Effect Of Displacement Research Articles

Creating inequality in access to public transit? Densification, gentrification, and displacement

Densification is a key concept in contemporary urban planning. Yet, there are widespread concerns about densification causing displacement and gentrification. This paper examines densification around train stations—a prevalent form of transit-oriented development (TOD) in cities with established public transit systems—in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. We assess the effects of densification around train stations on the socioeconomic population composition in these areas and investigate three different potential displacement effects. Leveraging 1.8 million linked person-housing unit observations for all individuals within our study perimeter, we provide a more nuanced understanding of densification’s effects on the population composition and displacement than prior research. Our findings reveal that even though densification increases the absolute number of low-income residents, it primarily benefits middle- and high-income households. Specifically, there is a decline in the share of low-income residents, attributed to the influx of younger high-income individuals. Moreover, incumbent low-income residents experience an increased risk of direct displacement due to housing demolitions. These outcomes highlight the limitations of TOD strategies in mitigating persistent socioeconomic disparities in public transit access, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive measures to address the challenges of equitable housing and public transit accessibility.

Opening the black box of the use phase in circular economy life cycle assessments: Environmental performance of shell jacket reuse

AbstractLife cycle assessment (LCA) is highly needed and widely used to assess the environmental performance of circular economy (CE) measures such as reusing and sharing. However, the results of such LCAs are hampered by limited knowledge about the use phase of consumer products and oversimplification of important use phase aspects such as product functionality, user behavior, displacement, and rebound effects. This paper aims to validate the usefulness of a framework designed to assist practitioners in the generation and utilization of such knowledge in LCAs of circular measures. To validate the framework, a case study is used: reuse of shell jackets enabled by “premium secondhand” stores for outdoor equipment and clothing. The paper demonstrates that conclusions about the environmental performance of reuse can easily be altered depending on the functional unit definition, whether real user behavior data are used, and whether imperfect displacement and rebound effects are considered. For instance, shell jacket life cycles that include reuse and thus may be labeled “circular” have significantly higher environmental impact per use occasion than “linear” ones (used by one principal user the entire lifespan), since “circular” shell jackets are used less frequently, in particular during their first use span. Through facilitating the generation and utilization of environmentally relevant use phase data, which are otherwise often overlooked, the framework seems capable of supporting a better understanding of the environmental performance of CE measures.

Study on the Alkali-Free Three-Component Flooding System in the Daqing Oilfield.

ASP flooding is an important method to further improve oil recovery by a large margin. At present, it has entered the stage of industrial application, but there are still problems of scaling in the injection production system and high production maintenance costs. Based on the industrialized mature technology of weak alkali ASP flooding, sodium chloride is used to replace sodium carbonate, and the alkali-free three-component flooding (TC) system in the Daqing Oilfield is developed by mixing with petroleum sulfonate and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. Based on the experiments of viscosity increasing, interface performance, stability, adsorption, and oil displacement effect, the differences between the alkali-free TC system and the weak alkali ASP system are compared and analyzed. The laboratory research results show that both systems are basically the same in terms of viscosity, viscoelasticity, shear resistance, interfacial activity, stability, and flowability. Due to the lack of alkaline water, the adsorption, emulsification, and oil displacement performance of the alkali-free TC system is slightly lower than that of the weak alkali ASP system. The recovery factor of core flooding can be increased by 27.31% over water flooding, which is 2.56 percentage points lower than that of the weak alkali ASP system. On the premise of the same 1% EOR effect, the agent cost of the alkali-free system is 17.02% lower than that of the alkali ASP system. This article innovatively verifies the feasibility of using NaCl instead of Na2CO3 and explains the mechanism of significantly improving oil recovery in composite systems under alkali-free conditions from the ion level. However, the emulsification effect of the alkali-free TC system is relatively weak. The next step of research would be to consider adding an E-surfactant to enhance the emulsification performance of the composite system. By improving the system composition, technical references are provided for the efficient development of other terrestrial sandstone oilfields.

Red box, green box: A self-report behavioral frequency measurement approach for behavioral addictions research.

Behavior frequency measures in behavioral addictions research fail to account for how engagement in the activity relates to each respondent's personal circumstances. We propose a "Red Box, Green Box" method, an alternative to conventional self-report behavior questions. Participants report two distinct time-based values: (1) Green box: time spent engaged in the activity during 'free' time, and (2) Red box: engagement in the activity at times when the respondent should be doing something else (e.g., studying, working, sleeping, exercising, etc.). Some practical examples of the 'red box, green box' method are provided. This method may help to calibrate behavioral frequency for each respondent and yield clearer insights into displacement effects and risks associated with frequency of use. We suggest some future research directions to test the feasibility and utility of this approach in different implementations.

Non-invasive Thermohydrodynamic Approach for Fast Cell Manipulation at the Microscale

Thermal gradients have emerged as a promising technique for manipulating and sorting biological material at the microscale, holding considerable potential in lab-on-a-chip technology. Herein, we propose a non-invasive thermohydrodynamic approach for fast cell manipulation using a microfluidic open-to-air device. Cell discrimination is achieved by simply changing the temperature gradient toward the control of the convective effect on their displacement. First, the size and morphology/roughness-based motion capabilities were modeled using polystyrene (PS) microparticles with different sizes (5 and 20 μm) and polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the generated flow were also carried out to demonstrate the influence of both the thermohydrodynamic and Marangoni effects in the PS particle displacement, where the thermally induced convective effect was not enough to move the microparticles inside the channel, but the combination of thermally induced convection together with the Marangoni effect. Indeed, small particles (5 μm) followed a full convective path, whereas the bigger ones (20 μm) exhibited a rolling motion on the substrate from the cold side to the hot side. Also, the relationship between in-flow speed and PCL (≈ 20 μm) surface roughness confirmed the driving force of this convection-based approach. Then, the microfluidic device was successfully used to separate Henrietta Lacks cancer cells (HeLa) from red blood (RBCs) and fibroblast (HFF-1) cells. To this end, thermal gradients were tailored to achieve the desired thermohydrodynamic effect, showing a highly versatile performance. Both cell models (HeLa-RBCs and HeLa-HFF-1), due to rationale tweaking of the imposed temperature gradients (ΔT = 10 K, 303–293 K, and ΔT = 5 K, 303–298 K), were efficiently separated in less than 5 and 60 s, respectively; with excellent cell viabilities. The proposed microfluidic approach holds considerable promise for thermohydrodynamic sorting and manipulation of biological material by non-invasive methods using portable instrumentation. The potential parallelization of the thermal-convective approach opens new avenues for early disease diagnosis (liquid biopsies) or the study of biological systems, even at physiological temperatures with a potential impact in cell (organ)-on-a-chip technologies.

Molecular dynamics simulation on asphalt-limestone interfaces considering unconstraint surfaces and individual colloid components

In molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, interactions of asphalt-limestone interfaces are investigated inaccurately because applying of constraint aggregate surfaces simplify some kinetic energies. Utilizing unconstrained aggregate surfaces provides a novel insight to understand the intermolecular effect of displacement of unconstrained particles. The influence of mineral structures containing Mg2+ other than calcite on adhesion are also ignored. This study builds various unconstraint surfaces and individual colloid components to reasonably evaluate adhesion and interaction by calculating energy, diffusion, and distribution of asphalt-limestone interfaces. Simulations reveal that asphalt-limestone interactions intensify with aging and higher temperatures. Polarity, primarily from sulfoxide (SO) and carbonyl (CO) groups after aging, amplifies adhesion by enhancing electrostatic forces. Individual SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin, asphaltene) components exhibit higher interaction energies with limestone, and differences in interaction energies of SARA on limestone surfaces cause separation in asphalt. Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly combine with CO32- ions via ionic binding, forming stable surfaces unaffected by asphalt. The mineral composition has a limited impact on asphalt-limestone interfaces, although magnesite displaying the highest attraction to asphalt due to greater electronegativity of Mg2+. Inside asphalt molecules, polar CO and SO groups and planar sharps exhibit strong attraction to aromatic rings, increasing intermolecular energies and cohesion. Self-agglomeration and stacking of asphaltenes, driven by π-π conjunctions in central-aromatic rings and reinforced by aging.

Do hotspot policing interventions against optimal foragers cause crime displacement?

Optimal forager theory (OFT) initially emerged from ecological studies, elucidating how foraging organisms seek resources. In recent decades, this ecological theory has migrated to the realm of criminology, where it is used to identify burglary offenders and inform crime analysis. Several police services employ optimal forager theory-based analysis to guide hotspot patrol interventions aimed at reducing domestic burglary. Crime displacement resulting from hotspot interventions has been a subject of debate, with approximately a quarter of cases experiencing some form of displacement, the underlying reasons for which remain unclear. This study postulates that the presence of the optimal forager typology of offender may be one contributing factor. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the cumulative crime diffusion and displacement effects of ten optimal forager theory-inspired hotspot interventions employing the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) technique (Bowers and Johnson, 2003) and the Cambridge harm index (CHI) (Sherman et al., 2016). The findings reveal the interventions' marked efficacy in reducing domestic burglary within response areas. However, this reduction is overshadowed by the substantial spatial and offense displacement they induce, encompassing both crime count and harm. These results provide insights into the proportion of hotspot interventions that trigger crime displacement, and policy implications for the choice and selection of crime reduction strategies. Supported by ecological studies of optimal foragers, we argue that this phenomenon stems from the exceptional motivation of foraging offenders and their inclination toward anti-detection behavior, specifically, relocating to alternative crime areas.

Exploring the effect of disc displacement on the risk and severity of condylar erosion in adult temporomandibular disorder patients: A CBCT and MRI study.

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between types of disc displacement (DD) diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the risk (presence or absence) and severity of condylar erosion (CE) graded using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in adult Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. A total of 353 TMD patients (283 females, 70 males) underwent MRI scans to categorise DD as normal (NA), anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR), or anterior displacement without reduction (ADDNR). CE severity was graded on a scale of 0-3 (absence, mild, moderate or severe) using CBCT. To establish the plausibility and cut-off points for CE diagnosis, the severity of CE was then further divided into three classifications: Grade 0 versus 1 + 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 versus 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 + 2 versus 3. Logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender and joint correlation. ADDNR significantly increased the risk of CE compared with NA (OR = 10.04, 95% CI: [6.41, 15.73]) and showed a significant increase in CE severity across all classifications (ORs = 10.04-18.95). The effects of ADDNR were significant in both genders (p < .001) and had a greater impact in females. ADDR was predominantly associated with mild CE. ADDNR significantly increased the risk and severity of CE independent of gender when compared to NA, whereas ADDR was mainly associated with mild CE. Slight cortical discontinuity may represent a subclinical diagnosis requiring further investigation.

Case Report: A pyramidal lobe coexisting with a left-sided thyroid goiter displacing trachea and esophagus: A cadaveric finding with clinical implications

Background The current report describes a unimodular thyroid goiter (TGo), identified unilaterally in a female cadaver, causing displacement or compression effects in the adjacent neck structures (common carotid artery (CCA) and internal jugular vein (IJV),). Methods Routine dissection of the neck of an 86-year-old female donated a Greek cadaver. Results A thyroid gland variant was identified coexisting with a TGo originating from the left thyroid lobe. The variant is a pyramidal lobe located on the left side of the isthmus. Owing to the presence of the TGo, the left CCA, along with the left IJV, deviated 50.6 mm ipsilaterally from the midline of the neck. The right CCA had a minor deviation of 30.8 mm, from the midline to the right side due to the proximity of the shifted trachea and esophagus with the CCA origin. The trachea and esophagus deviated contralaterally to the TGo, 24.4 mm from the midline. Conclusions CCA compression, stenosis, and angulation may cause dizziness, weakness, and hypomnesia. The potential outcomes were worse with IJV compression. Atherosclerosis tends to occur more often in arteries with inclined (angulated) parts.

Numerical modelling of the IMF influence on the large-scale structure of the ionosphere, including the poles displacement

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), frozen into the solar wind plasma, determines the level of geomagnetic activity and significantly affects the large-scale structure of the high-latitude ionosphere. Variations in the IMF components lead to non-stationarity of the magnetospheric convection electric field, causing changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of charged particles in the ionosphere. The situation is complicated by the fact that the geographic and geomagnetic poles do not coincide, which leads to universal time control (UT control) of the parameters of the high-latitude ionosphere. The effect of the poles displacement is most manifest in winter. Therefore, in this work, within the framework of a nonstationary mathematical model of the F-region of the ionosphere in Euler variables, taking into account the displacement between the geographic and geomagnetic poles, we study the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field components on the large-scale structure of the high-latitude ionosphere in winter. For this, the Weimer model of high-latitude electric potentials, which depends on the IMF, was used. As a result, of numerical modelling, it is shown that the IMF components affect the shape, size and spatio-temporal location of the main structural features of the high-latitude ionosphere depending on universal time. The obtained effect of ionisation tongue separation requires experimental confirmation. The obtained results demonstrate that the developed non-stationary three-dimensional model of the ionosphere in Euler variables can be applied to the study of ionospheric disturbances, including ionospheric disturbances associated with changes in the IMF components.

Study on mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of mudstone-clay composites under uniaxial compression

In the western mining area of China, mudstone-clay composite roofs are commonly found in coal seam roadway. This kind of roadway surrounding rock has poor self-stabilization ability and is difficult to support. Therefore, through a series of uniaxial loading and acoustic emission (AE) experiment, this study explores the mechanical properties of mudstone-clay composites (MCCs) considering different thickness, horizon, quantity, and moisture content of clay layers. The research results show that: First, if the clay meets water, the bearing and deformation resistance of the MCCs are significantly weakened. The thicker the clay layer and the more quantity, the smaller uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of MCCs. Second, the AE energy characteristics in different combinations of specimens are disparate. For the MCCs with hydrous clay and thicker mudstone, the AE energy peaks mostly appear at the beginning and end of the stress step in the post-peak stage. Third, the moisture state of the clay layers significantly influences the MCCs' failure mode and crack type. If the clay is exposed to water, the failure mode of MCCs changes from tension-shear joint failure to single tension failure. Finally, the tearing effect of clay lateral displacement on mudstone is dominant to mudstone cracking. The bonding effect of clay prompts the rock blocks on both sides of the mudstone fissures and clay layer form a triangular structure. In the post-peak stage, the periodic instability and rebalance of the triangular structure lead to a stepped decline in the stress-strain curves of the MCCs.

Impact Analysis of Robotization and Automation on Jobs: A Systematic Literature Review

The pandemic, coupled with Industry 4.O, augments the claim that new technologies like automation and robotization can potentially substitute human work with machines. The available literature was distinguished across three potential outcomes of adopting robots and automation: Displacement, countervailing, and polarisation effects. The displacement effect on jobs due to the adoption of robots and automation was majorly witnessed in the USA, UK, China, and some European countries. No empirical studies specific to India were available that discuss displacement and countervailing effects of automation and robotization. Countervailing effects will only work across economies with a more skilled workforce and enough endowment for upskilling and reskilling workers as per industry standards available. The polarization effect was witnessed across countries as jobs get more skill-biased. The findings from available literature on this subject vary from country to country and sector to sector. Hence, as the available literature provides varied views on this subject, there is ample scope for new research.

A Laboratory Experimental Study on Enhancing the Oil Recovery Mechanisms of Polymeric Surfactants.

In order to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of polymer surfactants and analyze their oil displacement mechanisms, three types of poly-surfactant used in the Daqing oil field were chosen to be researched, and the oil displacement effects were studied using poly-surfactants of different viscosity, dehydrating rate, and core permeability. The main purpose is to determine the reasonable range of different characteristic indexes of polymeric surfactant flooding. The oil displacement effect of 15 cores was analyzed, and the effects of viscosity, the dehydrating rate of emulsion, and permeability on EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) were analyzed. The oil displacement mechanisms of polymeric surfactants were researched using a photolithographic glass core. This paper explores the mechanism underlying production enhancement as an EOR target, while simultaneously conducting laboratory tests to assess the physical and chemical properties of polymeric surfactants. The poly-surfactant agents exhibit a notable increase in viscosity, with the optimal displacement effect observed at a core effective permeability exceeding 400 mD, resulting in a potential EOR of 15% or higher. Moreover, at a viscosity ranging between 40 and 70 mPa·s, the total EOR can reach 73%, with the peak efficiency occurring at a viscosity of 60 mPa·s. The water loss rate of the emulsion, ranging between 30% and 70%, achieves optimal performance at 50%. The poly-surfactants' higher viscosity extends the oil sweep area, enhancing recovery efficiency, and noticeably reducing residual oil compared to water flooding. During poly-surfactant flooding, a substantial amount of residual oil is extracted and transformed into droplets. The rapid emulsification of the polymeric surfactant solution with crude oil forms a stable emulsion, contributing to its significant oil recovery effect. This research provides valuable technical support for EOR in thin and low-quality reservoirs of onshore multi-layered sandstone reservoirs.

Experimental Study on Carbon Dioxide Displacement by Coal Seam Water Injection.

Using water to displace carbon dioxide adsorbed in coal can prevent coal and gas outbursts. However, the mechanism of continuous water injection replacing adsorbed gases in coal has not been well studied. An experiment with the same water injection pressure and different adsorption equilibrium pressures for displacing carbon dioxide was conducted. The variation patterns of the amount of displaced carbon dioxide, time, and water displacement rate, displacement ratio, and water action ratio were analyzed. The modes of water injection displacing carbon dioxide are discussed. The results show that the change in the amount of displaced carbon dioxide consists of three stages: rapid, slow, and stop growth stages. For the same displacement time, as the adsorption equilibrium pressure rises, more carbon dioxide is displaced. The time displacement rate and water displacement rate can be divided into three stages: rising, peak, and dropping stages. As the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases, the duration of the peak stage decreases, while the time and water displacement rates increase. At different adsorption equilibrium pressures, the carbon dioxide displacement ratio ranged from 45% to 54%, less than the natural desorption ratio. But the water action ratio containing the gas dissolution amount was close to or greater than the natural desorption ratio. Thus, the displacement effect of flowing water accelerated the desorption of carbon dioxide in coal. The modes of carbon dioxide displacement by water injection include water-displacement, gas-dissolution displacement, and gas-diffusion-dissolution displacement. The findings of this study provide novel suggestions for preventing and controlling coal and gas outbursts.

Export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean in the United States market

AbstractWe investigate export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in the United States market between 2002 and 2022. Using a sample of 33 exporters and 10‐digit Harmonised Tariff Schedule (HS) level trade data, we estimate a structural gravity model using an instrumental variable constructed from Chinese exports to eight other industrialised nations. We use a first‐order Taylor‐series expansion à la Baier and Bergstrand (Journal of International Economics, 2009a, 77, 77) to approximate the multilateral price terms pointed out by Anderson and Van Wincoop (American Economic Review, 2003, 93, Article 1). The results show that the impact of Chinese exports on United States imports from LAC is negative and statistically significant across several model specifications, levels of aggregation, and sectors. A percentage increase in imports from China decreased imports from LAC by ca. 0.75%. The displacement effect is ca. 0.32 for manufacturing products, 1.01 for resource‐based products, 1.33 when estimated only for South America, 0.25 for the Caribbean, and not significant for Central America.

Study on time-varying characteristics and flow behavior of microencapsulated polymer

Due to the challenges posed by high injection pressure and significant viscosity shear loss, conventional polymer flooding methods are unable to effectively meet the urgent demand for enhanced oil recovery in medium- and low-permeability reservoirs. Microencapsulated polymer flooding is a promising solution to address the aforementioned challenges due to its advantages of easy wellbore injection, shear resistance, and delayed thickening. However, there is a lack of research on the release behavior and time-dependent characteristics of microencapsulated polymer and its impact on flow behavior in reservoirs. To address this gap, we conducted a series of experiments, including thermal stability tests, microfluidic chip experiments, and micro-scale oil displacement experiments, to reveal the time-varying behavior generated by the triggered release of microencapsulated polymers. The results showed that microencapsulated polymer can be fully triggered after 8 days of aging at 85 °C, with a viscosity exceeding the initial viscosity by more than 25 times. The release mechanism of the polymer aligned with the Ritger-Peppas model, transitioning from super Case-II transport to anomalous transport, and finally to Fickian diffusion with increasing temperature. During the triggering process, the presence of particles stabilized shear and improved oil displacement, particularly in small pore throats. Higher triggering degrees of the solution resulted in greater flow resistance within the microchannel, effectively suppressing fluid fingering. The oil displacement effectiveness of fully triggered microencapsulated polymer was comparable to that of conventional polymers. This study provides insights into the flow behavior of microencapsulated polymer at a microscopic level, offering valuable references for its application in the field.

Relationships between functional temporomandibular joint space and disc morphology, position, and condylar osseous condition in patients with temporomandibular disorder.

To investigate the correlations between joint space and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) components and the compressive states of the disc and condyle subsequent to joint space changes. A total of 240 TMJs were categorized according to disc morphology, disc position, and condylar osseous condition. The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) measurements were compared. The functional joint space (FJS) and disc areas on closed- and open-mouth images (DA-C and DA-O) were also calculated, and the joint space was measured in five directions. Different groups of TMJ components were compared. A spring model was used to simulate the effect of condylar displacement on the disc and condyle. Disc morphology was strongly correlated with its position. The measurements were equivalent between 2D and 3D methods. DA-C and FJS differed significantly between groups. The DA-C to FJS ratio differed between the Class 2 and Class 3 groups and between disc displacement groups with and without reduction. Altered disc morphology and position were correlated with significant changes in joint space in the 60°, 90°, and 120° directions. Despite minor discrepancies among condylar osseous conditions, reduced joint space was correlated with bone destruction at the corresponding site. The spring model stimulation revealed that condylar displacement caused elevated stresses on the disc and condyle. Condylar displacement causes joint space alterations while exerting compressive pressure on both the disc and condyle. Proper condylar positioning within the fossa is recommended to ensure sufficient articular disc accommodation.

Design and Experimental Study of a Hybrid Micro-Vibration Isolation System Based on a Strain Sensor for High-Precision Space Payloads.

Micro-vibrations significantly influence the imaging quality and pointing accuracy of high-precision space-borne payloads. To mitigate this issue, vibration isolation technology must be employed to reduce the transmission of micro-vibrations to payloads. In this paper, a novel active-passive hybrid isolation (APHI) system based on a strain sensor is proposed for high-precision space payloads, and corresponding theoretical and experimental studies are implemented. First, a theoretical analysis model of the APHI system is established using a two-degrees-of-freedom system, and an integral control method based on strain sensing is presented. Then, an electromagnetic damper, active piezoelectric actuator, and strain sensor are designed and manufactured. Finally, an APHI experimental system is implemented to validate the effectiveness of electromagnetic damping and strain-sensing active control. Additionally, the control effects of acceleration, displacement, and strain sensors are compared. The results demonstrate that strain sensors can achieve effective active damping control, and the control method based on strain sensors can effectively suppress the payload response while maintaining stability. Both displacement and strain sensors exhibit superior suppression effects compared with the acceleration sensor, with the strain sensor showing greater potential for practical engineering applications than the displacement sensor.

Complementarities between product and process innovation and their effects on employment: a firm-level analysis of manufacturing firms in Colombia

ABSTRACT The introduction or adoption of innovations at the firm level has consequences for job creation that may differ across low-middle and high-income countries. Also, the type of innovation that firms introduce, such as process or product innovations, can affect employment through different channels. This paper aims to study the effects of innovation on employment growth at the firm level using a framework that considers the nature of innovation and the relative efficiency of the firms. The study uses a rich panel dataset that combines information from two different surveys in Colombia: the Annual Manufacturing Survey and the Survey on Development and Technological Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector. The article provides empirical evidence supporting the idea that the nature of innovation in the country involves complementarities between process and product innovations. The paper discusses how this result is related to the patterns of innovation in middle income countries, which need not only new technologies but also imitation of processes and products. Another novelty of this analysis is the study of displacement effects of process innovation through improvements in the relative efficiency of the firms. Findings show that some firms reduce employment from process innovations, reflecting high heterogeneity in efficiency among firms.

Research On Soil Displacement Prediction Method Caused By High-pressure Jet Grouting Pile Group Construction Under Adjacent Pile Response

This paper analyzes the soil displacement effect during high-pressure jet grouting pile construction by simplifying the construction process as a series of pressure-controlled spherical cavity expansions in a semi-infinite soil medium. Based on the elastic-plastic solution of pressure-controlled spherical cavity expansion theory, a calculation method is proposed to estimate the soil displacement caused by high-pressure jet grouting pile construction. Non-linear contact theory between the pile and soil is introduced, and the finite difference method is employed to determine the internal forces and deformations of the pile. The proposed method is applied to field construction cases, and its validity is verified by comparing the results with on-site monitoring data. The research findings reveal that the soil displacement effect decreases with depth and primarily occurs in shallow soil layers during the construction of individual high-pressure jet grouting piles. The lateral displacement at the ground surface increases first and then decreases with the increase in horizontal distance, while the ground uplift exhibits an exponential decay trend.