Displacement Of Object Research Articles

Certification of a Two-Channel Automated Infrared Image Synthesis System for Testing Array Photodetectors

When creating highly efficient sensitive array photodetectors, it is necessary to test them using specialized systems. A program and methodology for the primary (periodic) certification of a two-channel automated system for the synthesis of dynamic and static infrared images designed to control the characteristics of an array photodetector have been developed. The methodology of certification of the most significant characteristics of the system is described, which are: the accuracy of positioning a three-coordinate scanning device with numerical software control; the size of the linear field in the image plane of the object and background channels; operation spectral range and irradiation range; the diameter of the point object and the energy concentration factor in the object circle of confusion in the image plane of the object channel. The system implements an independent change in the irradiation levels in the optical channel of the object in the range of 10–9–10–6 W/cm2 and in the background channel in the range of 10–9–10–7 W/cm2. The minimum size of a dynamic object does not exceed 30 μm, the velocity of its displacement reaches 250 μm/s. The three-coordinate positioning system provides displacement of the object along the coordinate axes up to 200 mm with an error of less than 2 μm.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC MOTOR SKILLS IN PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

The intellectual disability generates motor-type effects, in these affectations are the basic motor skills (displacement, jump, turn, handling and control of objects). General Objective: To present a conceptual review of intellectual disability along with several syndromes found. Methodology: Draft bibliographic review on databases to identify specific research advances on basic motor skills. Results: An evaluation process is presented through four tests that evaluate each of the basic motor skills in a heterogeneous sample of intellectual disabilities. Conclusions: The relationship between intellectual deficiencies and motor deficiencies is identified, together with an evaluation of the implications on motor skills, which can contribute to safe and adequate work in populations with intellectual disabilities.

A new signal processing method for a differential chromatic confocal probe with a mode-locked femtosecond laser

This paper presents an improved data processing method, which is referred to as the tracking intersection method, for a fibre-based dual-detector differential chromatic confocal probe with a mode-locked femtosecond laser source. In the dual-detector differential confocal system, two fibre detectors of an optical spectrum analyzer are employed to detect the spectra of the confocal signals. One of the fibre detectors, referred to as the measurement detector, is located at the confocal position of the confocal system, and the other fibre detector, referred to as the reference detector, is located at a position with a certain offset from the confocal position. In the tracking intersection method, the Z-directional displacement of a measurement object is derived from tracking the wavelength at the intersection point of the two fibre detector outputs. A new algorithm is proposed to generate a normalized output with a sharp peak at the intersection wavelength, from which the intersection wavelength can be detected with a high-sensitivity while the influence of the non-smooth spectral distribution of the femtosecond laser source can be removed. Compared with the previous tracking local minimum method, the new tracking intersection method is more robust to noises in the fibre detector outputs and consequently can realize better performance such as higher resolution and larger range in measurement of the displacement of the object. The advantages of the new method are demonstrated by simulation and experiment.

Visual Feedback of Object Motion Direction Influences the Timing of Grip Force Modulation During Object Manipulation.

During manipulation, object slipping is prevented by modulating the grip force (GF) in synchrony with motion-related inertial forces, i.e., load force (LF). However, due to conduction delays of the sensory system, GF must be modulated in advance based on predictions of LF changes. It has been proposed that such predictive force control relies on internal representations, i.e., internal models, of the relation between the dynamic of the environment and movement kinematics. Somatosensory and visual feedback plays a primary role in building these internal representations. For instance, it has been shown that manipulation-dependent somatosensory signals contribute to building internal representations of gravity in normal and altered gravitational contexts. Furthermore, delaying the timing of visual feedback of object displacement has been shown to affect GF. Here, we explored whether and the extent to which spatial features of visual feedback movement, such as motion direction, may contribute to GF control. If this were the case, a spatial mismatch between actual (somatosensory) and visual feedback of object motion would elicit changes in GF modulation. We tested this hypothesis by asking participants to generate vertical object movements while visual feedback of object position was congruent (0° rotation) or incongruent (180° or 90°) with the actual object displacement. The role of vision on GF control was quantified by the temporal shift of GF modulation as a function of visual feedback orientation and actual object motion direction. GF control was affected by visual feedback when this was incongruent in the vertical (180°), but not horizontal dimension. Importantly, 180° visual feedback rotation delayed and anticipated GF modulation during upward and downward actual movements, respectively. Our findings suggest that during manipulation, spatial features of visual feedback motion are used to predict upcoming LF changes. Furthermore, the present study provides evidence that an internal model of gravity contributes to GF control by influencing sensory reweighting processes during object manipulation.

Joint detection and tracking in videos with identification features

Recent works have shown that combining object detection and tracking tasks, in the case of video data, results in higher performance for both tasks, but they require a high frame-rate as a strict requirement for performance. This assumption is often violated in real-world applications, when models run on embedded devices, often at only a few frames per second.Videos at low frame-rate suffer from large object displacements. Here re-identification features may support to match large-displaced object detections, but current joint detection and re-identification formulations degrade the detector performance, as these two are contrasting tasks. In the real-world application having separate detector and re-id models is often not feasible, as both the memory and runtime effectively double.Towards robust long-term tracking applicable to reduced-computational-power devices, we propose the first joint optimization of detection, tracking and re-identification features for videos. Notably, our joint optimization maintains the detector performance, a typical multi-task challenge. At inference time, we leverage detections for tracking (tracking-by-detection) when the objects are visible, detectable and slowly moving in the image. We leverage instead re-identification features to match objects which disappeared (e.g. due to occlusion) for several frames or were not tracked due to fast motion (or low-frame-rate videos). Our proposed method reaches the state-of-the-art on MOT, it ranks 1st in the UA-DETRAC’18 tracking challenge among online trackers, and 3rd overall.

Direction of Apparent Motion During Smooth Pursuit Is Determined Using a Mixture of Retinal and Objective Proximities.

Many studies have investigated various effects of smooth pursuit on visual motion processing, especially the effects related to the additional retinal shifts produced by eye movement. In this article, we show that the perception of apparent motion during smooth pursuit is determined by the interelement proximity in retinal coordinates and also by the proximity in objective world coordinates. In Experiment 1, we investigated the perceived direction of the two-frame apparent motion of a square-wave grating with various displacement sizes under fixation and pursuit viewing conditions. The retinal and objective displacements between the two frames agreed with each other under the fixation condition. However, the displacements differed by 180 degrees in terms of phase shift, under the pursuit condition. The proportions of the reported motion direction between the two viewing conditions did not coincide when they were plotted as a function of either the retinal displacement or of the objective displacement; however, they did coincide when plotted as a function of a mixture of the two. The result from Experiment 2 showed that the perceived jump size of the apparent motion was also dependent on both retinal and objective displacements. Our findings suggest that the detection of the apparent motion during smooth pursuit considers the retinal proximity and also the objective proximity. This mechanism may assist with the selection of a motion path that is more likely to occur in the real world and, therefore, be useful for ensuring perceptual stability during smooth pursuit.

Location and 3-D Visual Awareness-Based Dynamic Texture Updating for Indoor 3-D Model

3-D visualization of location-based services (LBSs) in a geographic information system (GIS) and the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications could enhance the user experience. Texture is generally the most noticeable visual element in a 3-D indoor model. However, it usually tends to be outdated and becomes inaccurate in complex and dynamic environments. The applications of such 3-D visualizations, especially in indoor environments, are further impeded by a limited capacity to represent frequently changing scenes due to object displacements. To overcome this problem, a novel location and 3-D visual awareness-based method is proposed to automatically register and update a live image onto a 3-D indoor model. In this method, a multisensor fusion-based indoor localization algorithm employs an indoor map to integrate multisource data, including activity detection information, pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), and 3-D vision-based localization data. Based on the positioning results, we locate the region of the photograph capture within a scene and identify the triangular meshes of the facing wall. The texture is extracted from real-time images through a 3-D indoor understanding technique and automatically fused with the indoor 3-D model. The geometric relationship between texture and the 3-D indoor model is established by calculating the UV coordinates. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can accurately update the dynamic indoor model textures regardless of the scene. Based on this texture updating technique, users experience an enhanced presentation of LBS information on our 3-D visualization platform.

A new method for the synchronous displacement of objects with unknown size, shape and mechanical properties

ABSTRACTThe paper deals with the problem of placing objects coming from an input transportation system – conveyor belt – on a specific position of another output moving transportation system and with time and velocity synchronization. The paper focuses on the case of the synchronous and precise placing of objects without predefined patterns of shapes and when they have unknown mechanical properties or when classic picking techniques are not applicable, due to the objects mechanical properties: frozen objects, sliding objects, very hot objects, etc. For such a type of objects, the paper proposes a new automatic handling approach to maximize the flexibility to objects adaptation by simplifying systems mechanic-especially concerning objects grip and moving to the system computational part the work of dealing with the variability of the objects properties. This approach avoids picking the objects to be lifted. Instead, they are slid over the conveyor belts faster or slower than them. Two controlled barriers or fingers – front and rear – push and hold back the object. This way, the velocity of the sliding movement of the object may be controlled, in order to synchronize the output of the object from the input belt with a specific object position from the output belt.

The focus function and derivation of object displacement in Standard Arabic

The aim of this paper is to provide a minimalist account of object displacement in terms of its trigger and its landing site in the syntactic tree structure of Standard Arabic (SA) clauses. The account utilizes Chomsky's concept of edge feature (EF) within the Minimalist Program and Rizzi's Split-CP analysis. In terms of its data scope, the paper is limited to a class of data identified as displaying the Verb – Object – Subject (VOS) order wherein the object is a full DP (not a pronominal clitic), and appears in a position preceding the subject. It will be argued that this order is the result of focus displacement of the object from its canonical position inside VP across the subject DP to the outer periphery of vP. The result of this operation is a marked order VOS driven by the vP edge feature (EF) to achieve the pragmatic function of focus.

FingerDraw

This paper explores the possibility of tracking finger drawings in the air leveraging WiFi signals from commodity devices. Prior solutions typically require user to hold a wireless transmitter, or need proprietary wireless hardware. They can only recognize a small set of pre-defined hand gestures. This paper introduces FingerDraw, the first sub-wavelength level finger motion tracking system using commodity WiFi devices, without attaching any sensor to finger. FingerDraw can reconstruct finger drawing trajectory such as digits, alphabets, and symbols with the setting of one WiFi transmitter and two WiFi receivers. It uses a two-antenna receiver to sense the sub-wavelength scale displacement of finger motion in each direction. The theoretical underpinning of FingerDraw is our proposed CSI-quotient model, which uses the channel quotient between two antennas of the receiver to cancel out the noise in CSI amplitude and the random offsets in CSI phase, and quantifies the correlation between CSI value dynamics and object displacement. This channel quotient is sensitive to and enables us to detect small changes in In-phase and Quadrature parts of channel state information due to finger movement. Our experimental results show that the overall median tracking accuracy is 1.27 cm, and the recognition of drawing ten digits in the air achieves an average accuracy of over 93.0%.

Measurement uncertainty of in-plane displacement field distribution using speckle photography with LiNbO3 crystal

Ferroelectric materials are of great interest because of their rich applications. Several techniques have been used to understand their behaviors. Two-beam coupling configuration using LiNbO3 crystal as a recording mediums has been extensively used for real-time in-plane displacement of a transparent rough object. Low-power He–Ne laser was used to create the index grating of the speckle pattern inside the crystal and to read the grating to give the Young’s fringes. In this technique, for the in-plane displacement measurement, the image of the transmitted object is formed in the crystal. The aim of our work is to extend the applicability of the two-beam coupling configuration using LiNbO3 as a recording medium for the evaluation of in-plane displacement of a transparent rough object using speckle photography method; measurement uncertainty of in-plane displacement was studied on a wide range of displacements using experimental and new theoretical formula for displacement measurement.

Predicting Swallowing Outcomes from Objective Videofluoroscopic Timing and Displacement Measures in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy compromises swallowing efficiency and safety in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). The resulting dysphagia leads to overall morbidity, with altered diets, reduced nutritional intake, reduced quality of life, and potential interruption of curative cancer treatment. Despite well-documented radiation-related changes in swallowing physiology, scarce research exists on the potential clinical value for measurements of swallowing timing and displacement in this population. This study investigated the discriminatory value of quantitative timing and displacement parameters for the Functional Oral Intake Scale and Penetration Aspiration Scale scores using pre- and post-radiation videofluoroscopy data. Swallowtail Software Version 1 (Belldev Medical, Arlington Heights, IL) was used to obtain objective timing and displacement measurements from the pre- and post-radiation videofluoroscopy data for 31 patients who underwent radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, for head and neck cancer. The total pharyngeal transit time (BP2) (p < 0.000, r = 0.43) in pudding bolus trials and the maximal upper esophageal sphincter opening (PESMax/cm) (p = 0.001, r = 0.31) in thin bolus trials were discriminatory for Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Findings suggest that measurement of post-radiation changes using objective and quantitative parameters may offer some discriminatory value regarding future dysphagia risk and prognosis based on total pharyngeal transit time and degree of UES opening. In addition, the results suggest that different bolus types may offer different discriminatory values in HNC population, and that some timing and displacement variables may have discriminatory value for patients' diet levels independent from any aspiration risk.

Exercise-induced re-programming of age-related metabolic changes in microglia is accompanied by a reduction in senescent cells

Microglial activation and neuroinflammatory changes are characteristic of the aged brain and contribute to age-related cognitive impairment. Exercise improves cognitive function in aged animals, perhaps because of a modulatory effect on microglial activation. Recent evidence indicates that inflammatory microglia are glycolytic, driven by an increase in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is described as the master regulator of glycolysis. Here we investigated whether microglia from aged animals exhibited a glycolytic signature and whether exercise exerted a modulatory effect on this metabolic profile. Young (4 month-old) and aged (18 month-old) mice were trained for 10 days on a treadmill. One day before sacrifice, animals were assessed in the novel object recognition and the object displacement tests. Animals were sacrificed after the last bout of exercise, microglial cells were isolated, cultured for 5 days and assessed for metabolic profile. Performance in both behavioural tests was impaired in sedentary aged animals and exercise attenuated this age-related effect. A significant increase in glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and PFKFB3 was observed in microglia from aged animals and exercise ameliorated these effects, while it also increased the phagocytic capacity of cells. The senescent markers, β-galactosidase and p16INK4A, were increased in microglia from sedentary aged mice, and expression of these markers was significantly decreased by exercise. The data demonstrate that the exercise-related improved cognition is orchestrated by a normalization of the metabolic profile and functionality of microglia.

Phase imaging based on modified transport of intensity equation using liquid crystal variable retarder with partial coherent illumination

In this paper, we demonstrate a non-interferometric phase imaging technique based on modified transport of intensity equation (TIE) through a liquid crystal variable retarder (LCVR) and partial coherent illumination. The LCVR has been used in pure phase shifter configuration for creating refractive index variation. The modified TIE eliminates the need of mechanical displacement of camera or object, since it needs recording of only two intensity images with different refractive indices. A light-emitting diode (LED) has been used as a light source to avoid the usual speckle problems in coherent imaging. Although LCVR is a versatile device, its application towards phase recovery is less studied. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated through imaging a USAF resolution chart, ultra-violet glue drop, micro-lens, and onion’s peel. The result of onion’s peel has also been compared with a commercial bright-field microscope.

Stereovision Tracking System for Monitoring Loader Crane Tip Position

This paper presents the idea and experimental tests of a non-stationary stereovision system used for supervision of a loading crane. The system based on two independent gimbals, equipped with cameras, allows simultaneously to measure and track a group of individual spatial points. The four steps calibration procedure is required for each gimbal axis, camera optics, gimbals positions, and loading crane position. Modern camera systems have been widely applied in several fields of the industry allowing for accurate measurements and real-time quality control. The systems based on stereo camera models and appropriate image analysis algorithms can measure a group of spatial points, complex surfaces, small displacements, or vibrations. There are also several vision systems such as laser tracker, camera mounted on fully controlled rotating head (called gimbal), or TOF camera, which can be used to follow and measure real-time object displacements. Unfortunately, they all have significant individual limitations explained in this paper. Accuracy tests of 3D measurements including active tracking of length pattern and crane tip have been performed within a selected working area. Based on reconstructed 3D data points, different types of geometric errors have been presented. The results revealed effects of accuracy degradation on the workspace boundaries and for higher observation angles, as well as 3D data bias suggesting mechanical issues. Several improvements in calibration and gimbal construction might result in far enough accuracy for normal operations of the crane.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И БИФУРКАЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ГЕОТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ВИБРАЦИОННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ

The automation of control processes for the stability of geotechnical systems is a great challenge involving the development of methods for multivariate analyzing and forecasting the stability with the subject to the nonlinearity of material stiffness parameters. The aim of the study is to improve the efficiency of automated control systems for geotechnical stability by developing an approach to detect negative changes in bifurcation diagrams of vibration displacement parameters of object structures. The authors present a mathematical model of the dynamic behavior of structural elements of an object as an elementary unit of a geotechnical system that describes a response to an external vibration action. An algorithm of bifurcation analysis is presented, which allows authors to determine the initial transition stage of the object structure to an unstable state by the acceleration values of forced oscillations exceeding the model parameters. A bifurcation diagram of stability changes in the structure of object at the displacement resulting from the load increase under vibration action has been constructed. This diagram, which type of codimension-one bifurcations is merging, enabled to determine the critical load values resulting in an unstable state transition of a system due to the influence of a combination of vibration factors. The efficiency evaluation of the proposed approach was carried out by the comparison with the results of construction stability calculations obtained by the use of the dynamic coefficient. The difference between the values of the maximum object displacement without loss of the stability under vibration action, obtained by the standard calculation method and using the developed model, is 32.5%, and it is significant in the theory of structure stability. When exogenous vibration noise is used as a source of a sounding signal, the application of the developed approach in automated control systems for geotechnical stability enable to change the permissible stability thresholds of objects being exploited depending on the level and combination of influencing factors.

Крупномасштабный мониторинг смещений техногенных объектов методом радарной интерферометрии

The given paper considers the use of satellite radar interferometry techniques for the detection of ground surface deformations and technogenic objects displacements over a wide area. The relevance of the work consists of the need for identification of high geodynamical risk areas as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The main results of the work are the system of Sentinel-1A/B radar data full interferometric processing, geo-informational service for the publication of the processing results and interactive displacements map of Kaliningrad region for 2017-2018. The central part of the realized system is the previously developed and registered software FInSAR for radar data processing using persistent scatterers method. An important element of the system is geoportal which provides a user with access to the results and contains instruments for geospatial analysis. The interactive map of the Kaliningrad region represents point measurements of average annual displacements rate of technogenic objects with a possibility to trace displacements history. The paper consists of an introduction, two main sections and conclusions. The introduction is devoted to the actuality and practical significance of the developed system. The second section describes the characteristics of Sentinel-1A/B source data, radar interferometry technique and the persistent scatterers approach. The third section describes the principal scheme of the system operation and the results of its use for technogenic objects displacements monitoring in the Kaliningrad region as an example. In the last section, the main conclusions are made and further direction of research and development in frame of the presented project is designated. Keywords: synthetic aperture radar, radar interferometry, Sentinel-1A/B, geoinformational service, ground surface deformations.

The modified method for position estimation of human body joints in video sequences

Reliable recognition of human movements has a wide range of applications, including games, human-computer interaction, security and healthcare. In recent years, computer graphics and computer vision researchers have developed plenty of new motion-capture algorithms that operate on simpler hardware and with far fewer limitations than before. The objective of this paper is to improve the accuracy of estimation of human skeleton joints positions in video sequences. Particularly the proposed method in this paper consists of five blocks. The input sequence of images is fed to the tracking and motion compensation unit where the tracking algorithm determines the object displacement and centers it within the frame. The motion information is also propagated to the additional unit of point-of-view estimation. This unit calculates the motion angles in the frame and monitors the object size, thus determining whether the object is approaching or moving away from the camera, and then feeds these data to the neural network. The network consists of three convolutional layers. Each convolutional layer is followed by a pooling layer. The last pooling layer connects to the cascade of three fully connected layers. All activation functions in these layers are the ReLU ones, except the last layer, where the linear activation is used. The HOG3D features treated as the input of the first convolutional layer. The data from the point-of-view, tracking and motion compensation unit goes directly to the input of fully connected layers. To cope with inaccurate or undetected joints positions, the method uses the additional procedure, which determines unreliable joints and extrapolates their new positions from the previous ones using the additional neural network. It is assumed that this structure of the method improves the position prediction accuracy due to the following reasons: taking into account the information about motion angles and zooming allows to distinguish movements that are similar in centered frames but different in displacement; using of adaptive window size for HOG3D features; using the neural network to extrapolate the positions of joints in case of absence of the prediction or in case of its low accuracy. Experiments on the HumanEva-1 dataset confirmed that the suggested modifications permit achieving higher accuracies, and thus the prospect of the use of proposed modified method to predict the body position in motion recognition systems.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PHANTOM OF THE ABSTRACT OBJECT

Introduction. The article deals with the study of the phenomenon of the technological phantom of abstract objects. The action of phantoms as a physical phenomenon is mentioned when considering various physical, biological, technical processes and their interaction. The urgency of the study is confirmed by the necessary requirements to improve the accuracy of industrial production of precision instruments.Research results. The proposed theoretical work considers the possibility of exploring the technological phantom as a series of components of material and field structures. These independent field structures have not been studied at all, and therefore the authors propose only the hypothesis of building a technological phantom and its effect on the organization and properties of abstract objects as such. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the main manifestations of the action of the technological phantom on the dynamics of motion of abstract objects in the process of their interaction. In the study of technological phantom, a number of physical effects and laws are described, which characterize the basic properties of the behavior of abstract objects in the spatio-temporal coordinates of their existence. The study was based on the principle of D'Alembert and the principle of possible minimal displacements of abstract objects, which are quite closely related, because they allow to solve the problems of dynamics, using the methods of static mechanics and technological phantom.Conclusions. Thus, the analytical model of the technological phantom of the abstract object is substantiated. The steel components of the technological phantom are proposed as elements of the construction of an abstract essence, which allows to explore aspects of the formation and behavior of an object in space-time coordinates.It is proved that mass as such is a carrier of various properties that are inherent to it as a chemical and electromechanical function. Considering these features and properties, we have an opportunity to ascertain their presence, but we cannot determine the size and direction of movement within the object. That is, it is a purely imaginary property of mass reaction to an external stimulus.

Digital holographic interferometry and speckle interferometry applied on objects with heterogeneous reflecting properties.

In digital holographic and speckle interferometry devoted to solid object displacement measurement, the reflecting properties of the object under study are of importance in designing the observation and laser illumination systems. In practical cases, the objects can show separate zones in which the surface property can simultaneously cause either scattering or specular reflectivity. We present strategies for dealing with both reflectivity types at a time in digital holographic and speckle interferometers. The scattered surface is illuminated with a point source whereas the specular one is illuminated by a diffuser. Both types of surfaces visible across the field-of-view give rise to a specific interferogram with gaps in between, which in turn are interpreted separately related to the sensitivity vector, the latter being defined differently for scattering and specular areas.