Displacement Of Object Research Articles

Development of the method for determining optimal parameters of the process of displacement of technological objects

The optimization of technological processes is the only tool that can ensure maximization of financial resources of the owner of an enterprise. The most numerous class of managed systems is the systems of displacement. It is believed that finding an optimum of the displacement process can be implemented using the methods of dynamic programming. However, in this case, the search process is carried out under the assumption that an increase in the displacement velocity has no effect on the magnitude of wear of the technological mechanism of a displacement system. In this case, parameters of the acceleration and the established process of displacement are determined employing different criteria for the quality of control. In contrast to the conventional approach, within the framework of present study, a two-stage operational displacement process is optimized based on a single criterion of the efficiency of resource use. However, the optimization model of a displacement process is essentially non-linear. Classical methods of searching for a global optimum under such conditions imply unnecessarily long work of technological equipment under non-optimal modes. The idea of the method is to significantly narrow the region of a two-parametric search optimization using a one-parametric search for local extrema of the sub-processes of acceleration and uniform displacement and to maximally close approach the global optimum at its first step. The research has shown that the narrowing of the region of a two-parametric search optimization of the process of displacement can be ensured through preliminary four-stage single-parametric search for local extrema for the sub-processes of acceleration and the process of uniform displacement. Within the range of the first and second stages of search for local minima of the sub-processes costs we determine initial conditions in the search for local maxima of the efficiency of displacement sub-processes. The coordinates of the found extrema enable determining a starting point of the search optimization and limit the search region. The proposed method significantly reduces the dimensions of region of search optimization (by seven times in the considered example) and reduces the number of steps in the search optimization by an order of magnitude. Therefore, the proposed practical method of searching for the optimal trajectory of control is robust in its essence.

The feasibility of assessing swallowing physiology following prolonged intubation after cardiovascular surgery

BackgroundDysphagia following prolonged intubation after cardiovascular (CV) surgery is common occurring in 67% of patients; however, this population’s swallowing physiology has never been prospectively evaluated using standardized methods. Hence, prior to conducting a larger study, our primary objective was to determine the feasibility of assessing swallowing physiology using instrumentation and validated interpretation methods in cardiovascular surgical patients following prolonged intubation.MethodFrom July to October 2011, we approached adults undergoing CV surgery at our institution who were intubated > 48 h. Those with a tracheostomy were excluded. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFS) and nasendoscopy were completed within 48 h after extubation. Feasibility measurements included recruitment rate, patient participation, task completion durations, and the inter-rater reliability of VFS measures using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). VFSs were interpreted using perceptual rating tools (Modified Barium Swallow Measurement Tool for Swallow Impairment™© and Penetration Aspiration Scale) and objective displacement measurements (hyoid displacement and pharyngeal constriction ratio).ResultsOf the 39 patients intubated > 48 h, 16 met inclusion criteria with three enrolled and completing the VFS. All refused nasendoscopy. Across all VFSs, rating completion time ranged from 14.6 to 51.7 min per patient with ICCs for VFS scales ranging from 0.25 (95% CI − 0.10 to 0.59) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99).ConclusionsThis study design was not feasible as recruitment was slow, few patients participated, and no patient agreed to all procedures. We discuss necessary methodological changes and lessons learned that would generalize to future research.

3D shape measurement of moving object with FFT-based spatial matching

This work presents a new technique for 3D shape measurement of moving object in translational motion, which finds applications in online inspection, quality control, etc. A low-complexity 1D fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based spatial matching approach is devised to obtain accurate object displacement estimates, and it is combined with single shot fringe pattern prolometry (FPP) techniques to achieve high measurement performance with multiple captured images through coherent combining. The proposed technique overcomes some limitations of existing ones. Specifically, the placement of marks on object surface and synchronization between projector and camera are not needed, the velocity of the moving object is not required to be constant, and there is no restriction on the movement trajectory. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Spatial transposition tasks in Indian sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) and Bornean sun bears (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus).

Spatial transposition tasks assess individuals' ability to represent nonvisible spatial object displacements. Several nonhuman mammal species have been tested on this task including primates, cats, and dogs, but to date, great apes seem the only taxon that has repeatedly and consistently solved spatial transposition tasks. The authors investigated the ability of captive sloth and sun bears to solve spatial transposition tasks. Both species belong to the same taxonomic group as cats and dogs, but unlike them and similar to apes, they have an omnivorous diet that requires them to keep track of fruit sources in space and time. The bears were first tested on a visible displacement task and those that succeeded were further tested on a spatial transposition task that involved a 180° transposition, followed by 2 tasks with two 360° transpositions. All 7 sloth bears and 7 out of 9 sun bears solved the visible displacement task. The 180° transposition task was solved by 6 out of 7 sloth bears and 1 out of the 5 tested sun bears. Three sloth bears were tested on all 4 experiments and even solved 2-chained 360° transpositions. Control conditions were conducted showing that the bears' performance did not rely on olfactory or auditory cues. The results provide the first indication that bears might be able to track invisible objects. Further studies will be necessary to confirm these results and to control the influence of associative learning. The present study emphasizes the importance of including different animal species in the investigation of what underlies the evolution of different cognitive skills. (PsycINFO Database Record

Reconceptualizing Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Monitoring and Analyzing Periodically Passing Objects.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a sensitive technique commonly applied for studying the dynamics of nanoscale-labeled objects in solution. Current analysis of FCS data is largely based on the assumption that the labeled objects are stochastically displaced due to Brownian motion. However, this assumption is often invalid for microscale objects, since the motion of these objects is dominated by Stokes drag and settling or rising effects, rather than stochastic Brownian motion. To utilize the power of FCS for systems with nonstochastic displacements of objects, the collection and analysis of FCS data have to be reconceptualized. Here, we extended the applicability of FCS for the detection and analysis of periodically passing objects. Toward this end, we implemented droplet-based microfluidics, in which monodispersed droplets containing fluorescent marker are flowing equally spaced within microchannels. We show by simulations and experiments that FCS can sensitively quantify the flow-rates, variability, and content of rapidly passing droplets. This information can be derived at high temporal resolution, based on the intensity fluctuations generated by only 5–10 passing droplets. Moreover, by utilizing the periodicity of the flowing droplets for noise reduction by averaging, FCS can monitor accurately the droplets flow even if their fluorescence intensity is negligible. Hence, extending FCS for periodically passing objects converts it into a powerful analytical tool for high-throughput droplet-based microfluidics. Moreover, based on the principles described here, FCS can be straightforwardly applied for a variety of systems in which the passing of objects is periodic rather than stochastic.

Rocking Behavior of Irregular Free-Standing Objects Subjected to Earthquake Motion

ABSTRACTFree-standing rigid objects and structures are dominantly found to exhibit rocking behavior and can be vulnerable to overturning during an earthquake as demonstrated by numerous past earthquake events. Such objects are typically considered to be displacement sensitive with their rocking response being well presented by the Peak Displacement Demand (PDD) parameter of the supporting floor’s motion. This in turn can be directly related to an object’s width (along the direction of motion) for assessing its vulnerability to overturn. Such findings have been sufficiently justified by refined dynamic analysis supported by experimental evaluations which were based on rigid blocks with uniform geometric format (i.e., regular in their mass distribution). However, vulnerable rocking objects can be asymmetric and accordingly their sensitivity to floor displacement cannot be directly related to their width. The key parameter which defines irregular objects’ response to rocking motion is represented by the degree of eccentricity of their center of mass. In this study, the well-known rocking equation of motion is reconfigured and devised to model the rocking responses for 280 irregular objects undergoing eight earthquake motions which included artificial and recorded earthquakes. Analytical results obtained from solving the adjusted equation of motion were evaluated with sophisticated finite element (FE) models simulating the 280 irregular cases. This experimentally validated FE modeling approach was found to be time- and cost-effective for understating the rocking behavior of asymmetric objects as well as clarifying an interesting relationship between the object’s damping level and the condition of the supporting base (i.e., whether being provided with supports at the points of rotation or not). The rocking response of irregular objects was found to be highly influenced by the level of eccentricity of the object when excited by motions with high displacement amplitudes, while such influence was not found noticeable by wider objects. Based on the developed trends between the maximum top displacement of irregular objects and the PDD, an expression for estimating the rocking amplitudes is proposed which is a function of the object’s eccentricity.

Sub-shot-noise shadow sensing with quantum correlations.

The quantised nature of the electromagnetic field sets the classical limit to the sensitivity of position measurements. However, techniques based on the properties of quantum states can be exploited to accurately measure the relative displacement of a physical object beyond this classical limit. In this work, we use a simple scheme based on the split-detection of quantum correlations to measure the position of a shadow at the single-photon light level, with a precision that exceeds the shot-noise limit. This result is obtained by analysing the correlated signals of bi-photon pairs, created in parametric downconversion and detected by an electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD) camera employed as a split-detector. By comparing the measured statistics of spatially anticorrelated and uncorrelated photons we were able to observe a significant noise reduction corresponding to an improvement in position sensitivity of up to 17% (0.8dB). Our straightforward approach to sub-shot-noise position measurement is compatible with conventional shadow-sensing techniques based on the split-detection of light-fields, and yields an improvement that scales favourably with the detector's quantum efficiency.

Antidepressant-like effects of 3-carboxamido seco-nalmefene (3CS-nalmefene), a novel opioid receptor modulator, in a rat IFN-α-induced depression model

Patients receiving the cytokine immunotherapy, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) frequently present with neuropsychiatric consequences and cognitive impairments. Patients (25–80%) report symptoms of depression, including, anhedonia, irritability, fatigue and impaired motivation. Our lab has previously demonstrated treatment (170,000IU/kg sc, 3 times per week for 4weeks) of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IFN-α, induced a depressive phenotype in rats in the forced swim test (FST). Here, we examine the biological mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by IFN-α, which may be reflective of mechanisms underlying inflammation associated depression. We also investigate the potential of 3-carboxamido seco-nalmefene (3CS-nalmefene), a novel opioid modulator (antagonist at mu and partial agonist at kappa and delta opioid receptors in vitro), to reverse IFN-α induced changes. In vitro radioligand receptor binding assays and the [35S] GTPγS were performed to determine the affinity of 3CS-nalmefene for the mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors. IFN-α treatment increased circulating and central markers of inflammation and hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity (IL-6, IL-1β and corticosterone) while increasing immobility in the FST, impairing of object displacement learning in the object exploration task (OET), and decreasing neuronal proliferation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Treatment with 3CS-nalmefene (0.3mg/kg/sc twice per day, 3 times per week for 4weeks) prevented IFN-α-induced immobility in the FST and impaired object displacement learning. In addition, 3CS-nalmefene prevented IFN-α-induced increases in inflammation and hyperactivity of the HPA-axis, the IFN-α-induced reduction in both neuronal proliferation and BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Overall, these preclinical data would support the hypothesis that opioid receptor modulation is a relevant target for treatment of depression.

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ СПОСОБ ЗАДАНИЯ ОБЛАСТЕЙ ТЕНЕЙ ЗДАНИЙ И СООРУЖЕНИЙ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО ИХ МЕСТА РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЯ НА ЗАДАННОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ

An analytical method of defining shadow areas of residential buildings and structures based on the use of the theory of sets is proposed. The developed method allows calculating the position of shadows at different orientation of building structures in a given terrain. The method is based on the use of a set of inequalities defining the points of a given plane (building area) that meet the specific requirements. The obtained areas were used in the automated synthesis of small displacements of construction objects in order to determine their location, taking into account the minimization of the occupied area and ensuring the maximum level of their illumination. The results of the research can be used in drawing up the layout plans of different residential buildings under construction in a given area.

The Discovery of the Venetian Blind Effect: A Translation of Münster (1941).

Münster, the first to discover the effects of a luminance disparity on perceived depth, described two: (1) The apparent displacement in depth of one of a pair of objects relative to the other when viewed with a luminance disparity, and (2) The apparent overall displacement of objects viewed with a luminance disparity away from the observer. The first, which is the Venetian blind effect, was ascribed to irradiation. Current evidence suggests that irradiation fails to account for the effect, implying that neural mechanisms are involved. The second was thought to be related to the perceived distance of a monocularly viewed stimulus embedded in a dichoptically viewed stimulus. However, the measured effect was probably due to aniseikonia. Münster offered a compelling and seemingly complete account of the Venetian blind effect using irradiation theory. Münster’s irradiation theory effectively inhibited further research by relegating the perceived depth displacement to largely non-neural mechanisms. It is now becoming clear that Münster’s measurement of the Venetian blind effect represents the discovery of one of several mechanisms supporting stereopsis, though he and many others failed to recognize that discovery at the time.

Multi-camera digital image correlation method with distributed fields of view

A multi-camera digital image correlation (DIC) method and system for measurements of large engineering objects with distributed, non-overlapping areas of interest are described. The data obtained with individual 3D DIC systems are stitched by an algorithm which utilizes the positions of fiducial markers determined simultaneously by Stereo-DIC units and laser tracker. The proposed calibration method enables reliable determination of transformations between local (3D DIC) and global coordinate systems. The applicability of the method was proven during in-situ measurements of a hall made of arch-shaped (18 m span) self-supporting metal-plates. The proposed method is highly recommended for 3D measurements of shape and displacements of large and complex engineering objects made from multiple directions and it provides the suitable accuracy of data for further advanced structural integrity analysis of such objects.

Analysis of dielectrophoresis based 3D-focusing in microfluidic devices with planar electrodes.

This article models a dielectrophoresis based approach for achieving 3D focusing, of micro-scale objects, in microfluidic devices. The microfluidic device employs four planar electrodes; two electrodes each on the top and bottom surface of the microchannel and each slightly protrude into the microchannel. Each electrode establishes electric field with the neighboring electrode on the same and opposite surfaces. The dielectrophoretic force pushes the micro-scale objects both the directions transverse to the flow direction to achieve the desired 3D focusing. The developed model accounts for various forces such as that associated with inertia, sedimentation, drag, and dielectrophoresis. Finite difference method is used for calculating the electric field and dielectrophoretic force as well as the displacements of micro-scale objects in the microchannel. Several geometric and operating parameters influence the trajectory of micro-scale objects. There exists a threshold voltage beyond which there is no increase in levitation height.

Introductory view of anomalous change detection in hyperspectral images within a theoretical gaussian framework

Exploitation of temporal series of hyperspectral images is a relatively new discipline that has gained a lot of attention from the image processing scientific community. In this paper, we consider the specific problem of anomalous change detection (ACD) in hyperspectral images and discuss how images taken at two different times can be processed to detect changes caused by insertion, deletion, or displacement of small objects in the monitored scene. We introduce the ACD problem using an approach based on the statistical decision theory and we derive a common framework including different ACD approaches. Far from being inclusive of all the methods proposed in the literature, this tutorial overview places emphasis on techniques based on the multivariate Gaussian model that allows a formal presentation of the ACD problem and the rigorous derivation of the possible solutions in a way that is both mathematically more tractable and easier to interpret. The unification of different approaches under a single rigorous statistical scheme provides both a tutorial overview of ACD techniques, and a useful instrument for researchers already familiar with the ACD problem. Dedicated preprocessing methods aimed at improving the robustness of the ACD process are also discussed. Real data are exploited to test and compare the presented methods, highlighting advantages and drawbacks of each approach. The tutorial aspect of the paper has suggested the use of a freely available data set. This should hopefully motivate the interested reader to experiment with the processing methods and performance evaluation chain presented herein.

An overlapping domain decomposition based near-far field coupling method for wave structure interaction simulations

This paper presents a newly developed Overlapping Domain Decomposition (ODD) method, which forms the basis of a near-far field coupling solver for a wide range of wave-structure interaction problems. In this method, the computational domain is decomposed into near and far fields which are then modeled separately by solving the viscous Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) and the Potential Laplacian equation (PLE) respectively. A Finite volume method (FVM) is adopted to discretize both the NS and PL equations. The free surface problem is solved in both domains but using totally different strategies. In the potential domain, a moving mesh free surface tracking method is adopted where arbitrary polyhedral mesh adapts to the time-varying shape of the interface using vertex-based automatic mesh motion solver. Meanwhile, at the free surface, the boundary conditions are formulated using an ordinary differential equation (ODE) derived from the Bernoulli's equation. In the viscous domain, however, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to predict the location of free surface. The novelty of the reported method lies in two-folds. First, the introduction of the so called overlapped buffer zone eliminates the need of performing time costing iterative schemes in the non-overlapping domain decomposition methods to ensure the matching of free surface elevation at the domain boundaries. The concept of a buffer zone is borrowed from the relaxation zone technique which is commonly used near the inlet to ensure a stable wave generation or near the outlet to absorb the reflected waves in numerical wave simulations. Second, an in-house developed OVERSET method is adopted for the viscous domain solver to handle large object displacement in the case of an extreme event. The proposed method has been implemented in the OpenFOAM platform (foam-extend-3.1). To validate the method, the propagation of a solitary wave is first simulated and the resulting wave parameters are compared with the corresponding analytical, as well as pure VOF solution. Meanwhile, a comparison of the CPU time between the single domain approach and the current method has been provided. Next, the measured wave impact loading for a single body which is partially submerged will be used to further test the method. Last but not least, the method is applied to simulate the spilling wave breaking near the beach. Various numerical examples presented in the paper demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Towards the end, computation of a sinking semi-submersible platform will be presented to demonstrate further the capability of the method.

Hurricane Katrina and the chōric object of rhetorical studies

ABSTRACTThis essay reads former New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin’s infamous radio interview given during the aftermath of Hurricane to rethink both the popular narrative about the federal response to Katrina and, more broadly, the displacement of rhetorical objects both popularly and within rhetorical scholarship. Drawing upon Julia Kristeva’s early work, I advocate for a turn to a particular understanding of chōra, which positions critics in provisional relation objects of rhetorical study. Finally, I tender a reading of Nagin’s post-Katrina radio interview. The essay ultimately argues that: (1) the chōric function of Nagin’s interview simultaneously spurred political change and displaced the appearance of having done so; and (2) if rhetorical studies is to avoid remaining complicit with the politics of such displacement, scholars should attend carefully not only to what counts as rhetorical, but also to those objects that do not count but nevertheless function rhetorically. Reconsidering the object domain of rhetorical studies in this way not only opens up new objects for study but also accounts for how they might function outside of already established narratives.

Measurements of Movements of Micro-Objects by the Heterodyne Method

A block diagram of a device for measuring the movement of micro-objects by the heterodyne method has been developed. Analytic expressions are obtained for calculating the signal power on the photodetector, the periods of interference patterns, the measuring range, the maximum distance to the object, the minimum object displacement, the measurement accuracy, which made it possible to determine the main parameters of the device.

Speckle suppression in off-axis lensless Fourier transform digital holography

Speckle noise suppression in off-axis lensless Fourier transform digital holography by laterally shifting of object is analyzed quantitatively. Speckle decorrelation is directly proportional to the object displacement therefore object is shifted by three different amounts to test its effect on the speckle contrast reduction that is pixel size of camera, averaged speckle size and resolution pixel size of reconstruction plane. Phase-only spatial light modulator (LCOS) is used in object beam path to introduce the lateral shift in its position digitally without mechanical efforts by displaying a grating function. In comparison with the typical methods, the externally input lateral position shifts of object are controlled accurately, which makes the system effective and practicable. Averaged reconstructed results for three quantitative object lateral position shifts are compared and it has been found that the object shift by resolution pixel size of reconstruction plane shows better speckle contrast reduction and is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

An EM Induction Hi-Speed Rotation Angular Rate Sensor.

A hi-speed rotation angular rate sensor based on an electromagnetic induction signal is proposed to provide a possibility of wide range measurement of high angular rates. An angular rate sensor is designed that works on the principle of electromagnetism (EM) induction. In addition to a zero-phase detection technique, this sensor uses the feedback principle of magnetic induction coils in response to a rotating magnetic field. It solves the challenge of designing an angular rate sensor that is suitable for both low and high rotating rates. The sensor was examined for angular rate measurement accuracy in simulation tests using a rotary table. The results show that it is capable of measuring angular rates ranging from 1 rps to 100 rps, with an error within 1.8‰ of the full scale (FS). The proposed sensor is suitable to measurement applications where the rotation angular rate is widely varied, and it contributes to design technology advancements of real-time sensors measuring angular acceleration, angular rate, and angular displacement of hi-speed rotary objects.

Displacement Sensor Based on Radar Cross-Polarization Measurements

This paper presents the feasibility of measuring submillimeter displacements of objects in real environments using simple resonant radar targets. These scatterers, also known as chipless tags, have their own radar signature that can be used not only for identification but also for sensing. The chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) is a highly promising technology, since it paves the way for the development of easily implementable communication systems where tags have costs similar to barcodes. Object displacements are extracted by just evaluating at different times the variation of the signals backscattered in cross polarization from the tags. Based on this analog RFID sensing principle, an analytical model is developed to perform the direct derivation of the displacements. Therefore, the approach does not require complex and specific calibration procedures based on lookup table for compensating variations due to the presence of surrounding unknown objects. It is possible to add this functionality to already designed chipless RFID tag operating in cross polarization without decreasing their coding capacity. Experimentations inside and outside anechoic chamber have been done, and a very good agreement was obtained with simulations. It has been proved that submillimeter displacements can be monitored with this approach. A chipless tag displacement of 0.5 mm with less than $\pm 45~\mu \text{m}$ error can be detected in real environment for a read range of up to 40 cm.

Multiple self-mixing interference based on phase modulation and demodulation for vibration measurement.

In this paper, a high-precision and effective method of multiple self-mixing interference (MSMI) modulation and demodulation is proposed. The MSMI signal is sinusoidal modulated by an electro-optic modulator. Then, the four-quadrant integral technique is used to demodulate the modulated MSMI signal and reconstruct displacement of the vibration object. The four-quadrant integral technique is within a modulation period; the signal is integrated four times; the integral system is operated by simple linear operations and can obtain the phase. This method not only can demodulate sinusoidal vibration but also can reconstruct an arbitrary wave. At the same time, without increasing the hardware equipment and the complexity of the algorithm, the measurement accuracy of MSMI is doubled that of self-mixing interference. The simulation tests and experimental measurements are confirmed by conducting a series of experiments.