Display Environment Research Articles

Risk of Climate‐Induced Damage in Historic Textiles

AbstractEleven wool and silk historic textiles and two modern artist's canvases were examined to determine their water vapour adsorption, moisture dimensional response and tensile behaviour. All the textiles showed a similar general pattern of moisture response. A rise in ambient relative humidity (RH) from dry conditions produced expansion of a textile until a certain critical RH level after which a contraction occurred to a greater or lesser degree depending on the yarn crimp and the weave geometry. The largest expansion recorded between the dry state and 80% RH was 1.2 and 0.9% for wool and silk textiles, respectively. The largest shrinkage of 0.8% at high RH range was experienced by a modern linen canvas. Two potential damage mechanisms related to the moisture response of the textiles—stress building as a result of shrinkage of the textile restrained in its dimensional response and the fretting fatigue when yarns move with friction one against another—were found insignificant in typical textile display environments unless the textiles are severely degraded or excessively strained in their mounting.

DSCVR: designing a commodity hybrid virtual reality system

This paper presents the design considerations, specifications, and lessons learned while building DSCVR, a commodity hybrid reality environment. Consumer technology has enabled a reduced cost for both 3D tracking and screens, enabling a new means for the creation of immersive display environments. However, this technology also presents many challenges, which need to be designed for and around. We compare the DSCVR System to other existing VR environments to analyze the trade-offs being made.

High-performance mshing processing of remote sensing data on large displays

Visualizing light detection and ranging (LIDAR) scans consisting of millions of points on large displays poses a significant challenge. High-resolution large displays allow researchers to examine point clouds in detail. However, how to interact with point clouds rendered on large displays is a difficult problem. We present a case study that visualizes LIDAR point clouds on a tiled display wall termed highly interactive-parallelized display (HIPerDisplay). It has twenty 24-inch liquid-crystal displays with a total resolution of 46 Mpixels. Interaction between the user and the display wall is achieved by using a video camera system that is able to track the position of a hand-held light ball device. A user holds it to manipulate point clouds on the HIPerDisplay. Case studies are conducted to study the LIDAR scans of slopes in the Houshanyue mountain areas in Taiwan. Experiments were conducted to examine the advantages of using the HIPerDisplay for point clouds in data postprocessing. The experiments assess two tasks for manipulating point cloud data designed to evaluate the efficiency of the interactive devices. To evaluate the efficiency of the system, a group of 30 graduate students participated in the experiment. User surveys were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the system and to discover the users’ opinions about using the interactive device in a large display environment. The results showed that the participants preferred to perform LIDAR data operation tasks on a high-resolution large display environment rather than on a single monitor. The results also showed that the HIPerDisplay offered superior performance for the processing of large LIDAR datasets.

Progressive transmission of secured images with authentication using decompositions into monovariate functions

We propose a progressive transmission approach of an image authenticated using an overlapping subimage that can be removed to restore the original image. Our approach is different from most visible watermarking approaches that allow one to later remove the watermark, because the mark is not directly introduced in the two-dimensional image space. Instead, it is rather applied to an equivalent monovariate representation of the image. Precisely, the approach is based on our progressive transmission approach that relies on a modified Kolmogorov spline network, and therefore inherits its advantages: resilience to packet losses during transmission and support of heterogeneous display environments. The marked image can be accessed at any intermediate resolution, and a key is needed to remove the mark to fully recover the original image without loss. Moreover, the key can be different for every resolution, and the images can be globally restored in case of packet losses during the transmission. Our contributions lie in the proposition of decomposing a mark (an overlapping image) and an image into monovariate functions following the Kolmogorov superposition theorem; and in the combination of these monovariate functions to provide a removable visible “watermarking” of images with the ability to restore the original image using a key.

Editorial: Thematic series on best articles from IFIPTM and PST

© C r The field of computational trust and trust management is being addressed in a wide range of academic disciplines ranging from Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and service selection on the World Wide Web through reputation and recommendation systems to computer and network security. Trust and trust management are therefore among the topics of interest for many large international and specialized conferences like the International Conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing (Trust), the International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TrustBus), the Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST), and the IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management (IFIPTM) have established themselves over the past decade. In particular, the two conferences mentioned last (PST and IFIPTM), have a comprehensive scope that results in a wide range of trust related topics covered at the conferences. This volume includes invited extensions of some of the best papers presented at the 7 International Conference on Trust Management (IFIPTM’14) and the 11 Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST 2014). Having achieved among the highest scores when reviewed for the conferences, these extended papers were submitted to a second round of reviews before being accepted for this special issue. The contributions from IFIPTM cover computational trust, social aspects of trust management as well as trending topics such as the use of trust for cloud computing. The contributions from PST address a diverse set of problems, such as determining the trustworthiness of crowdsourced information resources, measuring and communicating the trustworthiness of online information, establishing trust in interactive ubiquitous display environments and detecting possible Sybil attacks in vehicular networks through platoon dispersal. The broad set of topics covered by these papers illustrates both the importance of trust and trust management in diverse application areas, and the multidisciplinarity of the approaches that are necessary to address these trust issues.

Method for User Interface of Large Displays Using Arm Pointing and Finger Counting Gesture Recognition

Although many three-dimensional pointing gesture recognition methods have been proposed, the problem of self-occlusion has not been considered. Furthermore, because almost all pointing gesture recognition methods use a wide-angle camera, additional sensors or cameras are required to concurrently perform finger gesture recognition. In this paper, we propose a method for performing both pointing gesture and finger gesture recognition for large display environments, using a single Kinect device and a skeleton tracking model. By considering self-occlusion, a compensation technique can be performed on the user's detected shoulder position when a hand occludes the shoulder. In addition, we propose a technique to facilitate finger counting gesture recognition, based on the depth image of the hand position. In this technique, the depth image is extracted from the end of the pointing vector. By using exception handling for self-occlusions, experimental results indicate that the pointing accuracy of a specific reference position was significantly improved. The average root mean square error was approximately 13 pixels for a 1920 × 1080 pixels screen resolution. Moreover, the finger counting gesture recognition accuracy was 98.3%.

Enhanced JGraphEd Drawing Framework for Graph Drawing Application

graph drawing and analyzing software JGraphEd is easily available and provides better environment, so that users are capable to study and review the algorithm, resolve a hard headed practical problem and study the functional process via graphical display environment. Although, there are few software's which are capable of solving these problems as the availability and compatibility with various environments has been quite a hard task. The newly proposed algorithms such as checking of 'Cycles' in a graph, checking of 'Bi-Partite' of a graph, and 'Isomorphism Test' provides much better recognition to the user who want to learn the algorithms efficiently and easily. This can be accessed via any Internet browser anytime, anywhere, without downloading and setting up any software. KeywordsAlgorithm, Environments, JGraphEd, Software.

A Novel Stereoacuity Test for Various 3D Display Environments

People can experience 3D contests through 3D TV and/or 3D games on a personal computer. Not all people can see stereoscopic depth from stereo images. Therefore, it would be useful if people’s own stereoacuity were provided before they are exposed to 3D contents. The conventional stereoacuity test can be easily implemented in a 3D display environment. In some environments, however, even the smallest disparity (one pixel disparity) is too large to evaluate the normality in stereoacuity, which means a conventional random dot stereogram or figural stereogram cannot be used as stimuli for a stereoacuity test. In this paper, gabor patches are proposed as proper stimuli for a stereoacuity test because the binocular disparity of gabor patches can be manipulated less than one pixel by using the phase difference between them. Results from 200 observers show that a disparity of less than one pixel is successfully manipulated and that gabor patches can be used as proper stereo images for stereoacuity tests in various 3D display environments.

Reflectance field display

We propose a display for stereoscopically representing an arbitrary object that is responsive to an arbitrary physical illumination source in the display environment. Our scheme is based on the eight-dimensional reflectance field, which contains angular and spatial information of incoming and outgoing light rays of an object, and is also known as the bidirectional scattering surface reflectance distribution function (BSSRDF). This system is composed of an integral photography unit, an integral display unit, and a processor connecting these units. The concept was demonstrated experimentally. In the demonstrations, a stereoscopically represented object responded to changes in physical illumination coming toward the display.

Perceptual Calibration for Immersive Display Environments

The perception of objects, depth, and distance has been repeatedly shown to be divergent between virtual and physical environments. We hypothesize that many of these discrepancies stem from incorrect geometric viewing parameters, specifically that physical measurements of eye position are insufficiently precise to provide proper viewing parameters. In this paper, we introduce a perceptual calibration procedure derived from geometric models. While most research has used geometric models to predict perceptual errors, we instead use these models inversely to determine perceptually correct viewing parameters. We study the advantages of these new psychophysically determined viewing parameters compared to the commonly used measured viewing parameters in an experiment with 20 subjects. The perceptually calibrated viewing parameters for the subjects generally produced new virtual eye positions that were wider and deeper than standard practices would estimate. Our study shows that perceptually calibrated viewing parameters can significantly improve depth acuity, distance estimation, and the perception of shape.

Design Considerations for Application Selection and Control in Multi-user Public Displays

Urban spaces are increasingly embedded with various types of public digital displays. Many of these displays can be subject to multi-user interactions and support a broad range of applications. A fundamental implication emerging from the interactive nature of those applications is that users should have access to appropriate selection and control techniques that would allow them to drive the way applications are shown and used in the respective environment. Such techniques should enable each user to reason and express intentions about the system behavior, while also dealing with concurrent requests from multiple users in a way that is fair and clear. In this study, we aim to inform the definition of novel techniques for application selection and control in pervasive display environments that can address the above challenges. Drawing inspiration from traditional GUI interaction concepts we developed and deployed a public display system that supports multiple applications and is able to receive explicit content presentation requests from multiple viewers. Based on the experiment observations and interviews with the participants, we reached a set of design considerations for future pervasive displays environments that are open to third party applications providers and allow the audience to influence content presentation.

Technology Corner: Visualising Forensic Data: Evidence Guidelines (Part 2)

Visualisation is becoming increasingly important for understanding information, such as investigative data (for example: computing, medical and crime scene evidence) and analysis (for example, network capability assessment, data file reconstruction and planning scenarios). Investigative data visualisation is used to reconstruct a scene or item and is used to assist the viewer (who may well be a member of the general public with little or no understanding of the subject matter) to understand what is being presented. Analysis visualisations, on the other hand, are usually developed to review data, information and assess competing scenario hypotheses for those who usually have an understanding of the subject matter. Courtroom environments are morphing into cinematic display environments, the media consumed by an audience who are increasingly visually literate and media savvy (Heintz, 2002). There are a number of fundamental implications inherent in the shift from oral to visual mediation and a number of facets of this modern evidence presentation technology needs to be investigated and analysed. One of the primary issues of visualisation is that no matter how coherent the data, there will always be conjecture and debate as to how the information is/has-been visualised and, is it presented in an acceptable and meaningful way. This paper presents a range of examples of where forensic data has been visualised using various techniques and technology, the paper then examines aspects of the visual courtroom evidence presented and discusses some of the benefits and potential problems of implementing this technology. This paper is part two of a two-part series that aims to describe the use of, and provide guidelines for, the use of graphical displays in courtrooms.

Research and Application on Screen Soft Proofing Technology in Printing Quality Control

In recent years, screen soft proofing has matured with the development of color management and display technology, and it has become the direction of printing development and the key of promotion. This article aimed at raising a testing scheme of display performance and adjusting scheme of corresponding display parameters, on this account to test the professional display’s performance, adjust display parameters and make color management. At the same time with reflecting the actual situation of display, a stable and accurate color reproduction environment was provided for screen soft proofing. After that, evaluations were carried out to evaluate printing quality of screen soft proofing on the condition that display’s performance was good, consequently the differences between proofing effects and final printing were studied. The result shows that this testing scheme of display performance can reflect the truth of display which is tested in this paper, the display after adjusted and color management according to this scheme shows good effect in the ability of screen analog proofing original, it can approach the requirements of the printing proofing.

Calibrated image appearance reproduction

Managing the appearance of images across different display environments is a difficult problem, exacerbated by the proliferation of high dynamic range imaging technologies. Tone reproduction is often limited to luminance adjustment and is rarely calibrated against psychophysical data, while color appearance modeling addresses color reproduction in a calibrated manner, albeit over a limited luminance range. Only a few image appearance models bridge the gap, borrowing ideas from both areas. Our take on scene reproduction reduces computational complexity with respect to the state-of-the-art, and adds a spatially varying model of lightness perception. The predictive capabilities of the model are validated against all psychophysical data known to us, and visual comparisons show accurate and robust reproduction for challenging high dynamic range scenes.

On the limits of resolution and visual angle in visualization

This article describes a perceptual level-of-detail approach for visualizing data. Properties of a dataset that cannot be resolved in the current display environment need not be shown, for example, when too few pixels are used to render a data element, or when the element's subtended visual angle falls below the acuity limits of our visual system. To identify these situations, we asked: (1) What type of information can a human user perceive in a particular display environment? (2) Can we design visualizations that control what they represent relative to these limits? and (3) Is it possible to dynamically update a visualization as the display environment changes, to continue to effectively utilize our perceptual abilities? To answer these questions, we conducted controlled experiments that identified the pixel resolution and subtended visual angle needed to distinguish different values of luminance, hue, size, and orientation. This information is summarized in a perceptual display hierarchy, a formalization describing how many pixels— resolution —and how much physical area on a viewer's retina— visual angle —is required for an element's visual properties to be readily seen. We demonstrate our theoretical results by visualizing historical climatology data from the International Panel for Climate Change.

High-performance visual analytics of terrestrial light detection and ranging data on large display wall

A typical LIDAR (light detection and ranging) scan contains hundreds of millions of points. As such, the visualization of LIDAR point clouds poses a significant challenge in data analysis. We propose to visualize and process LIDAR point clouds on a large display wall with an array of monitors. This provides researchers with a high-resolution display environment for looking at and studying large data sets. High-resolution large displays offer both global perspectives and local details of point clouds, which is essential in the process of data exploration. The ability to explore, conceptualize, and correlate spatial and temporal changes of topographical records is required for the development of new analytical models that capture the mechanisms contributing toward cliff erosion. Large displays driven by high-performance parallel visualization cluster allow researchers to fully interact with LIDAR point clouds of slopes in Houshanyue mountain and cliff failures observed in Solana Beach in California. In our study, cases studies of visualization based approaches were conducted using large displays in digital immersive environments. Visual analytics techniques such as delineation, segmentation, and classification of features, change detection, and annotation were used to perform erosion assessment. The results showed that the researchers can observe the temporal change of a failure mass effectively in high-resolution large display environments.

L’objet de la performance. Pour une réévaluation du rôle des « accessoires » produits et exposés dans les centres artistiques italiens des années 1970

The Object of the Performance. Towards a Reassessment of the Role of “Accessories” Produced and Displayed in Italian Artistic Centers in the 1970s ; A large part of the historiography on performance art still tends to focus on the ephemeral nature of its actions, taking for granted the rejection of commercial structures on which the ideology of the dematerialization of art was founded. By reducing performance art to an attitude, such discussions overlook the existence of its display environment. In order to understand the material culture of the art of performance, the essay focuses on the Italian art world of the 1970s, which, as a space of creation and dissemination of international performances, constitutes a remarkable case study, given the variety of structures it provided artists and audiences. Vito Acconci’s Italian career is used as the central thread to express three ways of grasping objects (both works and documents) : the exhibition as enunciation, the object as performance and performance as exhibition.

A review of wayfinding and a new virtual reality system for wayfinding studies

The Virtual Reality (VR) systems for wayfinding studies, the evaluation metrics for wayfinding performance and the factors affecting wayfinding performances are summarised and discussed in the present study. The VR systems covered by this study include desktop, large display, Head-Mounted Display (HMD), Fish Tank and Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) systems. Three levels of evaluation metrics are reviewed, which are task performance, physical behaviours and cognitive rationale. Factors affecting wayfinding performance are divided into four categories: personal factors, wayfinding strategy factors, environmental factors and navigation support tool factors, each of which has several sub-factors. Effects of these factors on wayfinding performance are discussed. Finally, a new VR system developed by this study for wayfinding problems is introduced and a perspective on future wayfinding research is provided.

입체시 기반 공간정보의 효율적 갱신을 위한 3차원 디스플레이 장비 적용에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 최신 기술의 3차원 디스플레이 장비를 수치 주제도를 제작 및 수정, 갱신하는 공간정보갱신시스템에 적용하여 공간정보의 정확도 및 사용자의 편의성을 고려한 최적의 3차원 디스플레이 장비를 선별하는 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 제조회사 및 구현방식이 상이한 각각의 3차원 디스플레이 장비를 공간정보갱신시스템에 적용한 후 스테레오로 획득된 항공영상을 3차원 디스플레이 장비를 통해 출력하여 각 디스플레이 장비에 나타난 입체영상으로부터 공간정보를 추출하였다. 3차원 디스플레이 장비의 평가는 사용자의 편의성 및 추출된 공간정보의 정확도에 대해서 정량적, 정성적 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과 공간정보 생성을 위한 3차원 입체시 작업 시 PLANAR사의 PL2020과 Redrover사의 Tru3Di 3차원 모니터가 다른 장비들에 비해 시청환경면에서 우수한 성능을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 사용자의 편의성, 업무 효율성, 공간정보의 정확성 면에서 시스템이 개선될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The paper deals with the selection of 3D display devices in accordance with the user's conveniences and accuracy of spatial information by applying 3D display devices to Spatial Information Update System (SIUS) which generate edit and update digital thematic maps. After applying different manufacturer's 3D display devices to SIUS, aerial images acquired from the stereo images were displayed through the devices and spatial information was extracted from the displayed 3D images. Assessment of 3D display devices were based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on accuracy of spatial information and user's conveniences. Planar's PL2020 and Redrover's Tru3Di 3D monitor has expressed outstanding display environment in 3D related tasks for the generation of spatial information compared to other 3D display devices. System improvement is expected regarding accuracy of spatial information, work efficiency and user's conveniences.

Accuracy of a Remote Eye Tracker for Radiologic Observer Studies: Effects of Calibration and Recording Environment

To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of a remote eye-tracking system for studies of observer gaze while displaying volumetric chest computed tomography (CT) images. Four participants performed calibrations using three different gray-scale backgrounds (black, gray, and white). Each participant then observed a three-dimensional 10-point test pattern embedded in five Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) datasets (test backgrounds): a full 190-section chest CT scan, 190 copies of a single chest CT section, and three 190-section datasets of homogeneous intensity (black, gray, and white). Significant variances between participants, calibration backgrounds, and test backgrounds were observed. The least mean systematic error (deviation of recorded gaze position from target) was obtained when the calibration background and test background were black (27 pixels). Systematic error increased when displaying a test background that deviated from the calibration background intensity. Hence, the largest mean systematic error occurred when calibrating to a black background and displaying a white background (67 pixels). For complex chest CT volumes the white calibration background performed best (38 pixels). An angular analysis of the systematic error was performed and demonstrated that the systemic error primarily affects the vertical position of the estimated gaze position. Our findings indicate a potential source of systematic error during gaze recording in a dynamic environment and highlight the importance of configuring the calibration procedure according to the brightness of the display. We recommend that investigators develop routines for postcalibration accuracy measurement and report the effective accuracy for the display environment in which the data are collected.