Disk Tool Research Articles

Optimization of disc tool parameters and tool path of five-axis milling of twist channels

Optimization of disc tool parameters and tool path of five-axis milling of twist channels

Rock cutting using disc tool assisted by the vertical pre-slotting on free-face

Pre-slotting rock is an effective method for improving the rock cutting performance of mechanical cutting tools. A method of rock cutting using a disc tool assisted by vertical pre-slotting on free-face has been proposed, and in this paper, the effect of the number and configuration of pre-slots on the improvement of rock cutting performance is evaluated. The progress of crack propagation is analyzed, and the underlying mechanism is revealed under different pre-slots conditions with the help of DEM. Considering the effect of confining stress under actual conditions, the rock cutting performance using a disc tool and the enhancing effect of pre-slots are investigated. The results show that the mean cutting force decreases with increasing pre-slots spacing when the pre-slots spacing is less than the diameter of the disc tool, and the reducing ratio of the cutting force is more than 40 % with 80 mm spacing under the two pre-slot conditions. A large number of pre-slots destroy the integrity of the rock, and the cutting force under the condition of four or five pre-slots decreases by more than 50 %. The confining pressure suppresses the propagation of tensile cracks, the cutting force increases linearly, and the ratio of tensile to shear cracks decreases with increasing confining pressure. The confining pressure weakens the improvement effect of pre-slots assisting rock cutting using a disc tool to a certain extent, while under the condition of five pre-slots, the improvement is further developed, in which the cutting force decreases by 60 % at a 20 MPa confining pressure.

Sunflower Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) and Weeds in Sunflower Crops with Minimized Tillage in a Steppe Ecotype Crop Rotation

Abstract An important reserve for increasing the productivity of agricultural production is a scientifically based crop structure and the use of rational crop rotations, which implement the optimal ratio of agroecological standards. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of elements of agrotechnical measures, in particular, the saturation of crop rotations with sunflower, soil tillage system on the number and species composition of various agrobiological groups of weeds in sunflower crops, including the weed parasite sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.). Weed control measures and the spread of the parasitic weed sunflower broomrape in sunflower crops have been carried out according to the methods generally accepted in agriculture and weed science. The scheme of the experiment included crop rotations with saturation in the structure of sunflower sowing of 12.5, 20, 25, 33.3, 50, 100% and three systems of basic tillage: moldboard plowing, disc tillage, and no-tillage. As a result of the research, it has been found that the systems of disc tillage and no-tillage cause an increase in the number of weeds in sunflower crops compared to the moldboard plowing by 1.3–1.5 times. On average, over the years of research, the abundance of weeds in the plots when using disk tools was 10.4–15.1 pcs./m2, moldboard plowing was 7.1–12.4 pcs./m2, and before harvesting was 2.6–5.2 and 4.1–12.4 pcs./m2. The highest degree of sunflower broomrape damage has been observed in 2-fields crop rotation (winter wheat—sunflower) and permanent sunflower cultivation, as 16.0–32.4% of affected sunflower plants have been observed here. The intensity of sunflower broomrape damage to sunflower plants was higher in the moldboard plowing system and amounted to 1.2–8.3 pcs./per plant, which exceeded disc tillage and no-tillage by 1.2–1.6 times. The maximum seed yield of 2.92–2.95 t/ha has been obtained in 8- and 5-fields rotations with the use of moldboard plowing. The lowest yields of sunflower seeds were in short-rotation crop rotations with a sunflower saturation of 50% in the structure of sown areas and permanent cultivation and amounted to: moldboard plowing—1.75–2.21 t/ha, disk tillage—1.57–2.01 t/ha, and no-tillage—1.49–1.95 t/ha. Given the urgency of supplying the global market with sunflower oil, in the future it is necessary to increase the concentration of sunflower in the structure of sown areas to 30-40% through the system of basic tillage, selection of resistant hybrids, and use of herbicides.

SIMULATION OF THE STRESSED-DEFORMED STATE OF THE ELASTIC DISCTOR RACK WITH A STIFFNESS REGULATOR

The paper involves the physical-mathematical modeling of the stress-strain state of an elastic stand of a developed disc harrow equipped with a stiffness regulator. The use of disc tools with individual attachment to elastic stands contributes to improving the quality and reducing the energy consumption of soil processing. This is due to the formation of oscillatory motion of the discs caused by the uneven resistance of the soil in the direction of the unit's movement. The goal of theoretical research is three-dimensional modeling of the stress-strain state of the elastic stand of the disc harrow with a stiffness regulator and substantiation of the range of its rational design parameters. To evaluate the interaction process between elastic working elements and the soil, a harmonic analysis was performed to determine the peak response of the system in a steady state to harmonic loads. In each step of the solution, all applied loads and base excitations have the same frequency, and the values are determined by the corresponding frequency curves. Using the SOLIDWORKS Simulation software package, the relevant physical-mathematical apparatus was compiled. On the basis of this approach, already at the stage of designing disk working bodies on elastic risers, it is possible to conclude about the possibility of them performing specific technological tasks, when by changing the parameters of the risers and conducting repeated studies, it is possible to obtain the corresponding dependencies in the form of regression equations. The results of numerical modeling provide visualization of the change in stress distribution over time in the stand. The dynamics of the change in maximum stress, located on the bend of the stand (R2) and the stiffness regulator (R1), were determined as the stress changes according to the law of damped oscillation with a specified natural frequency. In order to ensure the best working conditions of the elastic riser, it is necessary to ensure the greatest deformation of the riser at the place of attachment of the disc ΔL1 and, at the same time, the smallest value of the deformation of the tool frame ΔL2, by solving the trade-off problem in the Wolfram Cloud software package by maximizing the multiplicative function, the rational geometric dimensions of the diskator riser and constructive parameters of its placement in space.

A Research on Metal and Metallurgical Properties of Chisel Plough Shanks

Reduced tillage forms a subgroup of conservation tillage. In this system, chisel or disc tools are generally used for primary soil tillage, and milling machines, disc tools or cultivators are used for secondary soil tillage and seedbed preparation. The entire area is tillaged so that the plant residues are on the soil surface and prone to the surface. It provides significant fuel and energy savings compared to conventional tillage due to less machine traffic. In order to ensure sustainability, conservation tillage (using a chisel instead of the mouldboard plough that works by turning the soil) as an alternative to conventional tillage and the development of agricultural tools and machines used for this purpose have gained great importance. Chisel is a soil cultivation tool widely used in stubble destruction and conservation tillage system. It is known that the chisel provides significant savings in terms of fuel consumption compared to the mouldboard plough. For a chisel construction that can operate at an optimal level, the basic requirement is to have optimal material quality, optimal weight and optimal cost. In this research, the physical and chemical processes of chisel shanks produced as cast steel were examined. It is of primary importance that it provides minimum fuel consumption with its optimal chemical content, easy mounting to the chassis, unbreakable model structure and angles. A casting and agricultural machinery company that helped with the study was visited and the GS-52 steel casting process, which is widely used for chisel shank in our country, was examined and tensile, yield and rupture tests were performed. As a result, it has been observed that a better construction can be created by changing the chemical content of GS-52 steel. Different trials to be carried out as the continuation of the research will help determine the optimal structure of the chisel shank.

Comparative Agrotechnological Assessment of Disk Tillage Tools

Currently, in Krasnodar Territory, disk tools are most often used for surface tillage. The efficiency of using disk tools primarily depends on the design and technological layout of their working bodies, soil and climatic conditions of operation and the number of working passages through the field. The article presents an agrotechnical assessment of disk tillage tools based on open data from machine testing stations of the Russian Federation. Based on the results obtained, the main agrotechnical performance parameters that do not meet generally accepted requirements are determined.

Evaluating the Influence of the Disc Tool Axis Position Errors on the Machined Helical Gear Surface

This work has presented advanced methods for determining disc tool profiles for machining helical gears and how to evaluate gear errors, as well as the influence of tool axis position errors on the machined gear surface by 3D comparing the tool surfaces corresponding to the tool axis positions. Experimental results for ISO standard helical gears confirm that the precision of the disc tool determined by the proposed method is very high (0.01 mm), with a helix angle greater than 20 degrees, undercutting is likely to occur, the influence of the angle between the tool axis and the machined gear axis on the gear surface deviation is on the order of 0.05 mm per 0.5 angular deviations.

Similarity and Differences of Husking and Disking of the Soil. Prospects of Improving Disk Tools

On the territory of Krasnodar Area, traditional and minimal crop cultivation technologies are most often used. In these technologies, a significant proportion of all soil processing are performed with disk tools, and the operations themselves involve husking and disking the soil. Despite the similarity of these operations, they also have significant differences, the analysis of which allowed us to identify common features and formulate requirements for the use of huskers when disking soil and, accordingly, disk harrows for its husking. Based on the results obtained, the prospects of improving disk tools are determined.

Behavior Types: A Case Study in a Company in the Infrastructure Sector in the City of Araguaína-TO

Objective: Its general objective is to analyze the behavioral types detected in employees of a construction company located in Araguaína-TO and how they can affect the quality of the services provided. Theoretical reference: A literature review was carried out from the perspective of evaluation performed through the DISC theory. In total there are four types: dominant, influential, stable and conforming. The main authors studied are: Idalberto Chiavenato; William Moulton Marston, DISC theory writer; in addition to Paulo Vieira and Deibson Silva, demonstrating the application of the DISC theory in an contemporary language. Methods: It was a case study, being an exploratory research in relation to the objectives, with tabulation of data through a table and graph, and having been configured as a qualitative research regarding the approach to the problem. Results and conclusions: Through behavioral assessment, with the DISC tool, assessing the predominant behavioral type on the part of each employee. Of the total number of employees who took part in the survey, it was found, through the online test, that 40% are influential, 20% stable, 40% dominant and 0% compliant. Implications of research: The research reveals that there was clarification regarding the ideal way to perform the analysis of behavioral types, which should be performed using the DISC tool. Originality/value: The study demonstrates that it is possible to identify behavioral trends in advance, which can be: conforming, stable, influential or dominant. For the time being, it is possible to identify aptitudes or inaptitudes for certain functions, strengths and transitions, enhancing the already existing qualities and focusing on the requirements that need to be met precisely.

Estimation of excavation forces in conditions of a complex cutting trajectory with asymmetrical disc tools in DEM method

The application of asymmetric disc tools is one of the directions of development of mechanical mining techniques with high development potential. An important issue to be explored in this regard is the development of a methodology for simulation studies of mining tools (disc tools) in conditions corresponding to real conditions, i.e. in a situation of complex kinematics of mining process.The article describes the full procedure of model tests, the aim of which was to identify the loads of asymmetric disc tools with the assumption of complex kinematics of mining process. The research was based on an example of a new solution of a mining disc head with asymmetric disk tools with a diameter of 160 mm. The article presents an analytical model of the disc tools kinematics of the mining disc head and, on its basis, the trajectories of the disc tools were determined. Then, the procedure of calibration of DEM models of rock samples used for simulation studies was presented. In the main phase of the research, the developed kinematics model of the mining disc head was implemented together with the DEM model of the rock sample to conduct dynamic mining tests. Simulation tests were successfully performed in LS – Dyna. The tests were carried out similar to real tests using a mining disk head. Finally, the results of the field and simulation tests were compared in order to assess the adequacy of the developed simulation model.

Modelling the loosening of rock in the experimental rock mining method

Analytical description of the process of rock discontinuity caused by the operation of an experimental cutting head, in which a combination of cutting and loosening methods was used, is presented. Loosening of the rock fragment takes place after reaching the tensile or shear strength of the rock, what is more favourable compared to the classical mining methods. An analytical model of the stress in the crack initiation plane was developed using the models of rock loosening using the disc tools and relationships formulated in fracture mechanism. The special integral of the differential equation of the loosening line was determined by geometric integration. Numerical simulations of the chip loosening were also carried out using the model of the solid rock built using the Finite Element Method. The developed models of losing the rock continuity were used in numerical simulations of loosening the rock fragment to analyze the impact of the selected parameters of the mining technology, of the rock properties and geometrical features of the experimental cutting head, on the shape of the loosening line and its extend. Using the stand test results, the qualitative compliance of the shape of the loosening line, determined using the analytical model and the numerical model, with the geometrical features of the rock chips obtained in the laboratory, was confirmed. It was found that the proper selection of the design features of the cutting head, such as: a small angle of the loosening disc and a small angle of inclination of the head axis, cause a qualitative increase in the loosening range.

Root rot of winter wheat and peas in short-rotation crop rotations

Аіm. The research was to establish the influence of fertilization systems and methods of main tillage in short-rotation crop rotation on damage to winter wheat and pea plants by root rot. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. The research was conducted in 2016–2018 at the experimental fields of the Bila Tserkva’s National Agrarian University according to the following scheme: Factor A. Fertilizer systems. 1. Without the use of fertilizers; 2. Organo-mineral; 3. Mineral. Factor B. Systems of basic tillage. 1. Differentiated (control); 2. Police-nonpolice; 3. Shallow shelfless. Short-rotation crop rotations were studied: crop rotation: alfalfa – winter wheat + white mustard, green manure – sugar beets and sunflower – buckwheat – barley with alfalfa subsowing; grain crops: soybean – winter wheat – sunflower – barley – corn for grain; specialized cereal crops: buckwheat – winter wheat – corn for grain, sunflower – barley – sunflower; row crops: peas – winter wheat – sunflower – corn for grain – sunflower. Results. During crop rotation with an organo-mineral fertilization system in the agrocenosis of winter wheat, the development of root rot was 51.3%, which is 8.7% more compared to the option without fertilizers. In the grain-row crop rotation under the organo-mineral fertilization system, root rot damage was 50%, which is 6.1% less compared to the unfertilized plot. Under the inter-row specialized crop rotation, the damage to winter wheat plants and the development of diseases amounted to 55.4%, which increased by 10.5% compared to the inter-row crop rotation. Affected pea plants by root rot in the flowering phase under shelf-less tillage, the development of the disease was 4.7% higher compared to differentiated tillage. Conclusions. The article presents the results of field studies on the application of fertilization systems and methods of basic tillage to the damage of winter wheat and pea plants by root rot in short-rotational crop rotations in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The greatest damage to winter wheat plants by root rot was recorded during the row rotation, the predecessor of which was peas. On average, 32.6–37.6% of wheat plants were affected by the disease in these areas, and the intensity of the disease was 52.4–58.7%. The lowest development of root rots of winter wheat plants (27.4–35.4%) was found in the grain row specialized crop rotation. The smallest development of root rots of winter wheat plants was found under the organo-mineral fertilization system. Shallow cultivation with disc tools to a depth of 10–12 cm caused the highest development of pea root rot. Plowing under peas helped reduce the spread and development of pea root rot.

Improving the Design of the Disc Harrow for Berry Plantations

Introduction. Reducing the distance of throwing soil into the zone around bushes and maintaining a leveled surface between rows of berry crops are urgent scientific problems. Aim of the Article. To identify the basic parameters for the interaction of a spherical disk with waterlogged soil and on this basis to develop the technical solution for reducing the distance of soil throwing away in space between rows of berry crops. Materials and Methods. The object of research is an orchard disc harrow equipped with a protective shield mounted in front of the outermost disc of the tool front panel. The subject of the research is the process of interaction of the end disc of the front harrow plate with the waterlogged soil in berry plantations. The length of the protective shield and its spatial orientation were chosen as optimization parameters for field experiments. The quality evaluation of intertillage of the berry plantations was carried out by profiling their surfaces. Results. Based on the results of theoretical studies, it was found that the angle of inclination of the protective shield in the horizontal plane should be within 53–54°, and with respect to the movement of the harrow – 50–58°. The results of field experiments have confirmed the theoretical conclusions. It has been established that only a protective shield, the length of which is 450 mm and the installation angle of 50°, allows completely eliminating the side throw of the soil beyond the width of the tool. In addition, these parameters ensure the stable operation of the disc tool in almost any soil moisture and weed infestation of space between berry bushes. Discussion and Conclusion. The use of a modernized tillage tool made it possible to exclude the soil throwing into the bush zone to increase the speed of the unit by 25%.

Hard Disk Failure Prediction Using Machine Learning

Abstract: Failure of Hard Disk is a term most companies and people, fear about. People get concerned regarding data loss. Therefore, predicting the failure of the HDD is an important and to ensure the storage security of the data center. There exist a system named, S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) in hard disk tools or bios tools which stands for Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology. Our project will be predicting the failure of hard drive whether it will fail or not. This prediction will be based on Machine Learning algorithm. S.M.A.R.T. values of hard disk will be extracted from external tool.

Wear reduction by toughness enhancement of disc tool in Nomex honeycomb composites machining

In the machining of traditional metallic materials, high hardness is primary property that tool designers are committed to pursuing to improve wear resistance. In this study on machining of Nomex honeycomb composites (NHCs), it was revealed that high toughness is the dominant factor for wear resistance of disc tool. A comparative study was designed, including normal characteristics, hardness enhancement, and toughness enhancement. The material properties of the three pre-treatment methods were compared. The importance of toughness and hardness was evaluated from tool wear and surface quality. The results indicated that toughness-enhanced tools could be machined to produce the sharper cutting edges. Simultaneously, the toughness-enhanced tool was better suited to the high periodic cyclic impact loads in ultrasonic vibration machining.

A Survey Paper on Hard Disk Failure Prediction Using Machine Learning

Abstract: Failure of Hard Disk is a term most companies and people, fear about. People get concerned regarding data loss. Therefore, predicting the failure of the HDD is an important and to ensure the storage security of the data center. There exist a system named, S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) in hard disk tools or bios tools which stands for Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology. Our project will be predicting the failure of hard drive whether it will fail or not. This prediction will be based on Machine Learning algorithm. S.M.A.R.T. values of hard disk will be extracted from external tool.

Kajian Sanitasi Kolam Renang di Tempat Wisata Air Pemancingan 100 di Wunut Kabupaten Klaten Tahun 2022

The swimming pool is one of the public spaces that is frequently visited by the public, so it can be a place for the spread of pathogens and has the potential to cause risks of water-based diseases (water borne diseases), if they have poor sanitation conditions. Based on a survey of sanitary conditions in the Pemancingan 100 swimming pool, it is known that there are no signs prohibiting swimming for people with infectious diseases, toilets are not separated for men and women, trash bins are open and do not have a lid, and and water quality does not meet the applicable quality standards. This study aims to determine the sanitary conditions in the Panancingan 100 swimming pool based on environmental health, building construction, room or room health, sanitation facilities, and swimming pool water quality physically and chemically.This type of research is an observational study in the form of a case study with parameters examined including environmental health conditions, building construction, room or room health, sanitation facilities, and physical and chemical swimming pool water quality. The research instrument used a checklist sheet to determine environmental health conditions, building contruction, room or space hygiene and sanitation facilities, a secchi disk tool to measure clarity, as well as a pH and residual chlorine test kit to measure pH and residual chlorine. The results of the study, it was shown that sanitation in Fishing 100 swimming pools was declared unfit for health with an inspection score of 734. This value was obtained from several variables including, environmental health conditions scored 120 (fit for sound), building construction conditions got a score of 61 (fit for health), the health condition of the room or room gets a score of 30 (unfit for health), the condition of sanitation facilities gets a score of 303 (unfit for health), the physical condition of swimming pool water gets a score of 120 (fit for health), and the condition of the chemical quality of swimming pool water gets a score of 100 (unfit healthy).
 Keywords: Sanitation, Swimming Pool, Quality Standards

Research on the characteristics of multiphysics coupling fields in the electrochemical trepanning of an inward facing blisk

As an effective method of electrochemical machining (ECM), electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) is used in the machining of the outward facing blisks in aero-engines such as the integral blisk and the diffuser. However, as a special type of blisk, the inward facing blisk has dense blades, narrow spaces in the disc and poor tool accessibility. To date the research on the ECTr of the inward facing blisk is lacking. In this study, a cambered cathode structure is proposed for ECTr of the inward facing blade, since this can improve the distribution of the multiphysics coupling fields in the machining gap and result in an improvement in the quality of machining for the inward facing blade. To progress this idea, a multiphysics coupling fields model for ECTr of inward facing blade based on electric field, gas-liquid two-phase flow field and temperature field is established. Then through simulation of the multiphysics coupling fields, the distribution laws for the flow velocity, the current density, the gas bubbles volume fraction, the temperature and the electrolyte conductivity in the machining gap are obtained. Compared with a conventional planar cathode structure, in the transition section, the uniformity of the flow field of a cambered cathode is improved, and the formation time of the blade is shorter, such that the machining quality and efficiency of the inward facing blade is enhanced. Subsequently, a series of ECTr experiments is conducted on the inward facing blade, and the simulation prediction is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. As a result of using a cambered cathode, the cathode feed rate is increased from 1.6 mm/min to 2.2 mm/min, with the result that the machining efficiency is increased by 37.5 %. The width and surface quality of the blade improved with increase of the feed rate, the width increasing from 11.506 mm to 12.413 mm, and the surface roughness increasing from Ra 1.372 μm to Ra 0.953 μm. Use of a cambered cathode as the inward facing blade is demonstrated, and the feasibility of a novel ECTr method is verified.

Rock fragmentation using the disc tool assisted by the prefabricated kerf: Numerical modelling based on discrete element method (DEM)

To improve the hard rock cuttability of disc tool and decrease its wear rate, a method of rock fragmentation with the help of the prefabricated kerf formed by external waterjet is proposed. Furthermore, a numerical model for rock/disc tool interaction based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is established to reveal the mechanism of rock fragmentation mechanism by disc tool and the effect of prefabricated kerf on rock fragmentation progress, and to investigate the cutting depth of disc tool, kerf parameters and their combination relationships with rock fragmentation performance. Firstly, the micro parameters of particles are calibrated by the uniaxial compression strength (UCS) test of the rock, and the cutting force signals in tests and simulations are compared, thus providing the effectiveness of the proposed model. Secondly, the rock/disc tool interaction mechanism is revealed by analyzing the cracks initiation and propagation microscopically and the variations in the cutting force macroscopically, and the cutting depth of disc tool under the optimal rock fragmentation performance is determined as 20 mm. Finally, the effect of different combinations of cutting depth and kerf parameters (including kerf depth and kerf spacing) on rock fragmentation is considered, and the results indicate that when the diameter of disc tool is equal to the kerf spacing, the rock can be deemed to be unconfined, and the cutting force decreases by more than 30 % compared with that of rock fragmentation without prefabricated kerf. The relationship between the cutting depth and the kerf spacing exerts a significant influence on the specific energy (SE), and the cutting depth and kerf spacing in the optimal case is 20 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The relationship between fractal dimensions of rock fragments and SE is also studied, with the SE increasing linearly with the fractal dimensions.

THE SUITABILITY OF LOCATION BATU ANGUS BITUNG FOR AQUACULTURE IN TERMS OF SEVERAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY

Aquaculture activities require appropriate and supportive environmental requirements to live and develop optimally, this study aims to (1) Analyze the physical and chemical parameters of water quality in Batu Angus waters, (2) Evaluate the suitability of water quality as a potential aquaculture location in Batu Angus waters. This research was conducted in the waters of Batu Angus Bitung in July - August 2022. Water quality analysis was carried out by measuring the parameters of depth, temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen carried out in situ using a Multipurpose water quality tool (Horiba U-52G), measuring current speed using a Current floating meter and measuring brightness using a Secchi disk tool. In situ data collection of seawater samples at 3 stations (St) was carried out 3 times with a time interval of 2 weeks at 05:00, 09:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 WITA. Meanwhile, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate measurements were carried out using the spectrophotometer method at the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Center Testing Laboratory. The results of the suitability analysis show that the Batu Angus Bitung water area is very suitable for aquaculture activities.