and scrolling. However, since there is no drag or drop function possible in gamepad mode, the touch button method was the most preferred for drag and drop since of touch interface. Statistical analysis shows that while there are differences in task completion time depending on display size, virtual keyboards are the most efficient way to operate when double-clicking and scrolling. Next, the touch button is an efficient operation method, and the touch mode and trackpad are less usable. Drag and drop function does not differ between touch mode and touch button, but the trackpad is less usable.<BR>Conclusion: In order to increase the usability of a tablet PC during remote control, a newly devised auxiliary operation method was proposed and yielded a better performance than currently available methods in terms of improving the usability. <BR>Application: This study is expected to be applied to smartphones as well as tablet PCs, as it aims at changing existing operating methods and eliciting improvements in remote control of PCs with touch screens.

A sit-and-wait predator, but not an active-pursuit predator, alters pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits.

Indirect species interactions are ubiquitous in nature, often outnumbering direct species interactions. Yet despite evidence that indirect interactions have strong ecological effects, relatively little is known about whether they can shape adaptive evolution by altering the strength and/or direction of natural selection. We tested whether indirect interactions affect the strength and direction of pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits of the bumble-bee pollinated wildflower Lobelia siphilitica. We estimated the indirect effects of two pollinator predators with contrasting hunting modes: dragonflies (Aeshnidae and Corduliidae) and ambush bugs (Phymata americana, Reduviidae). Because dragonflies are active pursuit predators, we hypothesized that they would strengthen pollinator-mediated selection by weakening plant-pollinator interactions (i.e., a density-mediated indirect effect). In contrast, because ambush bugs are sit-and-wait predators, we hypothesized that they would weaken or reverse the direction of pollinator-mediated selection by altering pollinator foraging behavior (i.e., a trait-mediated indirect effect). Specifically, if ambush bugs hunt from plants with traits that attract pollinators (i.e., prey), then pollinators will spend less time visiting those plants, weakening or reversing the direction of selection on attractive floral traits. We did not find evidence that high dragonfly abundance strengthened selection on floral traits via a density-mediated indirect effect: neither pollen limitation (a proxy for the strength of plant-pollinator interactions) nor directional selection on floral traits of L. siphilitica differed significantly between high- and low-dragonfly abundance treatments. In contrast, we did find evidence that ambush bug presence affected selection on floral traits via a trait-mediated indirect effect: ambush bugs hunted from L. siphilitica plants with larger daily floral displays, reversing the direction of pollinator-mediated selection on daily display size. These results suggest that indirect species interactions have the potential to shape adaptive evolution by altering natural selection.

A Study on Consumers' Visual Image Evaluation of Wrist Wearables.

This study aimed to investigate consumers’ visual image evaluation of wrist wearables based on Kansei engineering. A total of 8 representative samples were screened from 99 samples using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method. Five groups of adjectives were identified to allow participants to express their visual impressions of wrist wearable devices through a questionnaire survey and factor analysis. The evaluation of eight samples using the five groups of adjectives was analyzed utilizing the triangle fuzzy theory. The results showed a relatively different evaluation of the eight samples in the groups of “fashionable and individual” and “rational and decent”, but little distinction in the groups of “practical and durable”, “modern and smart” and “convenient and multiple”. Furthermore, wrist wearables with a shape close to a traditional watch dial (round), with a bezel and mechanical buttons (moderate complexity) and asymmetric forms received a higher evaluation. The acceptance of square- and elliptical-shaped wrist wearables was relatively low. Among the square- and rectangular-shaped wrist wearables, the greater the curvature of the chamfer, the higher the acceptance. Apparent contrast between the color of the screen and the casing had good acceptance. The influence of display size on consumer evaluations was relatively small. Similar results were obtained in the evaluation of preferences and willingness to purchase. The results of this study objectively and effectively reflect consumers’ evaluation and potential demand for the visual images of wrist wearables and provide a reference for designers and industry professionals.

Effects of screen-responsive visualization on data comprehension

Visualization interfaces designed for heterogeneous devices such as wall displays and mobile screens must be responsive to varying display dimensions, resolution, and interaction capabilities. In this paper, we report on two user studies of visual representations for large versus small displays. The goal of our experiments was to investigate differences between a large vertical display and a mobile hand-held display in terms of the data comprehension and the quality of resulting insights. To this end, we developed a visual interface with a coordinated multiple view layout for the large display and two alternative designs of the same interface – a space-saving boundary visualization layout and an overview layout – for the mobile condition. The first experiment was a controlled laboratory study designed to evaluate the effect of display size on the perception of changes in a visual representation, and yielded significant correctness differences even while completion time remained similar. The second evaluation was a qualitative study in a practical setting and showed that participants were able to easily associate and work with the responsive visualizations. Based on the results, we conclude the paper by providing new guidelines for screen-responsive visualization interfaces.

P‐11.3: Flexible Cover Window with Colorless Polyimide Hard Coating Thin Film for Foldable Displays

The active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) folding display can easily realize the inner folding, outer folding, and curling the display. After folding or curling the display, in addition to greatly minimize the display size of the smart phone, the folding display can also achieve future technical trends such as smart tablet‐phone and laptop‐phone after unfolding display. With the increase in the market share of foldable display in the consumer electronics market, we all think foldable display application will rapidly expand to the industrial and automotive markets within three years. Therefore, the next generation of smart folding display will create the whole new experience of human life with powerful wireless hardware functions and diversity of software APP applied in a wider field.

P‐5.4: Design and Implementation of Mini‐LED Multi‐Screen Splicing Display System Based on FPGA

Mini‐LED has developed rapidly by virtue of its advantages in display industry, including low power consumption, stability, high resolution and display effect. In this paper, a video display system based on FPGA with multiple mini‐LED displays is implemented. The system builds the circuit structure of multi‐screen splicing display with FPGA and realizes the flexible splicing display of multiple Mini‐LED displays, so that Mini‐LED display can achieve the effect of flexible expansion of display size. Multiple video images stored in the SD card are read and segmented into parts corresponding to the number of display screens and then output to the spliced Mini‐LED display screen for displaying. The main modules of the display system built by FPGA include: external storage data reading module, RAM cache module, data distribution and regulation module, RGB output module, MBI5759 module of the driver chip and infrared control module. The system is realized by using Xilinx FPGA development board and ISE development software. In addition, the corresponding PCB board is designed to connect FPGA and Mini‐LED displays.

Smartphone display size can cause distortions in perceptual estimates of size

Everyday we consume massive amounts of visual information on mobile devices like smartphones. However, are there consequences for viewing information on these devices? In 2 experiments, participants viewed several target objects on two differently sized virtual smartphone displays, and then made a judgment of the size of each target item. Results from both experiments confirm that smartphone display size does impact user perceptions of size, such that larger displays cause users to significantly underestimate the size of objects. This effect held when target items were presented alone, or concurrently with a non-target referent. This is the first study to confirm such an effect and suggests that the size of a smartphone display can negatively influence the accuracy of users’ visual perception. Thus, beyond aesthetics or cost, it must be realized that the choice of device might have additional perceptual consequences for consumers.

Transsaccadic integration relies on a limited memory resource.

Saccadic eye movements cause large-scale transformations of the image falling on the retina. Rather than starting visual processing anew after each saccade, the visual system combines post-saccadic information with visual input from before the saccade. Crucially, the relative contribution of each source of information is weighted according to its precision, consistent with principles of optimal integration. We reasoned that, if pre-saccadic input is maintained in a resource-limited store, such as visual working memory, its precision will depend on the number of items stored, as well as their attentional priority. Observers estimated the color of stimuli that changed imperceptibly during a saccade, and we examined where reports fell on the continuum between pre- and post-saccadic values. Bias toward the post-saccadic color increased with the set size of the pre-saccadic display, consistent with an increased weighting of the post-saccadic input as precision of the pre-saccadic representation declined. In a second experiment, we investigated if transsaccadic memory resources are preferentially allocated to attentionally prioritized items. An arrow cue indicated one pre-saccadic item as more likely to be chosen for report. As predicted, valid cues increased response precision and biased responses toward the pre-saccadic color. We conclude that transsaccadic integration relies on a limited memory resource that is flexibly distributed between pre-saccadic stimuli.