Display Size Research Articles

Simulation analyses of the evolution of intra-inflorescence flowering patterns assuming selection on anthesis interval among individual flowers

What conditions select flowering patterns within inflorescences, or variation in the anthesis interval within inflorescences among plants? Under what conditions are gradual blooming and simultaneous blooming, both traits related to floral display size, advantageous? We constructed a simulation model in which the opening times and longevities of individual flowers within inflorescences, the sizes of attractive structures of individual flowers, and the numbers of ovules and pollen grains produced by individual flowers evolve. Individual plants in the population compete for pollinators, and plants are selected by pollinators according to their floral display sizes and amounts of resources allocated to attractive structures. We found that, if the proportion of pollen on a pollinator deposited on a stigma was low, gradual blooming did not evolve even if inbreeding depression was greater than 0.5. This is because the amount of outcross-pollen on pollinators decreased at a low rate during flower visits within a single inflorescence, and the selfing rate was suppressed to a low level even if the floral display size was large. On the other hand, if the proportion of pollen deposition was high, gradual blooming evolved even if inbreeding depression was smaller than 0.5. This may be because gradual blooming can enhance pollen delivery to other plants by reducing the loss of self-pollen by geitonogamy. On the other hand, allocation ratios among floral organs (female and male organs and attractive structures) were independent of the degree of simultaneous and gradual blooming within inflorescences. We concluded that the evolution of gradual blooming is more strongly affected by the proportion of pollen on a pollinator deposited on a stigma than by inbreeding depression.

Algorithm for Automatic Layout of Graphic Language and Its Application in Graphic Design

When using traditional algorithms to describe graphic languages, the results obtained are not accurate due to the lack of strict standards. In this case, the size and position of the graphic display cannot be accurately determined. Aiming at these problems, we propose a new automatic typesetting algorithm for graphic languages. Use the constant method to calculate the display size of buffered images in graphic design. The ant colony algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution, so that the optimal display position of the graphics in the graphic design can be obtained. Graphics are powerful. For example, excellent graphics such as the presentation of forms, the expression and transmission of information, often make people feel relaxed and empathetic, shorten the distance between each other, and make communication smoother. As a result, graphic languages have become an important part of modern graphic design and are used more and more frequently. This paper attempts to analyze the representation of graphic language, aiming to demonstrate its important role in graphic design.

10‐3: Distinguished Paper: Reducing Resolution Loss in Naked Eye 3D Display Using Dual Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC) Shutters for Time‐multiplexed Light Field Display

Usually, the resolution loss is serious in light field display due to the spatial multiplexing of several neighboring pixels to display images from different directions. With the limitation in the resolution of the flat panel display, the light field 3D display shows insufficient display size, image depth, or resolution. This article utilized the FLC with a fast response at 2 kHz and the optimized charge compensation method to achieve a high refresh time multiplexing method, which can effectively increase the display resolution by up to 32 times and is very promising for light field 3D displays in the future.

Convergence and molecular evolution of floral fragrance after independent transitions to self-fertilization

Studying the independent evolution of similar traits provides valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors driving phenotypic evolution.1 The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is common in plant evolution2 and is often associated with a reduction in floral attractive features such as display size, chemical signals, and pollinator rewards.3 These changes are believed to result from the reallocation of the resources used for building attractive flowers, as the need to attract pollinators decreases.2,3 We investigated the similarities in the evolution of flower fragrance following independent transitions to self-fertilization in Capsella.4,5,6,7,8,9 We identified several compounds that exhibited similar changes in different selfer lineages, such that the flower scent composition reflects mating systems rather than evolutionary history within this genus. We further demonstrate that the repeated loss of β-ocimene emission, one of the compounds most strongly affected by these transitions, was caused by mutations in different genes. In one of the Capsella selfing lineages, the loss of its emission was associated with a mutation altering subcellular localization of the ortholog of TERPENE SYNTHASE 2. This mutation appears to have been fixed early after the transition to selfing through the capture of variants segregating in the ancestral outcrossing population. The large extent of convergence in the independent evolution of flower scent, together with the evolutionary history and molecular consequences of a causal mutation, suggests that the emission of specific volatiles evolved as a response to changes in ecological pressures rather than resource limitation.

User experience with ultrawide curved displays: A mixed methods analysis

Due to the trend of replacing dual displays with ultrawide (UW) curved displays, we used a mixed methods analysis to investigate the user experience with UW curved displays. We conducted an experimental laboratory study that quantified user self-selected positions for three displays – 24 in. flat panel, and 34 in. and 40 in. UW curved displays. Participants were first provided with a familiarization protocol, and they then positioned the display. The self-selected UW display viewing distances were within current recommendations; however, viewing distance increased with display size, potentially challenging small work surface depths and may have been in response to feeling “overwhelmed” by larger displays. Head twist range of motion increased with display width. While all displays were within recommendations, participants commented that less head twisting was a factor in choosing the 34 in. over the 40 in. display. Practitioners should assess potential workstation limitations and the potential impact on neck twist angles when installing ultrawide displays.

Neural étendue expander for ultra-wide-angle high-fidelity holographic display

Holographic displays can generate light fields by dynamically modulating the wavefront of a coherent beam of light using a spatial light modulator, promising rich virtual and augmented reality applications. However, the limited spatial resolution of existing dynamic spatial light modulators imposes a tight bound on the diffraction angle. As a result, modern holographic displays possess low étendue, which is the product of the display area and the maximum solid angle of diffracted light. The low étendue forces a sacrifice of either the field-of-view (FOV) or the display size. In this work, we lift this limitation by presenting neural étendue expanders. This new breed of optical elements, which is learned from a natural image dataset, enables higher diffraction angles for ultra-wide FOV while maintaining both a compact form factor and the fidelity of displayed contents to human viewers. With neural étendue expanders, we experimentally achieve 64 × étendue expansion of natural images in full color, expanding the FOV by an order of magnitude horizontally and vertically, with high-fidelity reconstruction quality (measured in PSNR) over 29 dB on retinal-resolution images.

Exploring the practice of integrating innovation and entrepreneurship teaching in visual communication design professional courses using hybrid optimization based ANFIS

The convergence of visual communication design with unique effects, graphic design, as well as virtual reality, which is becoming progressively more popular, has created a new paradigm for education in recent years. However, emerging evidence indicates that their integration into the world of learning is a somewhat gradual and intricate process. The present research proposes a novel algorithm and a functional model of artificial intelligence technology design to automatically arrange graphic language in visual communication design. In visual communication design, the goal orchestration function used to determine the display size of buffer images is the difference between the minimum and maximum values of the number of orchestration screens. An ant colony method is used in visual communication design to identify the optimal locations for visuals to be presented, and ASM semantics is used to characterize the visual languages. In order to accomplish the invention and development of a visual communication design style, the suggested algorithm has to be programmed and executed. It employs sequential decision marking to characterize the visual vocabulary and accomplishes automated organization. According to the trial results, visual saturation based on AI technology can reach up to 97%, and the average user satisfaction score is 7.65. It is evident that a creative visual thinking approach can maximize the visual communication design effect and communicate fresh design concepts.

Drought stress influences foraging preference of a solitary bee on two wildflowers.

Pollinators provide critical ecosystem services, maintaining biodiversity and benefiting global food production. However, plants, pollinators, and their mutualistic interactions may be affected by drought, which has increased in severity and frequency under climate change. Using two annual, insect-pollinated wildflowers (Phacelia campanularia and Nemophila menziesii), we asked how drought impacts floral traits and foraging preferences of a solitary bee (Osmia lignaria) and explore potential implications for plant reproduction. In greenhouses, we experimentally subjected plants to drought to induce water stress, as verified by leaf water potential. To assess the impact of drought on floral traits, we measured flower size, floral display size, nectar volume, and nectar sugar concentration. To explore how drought-induced effects on floral traits affected bee foraging preferences, we performed choice trials. Individual female bees were placed into foraging arenas with two conspecific plants, one droughted and one non-droughted, and were allowed to forage freely. We determined that P. campanularia is more drought-tolerant than N. menziesii based on measures of turgor loss point, and confirmed that droughted plants were more drought-stressed than non-droughted plants. For droughted plants of both species, floral display size was reduced, and flowers were smaller and produced less, more-concentrated nectar. We found that bees preferred non-droughted flowers of N. menziesii. However, bee preference for non-droughted P. campanularia flowers depended on the time of day and was detected only in the afternoon. Our findings indicate that bees prefer visiting non-droughted flowers, likely reducing pollination success for drought-stressed plants. Lack of preference for non-droughted P. campanularia flowers in the morning may reflect the higher drought tolerance of this species. This work highlights the potentially intersecting, short-term physiological and pollinator behavioral responses to drought and suggests that such responses may reshape plant-pollinator interactions, ultimately reducing reproductive output for less drought-tolerant wildflowers.

Attractive combinations of female gingival displays, buccal corridor sizes, and facial heights according to orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople of different ages and sexes: a psychometric study

IntroductionEsthetics plays a crucial role in orthodontics and many other dental and medical fields. To date, no study has assessed the combined effects of the 3 facial features ‘facial height, gingival display (GD), and buccal corridor size (BC)’ on facial/smile beauty. Therefore, this study was conducted for the first time.MethodsIn this psychometric diagnostic study, beauty of 27 randomized perceptometric images of a female model with variations in facial heights (short, normal, long), gingival displays (0, 2, 4, 6 mm), and buccal corridor sizes (2%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) were evaluated by 108 judges (36 orthodontists, 36 dentists, 36 laypeople) using a 5-scale Likert scale (1 to 5). Combined effects of facial heights, GDs, BCs, judges’ sexes, ages, and jobs, and their 2-way interactions were tested using a mixed-model multiple linear regression and a Bonferroni test. Zones of ideal features were determined for all judges and also for each group using repeated-measures ANOVAs and the Bonferroni test (α=0.05).ResultsJudges’ sex but not their age or expertise might affect their perception of female beauty: men gave higher scores. The normal face was perceived as more beautiful than the long face (the short face being the least attractive). Zero GD was the most attractive followed by 4 mm; 6 mm was the least appealing. BCs of 15% followed by 10% were the most attractive ones, while 25% BC was the worst. The zone of ideal anatomy was: long face + 0mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; long face + 2mm GD + 15% BC; normal face + 0mm GD + 15% BC.ConclusionsNormal faces, zero GDs, and 15% BCs may be the most appealing. Facial heights affect the perception of beauty towards GDs but not BCs.

Fire effects on pollination and plant reproduction: a quantitative review.

Fire may favour plant flowering by opening the vegetation and increasing abiotic resource availability. Increased floral display size can attract more pollinators and increase the absolute fruit and seed production immediately after the fire. However, anthropogenic increases in fire frequency may alter these responses. We aim to assess the effects of fire on pollination and reproductive success of plants at the global scale. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analyses to examine overall fire effects as well as different fire parameters on pollination and on plant reproduction. We also explored to what extent the responses vary among pollinators, pollination vectors, plant regeneration strategies, compatibility systems, vegetation types and biomes. Most studies were conducted in fire-prone ecosystems. Overall, single fires increased pollination and plant reproduction but this effect was overridden by recurrent fires. Floral visitation rates of pollinators were enhanced immediately following a wildfire, and especially in bee-pollinated plants. Fire increased the absolute production of fruits or seeds but not the fruit or seed set. The reproductive benefits were mostly observed in wind-pollinated (graminoids), herbaceous and resprouter species. Finally, fire effects on pollination were positively correlated with fire effects on plant reproductive success. Fire has a central role in pollination and plant sexual reproduction in fire-prone ecosystems. The increase in the absolute production of fruits and seeds suggests that fire benefits on plant reproduction are likely driven by increased abiotic resources and the consequent floral display size. However, reproduction efficiency, as measured by fruit or seed set, does not increase with fire. In contrast, when assessed on the same plant simultaneously, fire effects on pollination are translated into reproduction. Increased fire frequency due to anthropogenic changes can alter the nature of the response to fire.

Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi influences floral traits.

Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizas impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators. We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display size, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects. On average, the presence of mycorrhizas was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display size, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but nonsignificant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizas with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness ofthe need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are nowubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.

Effects of floral display size, local open raceme density, patch size, and distance between patches on pollinator behaviour in Salvia nipponica

Flowers cluster at various spatial scales, so pollinators use information from multiple scales when foraging in natural plant populations. Little is known about the effects of interactions between scales or their relative strength. We examined bumblebee foraging behaviour in a natural population of Salvia nipponica in 10 and 7 patches in 2019 and 2020, respectively. We recorded within-patch factors (display size of racemes and local open raceme densities) and patch-level factors (patch size and distance from the nearest patch) and analysed their relationships with pollinator behaviour. The numbers of visits per raceme and flower were mainly affected by the interaction of patch size and raceme density; they were higher in locations with lower raceme density in larger patches. The ratio of flowers visited to all open flowers in a raceme during a raceme visit, which relates to a bumblebee’s choice to leave a raceme, was mainly affected by the interaction of display size and local open raceme density; in 2019 it was higher in racemes with smaller display sizes, while in 2020 the strength and direction of the relationship depended on the open raceme density. These results suggest that pollinators relied on the sizes of flower clusters at different spatial scales when visiting and leaving racemes and adjusted their responses to the sizes of flower clusters depending on the distances between clusters. Therefore, it is important to evaluate factors at various spatial scales and their interactions to fully understand pollinator behaviour in natural plant populations.

The Effect of Ad Image's Sentiment Scores and Mobile Device Attributes on Mobile Ad Response Behavior

Using a state-of-the-art image processing algorithm applied to mobile ad creative and a unique dataset on technology features for mobile platforms, we examine how visual sentiment of mobile ad images, mobile device attributes that aid visual communication, and their interactions influence consumers’ mobile ad responses. Our results show that an increase in mobile ads’ valence and arousal levels by one-unit enhances the instantaneous probability of consumers’ mobile ad response by 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. An increase in mobile devices’ display size and pixel density by 1 in and 1%, respectively, decreases the probability of mobile ad response by 42.6% and 0.7%. Interestingly, display size positively moderates the effect of arousal, while pixel density positively moderates the effect of valence on consumers’ mobile ad responses. This study contributes to the IS and marketing literature by examining the role of ad images’ visual sentiment scores such as valence and arousal, device-specific attributes on mobile display, such as screen display size and pixel density, and their interaction effects on consumers’ mobile ad response behaviors. Importantly, the application of computationally efficient image sentiment processing sheds new light on the extant mobile advertising and marketing literature both from a methodological and findings perspective.

Constraint-Based Breakpoints for Responsive Visualization Design and Development.

This paper introduces constraint-based breakpoints, a technique for designing responsive visualizations for a wide variety of screen sizes and datasets. Breakpoints in responsive visualization define when different visualization designs are shown. Conventionally, breakpoints are static, pre-defined widths, and as such do not account for changes to the visualized dataset or visualization parameters. To guarantee readability and efficient use of space across datasets, these static breakpoints would require manual updates. Constraint-based breakpoints solve this by evaluating visualization-specific constraints on the size of visual elements, overlapping elements, and the aspect ratio of the visualization and available space. Once configured, a responsive visualization with constraint-based breakpoints can adapt to different screen sizes for any dataset. We describe a framework that guides designers in creating a stack of visualization designs for different display sizes and defining constraints for each of these designs. We demonstrate constraint-based breakpoints for different data types and their visualizations: geographic data (choropleth map, proportional circle map, Dorling cartogram, hexagonal grid map, bar chart, waffle chart), network data (node-link diagram, adjacency matrix, arc diagram), and multivariate data (scatterplot, heatmap). Interactive demos and supplemental material are available at responsive-vis.github.io/breakpoints.

Among-individual variation in flowering phenology affects flowering synchrony and mating opportunity.

The timing and pattern of a plant's flowering can have important consequences for reproductive success. Variation in flowering phenology may influence the number of prospective mates, the risk of mating with lower quality individuals, and the likelihood of self-pollination. Here we use a common garden experiment to explore within- and among-population variation in phenology. Our work provides new insights into how flowering phenology shapes mating opportunity and flowering synchrony in a self-compatible perennial. To quantify variation in flowering phenology we raised progeny from nine populations of Mimulus ringens in a common garden. For each individual, we measured phenological traits including age at flowering onset, daily floral display size, total flower number, and flowering synchrony with other members of the population, and related these traits to mating opportunity. We also tested how individual flowering schedules influence the magnitude of synchrony. Flowering phenology and synchrony varied substantially within and among populations. From day to day, plants often oscillated between large and small daily floral displays. Additionally, flowering schedules of individual plants strongly influenced flowering synchrony and, along with the number of flowering days, markedly affected plants' mating opportunity. Phenological traits such as flowering synchrony can affect the quantity of mating opportunities and may be important targets of natural selection. Our results highlight the need for studies that quantify flowering patterns of individuals as well as populations.

Convolutional neural networks for classifying healthy individuals practicing or not practicing meditation according to the EEG data

Convolutional neural networks for classifying healthy individuals practicing or not practicing meditation according to the EEG data

Virtual monitors vs. physical monitors: an empirical comparison for productivity work

Virtual monitors can display information through a head-worn display when a physical monitor is unavailable or provides insufficient space. Low resolution and restricted field of view are common issues of these displays. Such issues reduce readability and peripheral vision, leading to increased head movement when we increase the display size. This work evaluates the performance and user experience of a virtual monitor setup that combines software designed to minimize graphical transformations and a high-resolution virtual reality head-worn display. Participants performed productivity work across three approaches: Workstation, which is often used at office locations and consists of three side-by-side physical monitors; Laptop, which is often used in mobile locations and consists of a single physical monitor expanded with multiple desktops; and Virtual, our prototype with three side-by-side virtual monitors. Results show that participants deemed Virtual faster, easier to use, and more intuitive than Laptop, evidencing the advantages of head and eye glances over full content switches. They also confirm the existence of a gap between Workstation and Virtual, as Workstation achieved the highest user experience. We conclude with design guidelines obtained from the lessons learned in this study.

Deep scene synthesis of Atlanta-world interiors from a single omnidirectional image.

We present a new data-driven approach for extracting geometric and structural information from a single spherical panorama of an interior scene, and for using this information to render the scene from novel points of view, enhancing 3D immersion in VR applications. The approach copes with the inherent ambiguities of single-image geometry estimation and novel view synthesis by focusing on the very common case of Atlanta-world interiors, bounded by horizontal floors and ceilings and vertical walls. Based on this prior, we introduce a novel end-to-end deep learning approach to jointly estimate the depth and the underlying room structure of the scene. The prior guides the design of the network and of novel domain-specific loss functions, shifting the major computational load on a training phase that exploits available large-scale synthetic panoramic imagery. An extremely lightweight network uses geometric and structural information to infer novel panoramic views from translated positions at interactive rates, from which perspective views matching head rotations are produced and upsampled to the display size. As a result, our method automatically produces new poses around the original camera at interactive rates, within a working area suitable for producing depth cues for VR applications, especially when using head-mounted displays connected to graphics servers. The extracted floor plan and 3D wall structure can also be used to support room exploration. The experimental results demonstrate that our method provides low-latency performance and improves over current state-of-the-art solutions in prediction accuracy on available commonly used indoor panoramic benchmarks.

Exploring the innovation of visual communication design style based on artificial intelligence technology

Abstract By exploring the application of artificial intelligence technology in visual communication design, the design efficiency and innovation of visual communication can be effectively improved. In order to automatically arrange graphic language in visual communication design, a novel algorithm is proposed in this research, together with a functional model of artificial intelligence technology design. The minimum and maximum values of the number of orchestrated pages are used as the objective orchestration function for calculating the display size of buffer images in visual communication design. In visual communication design, an ant colony method is used to determine where graphics should be displayed best, and ASM semantics is used to describe the graphics language. The proposed algorithm is programmed and runs to achieve the innovation and development of visual communication design style by using the parallel selection mark to describe the graphic language and realize the automatic arrangement. The experimental results show that the visual saturation obtained based on artificial intelligence technology can reach up to 97%, the mean value of user satisfaction is 7.789, and the TGB consideration characteristics are evenly distributed. It can be seen that an innovative visual thinking mode can convey novel design concepts in visual communication design and optimize the visual communication design effect.

Comparison of four different displays for identification of select pathologic features extracted from whole slide images of surgical pathology cases

BackgroundThe establishment of minimum standards for display selection for the whole slide image (WSI) interpretation has not been fully defined. Recently, pathologists have increasingly preferred using remote displays for clinical diagnostics. Our study aims to assess and compare the performance of three fixed work displays and one remote personal display in accurately identifying ten selected pathologic features integrated into WSIs. DesignHematoxylin and eosin-stained glass slides were digitized using Philips scanners. Seven practicing pathologists and three residents reviewed ninety WSIs to identify ten pathologic features using the LG, Dell, and Samsung and an optional consumer-grade display. Ten pathologic features included eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells, granulomas, necrosis, mucin, hemosiderin, crystals, nucleoli, and mitoses. ResultsThe accuracy of the identification of ten features on different types of displays did not significantly differ among the three types of “fixed” workplace displays. The highest accuracy was observed for the identification of neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, granuloma, and mucin. On the other hand, a lower accuracy was observed for the identification of crystals, mitoses, necrosis, hemosiderin, and nucleoli. Participant pathologists and residents preferred the use of larger displays (>30″) with a higher pixel count, resolution, and luminance. ConclusionMost features can be identified using any display. However, certain features posed more challenges across the three fixed display types. Furthermore, the use of a remote personal consumer-grade display chosen according to the pathologists’ preference showed similar feature identification accuracy. Several factors of display characteristics seemed to influence pathologists’ display preferences such as the display size, color, contrast ratio, pixel count, and luminance calibration. This study supports the use of standard “unlocked” vendor-agnostic displays for clinical digital pathology workflow rather than purchasing “locked” and more expensive displays that are part of a digital pathology system.