Disintegration Time Research Articles

Fabrication, optimization, and evaluation of lyophilized lacidipine-loaded fatty-based nanovesicles as orally fast disintegrating sponge delivery system

Lacidipine (LCD) is a potent antihypertensive agent. Fatty-based nanovesicles (FNVs) were designed to improve LCD low solubility and bioavailability. LCD-FNVs were formulated according to different proportions of cetyl alcohol, cremophor®RH40, and oleic acid adopting Box-Behnken Design. The optimized LCD-FNVs, composed of cetyl alcohol 48.4 mg, cremophor®RH40 120 mg, and oleic acid 40 mg, showed minimum vesicle size (124.8 nm), maximum entrapment efficiency % (91.04 %) and zeta potential (-36.3 mV). The optimized FNVs were then used to formulate the lyophilized orally fast-disintegrating sponge (LY-OFDS). The LY-OFDS had a very short disintegration time (58 sec), remarkably high % drug release (100 % after 15 mins), and increased the drug transbuccal permeation by over 9.5-fold compared to the drug suspension. In-vivo evaluation of antihypertensive activity in rats showed that the LY-OFDS reduced blood pressure immediately after 5 min and reached normal blood pressure 4.5-fold faster than the marketed oral tablets. In the In-vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits, the LY-OFDS showed 4.7-fold higher bioavailability compared with the marketed oral tablet. In conclusion, the LY-OFDS loaded with LCD-FNVs is a safe, and non-invasive approach that can deliver LCD effectively to the blood circulation via the buccal mucosa giving superior immediate capabilities of lowering high blood pressure and increasing the drug bioavailability.

Investigating the Presence of Falsified and Poor-Quality Fixed-Dose Combination Artemether-Lumefantrine Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms in Kumasi, Ghana.

Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is a highly effective and commonly used Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) for treating uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, including drug-resistant strains. However, ineffective regulatory systems in resource-limited settings can lead to the infiltration of poor-quality and counterfeit antimalarial medicines into the pharmaceutical supply chain, causing treatment failures, prolonged illness, and disease progression. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of selected brands of fixed-dose combination (FDC) AL tablets and suspensions marketed in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of fourteen brands of FDC AL medicines, comprising eight tablets and six suspensions were purchased from various retail pharmacy outlets in Kumasi, Ghana. All samples were subjected to thorough visual inspection as a quick means of checking quality through meticulous observation of the packaging or dosage form. The quality parameters of the tablets were determined using uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, and disintegration tests. Suspensions were assessed based on pH and compared with the British Pharmacopeia (BP) standard. The samples were then analyzed for drug content (assay) using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All the tablet samples conformed to BP specification limits for uniformity of weight (deviation of less than ± 5%), hardness (4.0-10 kg/mm2), friability (<1%), and disintegration time (<15 minutes). The active pharmaceutical ingredients' quantitative assay demonstrated that all the tablets met the BP specifications (90-110%). The results of the pH studies showed that out of the six brands of suspension investigated, five (83.3%) were compliant with the official specification for pH, while one (16.7%) failed the requirement. Unlike the tablet brands, drug content analysis of the six suspensions showed that two (33.3%) were substandard. The artemether and lumefantrine contents in these failed suspensions were variable (artemether: 81.31%-116.76%; lumefantrine: 80.35%-99.71%). The study results indicate that most of the tested products met the required quality standards, demonstrating satisfactory drug content and other quality specifications. The presence of substandard drugs underscores the necessity for robust pharmacovigilance and surveillance systems to eliminate counterfeit and substandard drugs from the Ghanaian market.

Fast Dissolving Tablets of Promethazine Theoclate: Optimization by Box Behnken Design

HThe current work was planned to optimize promethazine theoclate fast-dissolving tablets using Box Behnken design. The effect of three independent factors, the concentration of camphor (sublimating agent), sodium starch glycolate (superdisintegrant) and β-cyclodextrin (solubility enhancer) on two responses, disintegration time and percent drug release was studied. A total of 27 formulations were prepared and tested for various precompression and postcompression parameters. The correlation between factors and responses was established by plotting contour plots. The independent variables, the concentration of camphor and sodium starch glycolate, have a significant influence on response disintegration time, whereas the factor, concentration of β-cyclodextrin, has an effect on the response and percent drug release.

Calcareous termite mounds in South Africa are ancient carbon reservoirs

Ecosystems that offer carbon sequestration by leaching bicarbonate to groundwater are valuable natural capital. One region that may offer this service is the west coast of South Africa. Over 20 % is covered by soil mounds (“heuweltjies”) up to 40 m diameter, 2 m high, inhabited by the southern harvester termite Microhodotermes viator and enriched in soil organic and inorganic carbon and soluble minerals. We aimed to generate radiogenic and stable isotope data for soils and groundwater in a region where these data are absent, to 1) verify the atmosphere-soil-groundwater link, and 2) resolve the timing and pattern of calcite dissolution and water infiltration in the landscape. Results show that soil and groundwater sulfate have the same marine aerosol source. Episodic calcite dissolution in mound centers, which increased during periods of global cooling, has been set against background input of marine aerosols since before the Last Glacial according to radiocarbon (14C) ages. Our data push back soil organic carbon 14C ages of inhabited termite mounds to 13-19 ka (kiloannum, thousand years before present), nest carbonate 14C ages to 33 ka, and mound soil carbonate 14C ages to 34 ka, making these the oldest active termite features ever dated. These ages are consistent with soil organic carbon and carbonate 14C ages of regional, non-mound, coastal petrocalcic horizons formed by accumulation of carbonate leached from their overlying aeolian dune fields. Harvesting activities of termites inject younger organic material around nests >1 m deep, leading to continuous renewal of important soil carbon reservoirs at depth. Termite bioturbation increases the system's ability to dissolve carbonate. The central, bioturbated part of the mounds have greater infiltration depths and greater calcite dissolution, whereas surrounding soils experienced more surface runoff. Calcareous termite mounds offer a mechanism to sequester CO2 through dissolution and leaching of soil carbonate-bicarbonate to groundwater.

Abstract 5112: Discovery of nuclear envelope mislocalization in MYC-driven group 3 medulloblastoma

Abstract Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, comprised of four distinct molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4). A subset of Group 3 MB tumors harbor focal amplifications of the MYC oncogene and are particularly prone to tumor recurrence and leptomeningeal spread which currently remains incurable. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic modalities that can spare the vulnerable, developing brain while having potent antitumor efficacy against recurrent MB. Through proteomic profiling of cyclophosphamide-resistant patient-derived MYC-driven Group 3 MB cell line SU_MB002, we identified nuclear envelope (NE) proteins to be highly abundant and enriched in Group 3 MB compared to normal tissue. We discovered that LBR, an inner nuclear transmembrane protein, while present in all cells at the NE, is aberrantly presented to the cell surface in MYC-driven Group 3 MB cell lines. Immunohistochemistry analysis of LBR on MB patient tumor samples identified that positive LBR staining correlated with a significantly worse prognosis and was also identified to be enriched in recurrent tissue compared to their matched primary samples. Cell surface expression flow cytometry analysis identified highly abundant cell surface expression in all MYC-driven Group 3 MB cell lines with low to no expression in human neural stem cells and other MB subgroups. Mechanistically, high resolution microscopy of endogenously HALO-tagged LBR reveals LBR cell surface presentation to be linked to ER or ER-like vesicles that are directly trafficked to the cell surface. Transcriptomic analysis of LBR cell surface positive and negative cells identify that cell surface positivity is significantly linked to cell division and mitotic processes (cell cycle process, mitotic cell cycle process, chromosome segregation, cell division, nuclear division). LBR mislocalization stems from mitosis at the time of nuclear envelope dissolution and is enriched in the hyperproliferative, therapy-resistant subpopulation of MB cells following exposure to chemotherapy and radiation in vitro and in vivo and may act as a marker for the brain tumor initiating cells that seed recurrence. Therefore, we demonstrate that LBR is an ideal therapeutic target for patients facing relapsed or treatment-refractory MB and have generated single domain antibodies in an effort to engineer LBR-specific CAR T cells. The development of therapies against NE proteins like LBR may provide patients a novel therapeutic opportunity that may be able to treat therapy-resistant, hyperproliferative MYC-driven Group 3 MB cells. Citation Format: Yujin Suk, Jorge Ibañez-Vega, Iqra Chaudhry, Martin Rossotti, Minomi Subapanditha, Petar Miletic, Stefan Custers, Laura Escudero, Alberto Delaidelli, Takuma Nakashima, Yuxi Xiao, Jason Moffat, Hiromichi Suzuki, Poul Sorensen, Kevin Henry, Chitra Venugopal, Giedre Krenciute, Sheila Singh. Discovery of nuclear envelope mislocalization in MYC-driven group 3 medulloblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5112.

Evaluation of Quality and Antibacterial Activity of Four Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Marketed in Libya

Ciprofloxacin is one of fluoroquinolones antibiotics used in treatment for infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft-tissues, and lower respiratory tract. There are many brands of ciprofloxacin tablets available in pharmacies of Albaiyda city and the aim of this study was to evaluate quality of four available brands of ciprofloxacin tablets by quality control parameters and to test their antibacterial activity. Four leading brands of ciprofloxacin tablet each with a label claim 500 mg were purchased from the various retail pharmacies of Albaiyda city and evaluated by in vitro quality control tests for tablet according to pharmacopeia (BP/ USP) that include evaluation of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The second evaluation was the antibacterial activity of the four brands against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli by well diffusion susceptibility method. Weight variation for four brands of ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.507% to ,0.753%, the highest variation was found in Brand A, and the lowest weight variation was observed in Brand B and all brands comply with specification. Friability of all brands was below 1% which means that all brands have passed the test and met the specification, and the brand which most likely to be friable between brands is Brand B (0.64%) and the least likely to be friable is Brand C (0 %). The results indicated that all brands of ciprofloxacin tablets were not in the limit of hardness test and the highest hardness value was for Brand C (276 N), and the lowest hardness value was for Brand A (114.2 N). Disintegration time for four brands was under 5 minutes and all brands were complied with the both BP and USP specifications. larger zone of inhibition (ZI) for ciprofloxacin brands against Klebsiella pneumonia was found in Brand C (26.19mm) indicating that it has the highest activity and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Staphylococcus aureus was found in Brand D (40.40mm) and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Escherichia coli was also found in Brand D (21.21mm) indicating that it has the highest activity against both types of bacteria. From this study it was demonstrated that all four brands of ciprofloxacin tablet marketed in Libya comply with BP and USP specification for quality control test of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, and disintegration time, except that in hardness test in the four brands were found out the limit but this test is non compendial test and all the brands have similar antibacterial effect except Brand C which has slightly better microbiological activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Brand D which is more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

Sweeteners in Orodispersible Films: How Much is too Much?

Four natural sweeteners (sucrose, xylitol, fructose, and isomalt) were selected to examine the influence of their qualities and amounts on the characteristics of orodispersible films. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (2% w/w) was utilized as the film-forming polymer and 1% w/w glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were produced through the solvent casting method, rendering them suitable for convenient application in community or hospital pharmacy settings. The physicochemical and optical properties of the films were analyzed, and Fourier-transform infrared analysis was carried out. All films exhibited acceptable disintegration time, uniformity of mass, thickness, and optical characteristics, with significant dependence (p<0.05) on both sweetener type and quantity. Disintegration time varied based on the employed method, as well as the characteristics and amount of sweetener. Additionally, all films maintained pH values within the oral cavity range, suggesting no potential irritancy upon administration. Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed the formation of the film and demonstrated compatibility between its components.

Utilization and Evaluation of Rice Bran and Rice Bran Wax as a Tablet Lubricant.

The rice bran and rice bran wax of the KJ CMU107 rice strain were investigated as potential tablet lubricants in a directly compressed tablet formulation. Stabilized full-fatted rice bran (sFFRB), stabilized defatted rice bran (sDFRB), and rice bran wax (RBW) extracted and purified from crude rice bran oil (cRBO) were tested. Two commercial lubricants, including magnesium stearate (MGS) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HVO), were employed as the standards in the formulated mixtures, which contained spray-dried rice starch (SDRS) as a diluent. The tableting was carried out for each formulation, and the obtained tablets were physically and mechanically evaluated. Among the parameters investigated were the general appearance, ejection force, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The powder flow was also determined for each formulation. The results showed that the tablet ejection forces for all the lubricated formulations (58-259 N) were significantly lower than that of the non-lubricated control formulation (349 N). The use of sFFRB as a lubricant at 0.5-2.0% w/w could lower the ejection force up to 78%, but the hardness reduced so drastically that the formulations failed the friability test due to the chipping of the tablets' edges. Moreover, sDFRB performed significantly better as the use at 0.5-1.0% w/w in the formulation helped to lower the ejection forces by up to 80% while maintaining the changes in the tablet hardness within 10%. RBW functioned effectively as a tablet lubricant at a concentration of 0.5% w/w, yielding tablets with good strength comparable to standard HVO lubricant while helping to reduce the ejection force by 82%. In formulations with good lubrication, i.e., friability < 1%, the powder flow was improved, and the tablet disintegration times were within the same range as the control and HVO formulations. In conclusion, sDFRB displayed a lubricant property at concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0% w/w, with slightly negative effects on the tablet hardness. RBW from KJ CMU107 rice was an effective tablet lubricant at 0.5% w/w, with no effect on tablet hardness. Both materials can be further developed for use as commercial lubricants in direct compression.

Total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and characteristics of a chocolate beverage incorporated with encapsulated clove bud extract

ABSTRACT Chocolate beverages made from cocoa powder contain phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, as antioxidants, but these compounds are easily degraded. Incorporating clove bud extract is recommended to improve the quality of these beverages. However, encapsulation is necessary to protect bioactive compounds and reduce bitterness. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and characteristics of chocolate beverages formulated with encapsulated clove bud extract. Six formulations ranging from 0% to 10% encapsulated extract were evaluated. The results show that the incorporation of the encapsulated extract significantly improved several attributes as the percentage of clove extract increased. Phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, hygroscopicity, lightness (L*), total color difference (∆E), viscosity, solubility, and soluble solids increased. In contrast, moisture content, red/green (a*) and blue/yellow (b*) values, sedimentation, pH, and dissolution time decreased. Panelists preferred beverages with up to 4% encapsulated clove extract, suggesting the potential for healthier ready-to-drink chocolates.

FARKLI SÜPER DAĞITICILARIN KETOPROFEN İÇEREN AĞIZDA DAĞILAN TABLETLERİN İN VİTRO KARAKTERİZASYON PARAMETRELERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Objective: Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) have revolutionized pharmaceutical drug delivery, offering a patient-friendly alternative for those struggling with conventional tablet swallowing. This study delves into the impact of superdisintegrants (crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and croscarmellose sodium) on the in vitro characterization of Ketoprofen-containing ODTs. ODTs are designed to rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity without water, enhancing patient compliance, ensuring faster therapeutic onset, and providing convenience. Material and Method: The micromeritic properties of pre-compression Ketoprofen ODT blends were assessed for bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, and compressibility index. ODTs were formulated using a direct compression method to maintain component uniformity. Comprehensive characterization included weight variation, tablet hardness, friability, wetting time, and in vitro disintegration time assessments. The drug content was determined through UV spectrophotometry of dissolved ODTs, and dissolution studies were conducted in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using USP apparatus XXIV. Result and Discussion: Results showed uniform tablet mass and favorable powder mixture flowability, ensuring ODT physical properties. Tablets exhibited excellent mechanical resistance with consistent hardness and low friability loss. All formulations demonstrated high and uniform drug content. Different superdisintegrants influenced wetting, disintegration, and dissolution times. Crospovidone exhibited the fastest wetting time but longer disintegration times, attributed to increased tablet hardness. Dissolution studies revealed that crospovidone-containing ODTs had faster drug release compared to croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate, aligning with literature findings. The study emphasized the importance of considering both wetting and disintegration times for a comprehensive evaluation of ODT performance. Croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate hindered drug release, forming gel-like masses impeding dissolution, while crospovidone enhanced drug release in formulated ODTs. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights for pharmaceutical development and patient-centric drug delivery solutions, showcasing the influence of superdisintegrants on ODT performance and emphasizing the importance of considering various parameters for comprehensive evaluation.

Revolutionizing Apixaban Release: Exploring Wet Granulation and Superdisintegrant Synergy for Improved Delivery Profiles

The aim of the present research was to formulate and evaluate immediate release tablet of apixaban. In this research study, we are formulating apixaban by wet granulation method. Previously research has been conducted based on dry granulation and direct compression methods.&#x0D; The proposed wet granulation method has several advantages in terms of feasibility and cost effectiveness. The present formulation comprises of comparative evaluation between disintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and croscarmellose sodium (CCS), among which CCS was found to have optimum results. Superdisintegrants, are compounds that, as their name implies, are superior to disintegrants and that facilitate or enhance the disintegration time even at low levels, usually 1-10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dosage unit. These are used to boost the potency of the solid dosage form.

Computer-aided optimization of carbidopa/levodopa orally disintegrating tablets

Objective This study aimed to optimize the formulation of carbidopa/levodopa orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) in order to improve their disintegration performance, and facilitate easier medication intake for Parkinson’s patients. Method The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the formulation, with the content of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and mannitol (MNT) as independent variables, and disintegration time as the response parameter. Python was utilized to model Carr Indices and mixing time to determine the suitable mixing time. Direct compression (DC) was used for the preparation of ODTs. Result The optimization process resulted in the following values for the independent variables: 7.04% PVPP, 22.02% MCC, and 16.21% MNT. By optimizing the mixing time using Python, it was reduced to 14.19 min. The ODTs prepared using the optimized formulation and a mixing time of 14.19 min exhibited disintegration times of 16.74 s in vitro and 17.63 s in vivo. The content uniformity of levodopa and carbidopa was found to be 100.83% and 99.48%, respectively. Conclusion The ODTs optimized using RSM and Python demonstrated excellent disintegration performance, leading to a decrease in the time the drug exists in solid form in the oral cavity. This improvement in disintegration time reduced the difficulty of swallowing for patients and enhanced medication compliance, while still ensuring that ODTs prepared by DC had sufficient mechanical strength to meet storage and transportation requirements.

Formulation and evaluation of aceclofenac fast disintegrating tablets using sida acuta powder

Aceclofenac is a NSAID with anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity. The aim is to develop the Aceclofenac tablets with sida acuta powder that exhibit rapid disintegration, dissolution and showing maximum pharmacological activity in less time. This is desirable for improving patient compliance. The present study was to formulate and evaluate the fast-disintegrating tablets of Aceclofenac using Sida acuta powder by direct compression technique with varying concentrations. Each formulation was evaluated for pre and post evaluation tests such as Flow property, Bulk density, tapped density, Weight variation, Hardness, Friability, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Assay, in-vitro dissolution. Among the 06 formulations, F6 formulation Aceclofenac with 6%w/w of Sida acuta showed the in-vitro dissolution (99.75%) release of drug within 20 minutes and release of drug mechanism as first order kinetics. It was concluded that the fast-disintegrating tablets are prepared by Natural polymer Sida acuta acts as a disintegrant and showed excellent disintegration time,enhance the dissolution rate.

Design, formulation and in-vitro evaluation of diclofenac sodium fast disintegrating tablets

Diclofenac sodium is an agent shows Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Analgesic activity. The present work of the study is to design, formulate a tablet by using powder from Corn silk which disintegrate, dissolve rapidly, thereby gives rapid onset of action and investigate the fast-disintegrating property. The natural polymer chosen for the purpose of study is due to disintegrating property, non-toxicity, low cost, reliable, free availability, eco-friendly, potentially degradable and compatible. The formulation has been preparedCorn silkpowderwithvarious 05 different concentrations 2-10%W/W using direct compression method and evaluations are conducted. Each formulation has been Evaluated for various parameters of pre and post compression tablets namely Bulk density, tapped density, Angle of repose, Weight variation, Hardness, Friability, Wetting time, Disintegration time, In- vitro dissolution studies. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed that F5 with 10%w/w of Corn silk achieved a remarkable release of 99.98% of the drug within 25 minutes.The inclusion of corn silk in F5 significantly enhances the dissolution rate of diclofenac sodium compared with other formulations.

The Effect of Formulation Variables on the Manufacturability of Clopidogrel Tablets via Fluidized Hot-Melt Granulation-From the Lab Scale to the Pilot Scale.

Solid pharmaceutical formulations with class II active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) face dissolution challenges due to limited solubility, affecting in vivo behavior. Robust computational tools, via data mining, offer valuable insights into product performance, complementing traditional methods and aiding in scale-up decisions. This study utilizes the design of experiments (DoE) to understand fluidized hot-melt granulation manufacturing technology. Exploratory data analysis (MVDA) highlights similarities and differences in tablet manufacturability and dissolution profiles at both the lab and pilot scales. The study sought to gain insights into the application of multivariate data analysis by identifying variations among batches produced at different manufacturing scales for this technology. DoE and MVDA findings show that the granulation temperature, time, and Macrogol type significantly impact product performance. These factors, by influencing particle size distribution, become key predictors of product quality attributes such as resistance to crushing, disintegration time, and early-stage API dissolution in the profile. Software-aided data mining, with its multivariate and versatile nature, complements the empirical approach, which is reliant on trial and error during product scale-up.

Indirect mineral carbonation of recycled concrete aggregate: Enhancing calcium extraction using a packed bed reactor

Mineral carbonation of industrial residues is gaining increasing interest, with the first pilot and industrial-scale applications being implemented. The process offers a low-risk, easily available solution for permanent carbon dioxide storage while concurrently valorising industrial wastes. This work investigates the indirect mineral carbonation of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), in which calcium is first leached from the RCA into an aqueous ammonium nitrate (AN) solution, followed by carbonation to yield high-purity precipitated calcium carbonate. The study focuses on the first step, calcium dissolution, which traditionally takes place in a stirred batch reactor (SBR). However, SBRs often encounter solubility constraints, leading to low calcium extraction yields. In this investigation, we explore the application of a packed bed reactor (PBR) and demonstrate its superior performance, resulting in a calcium extraction enhancement of 27% to 55% relative to SBRs, across AN concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 mol/kg, at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. The PBR’s superior performance can be attributed to the more compact design, enabling longer dissolution times, and to the continuous supply of fresh solvent, effectively reducing solubility limitations. The impact of key operating parameters (AN concentration, liquid flow rate and extraction time) are systemically assessed experimentally, accurately modelled using a shrinking-core model, and illustrated in process performance maps. Furthermore, this research highlights the significance of ammonium nitrate recovery from the wet solids after filtration to ensure the process’s environmental viability. The packed bed reactor (PBR) functions as an integrated filter, facilitating the straightforward recovery of 80% of the trapped ammonium nitrate solution through simple water flushing. In conclusion, the utilisation of PBRs in indirect mineral carbonation presents an innovative and efficient approach for enhancing calcium extraction while addressing environmental concerns through ammonium nitrate recovery. The applicability of PBRs extends beyond recycled concrete aggregates, and could also be successfully applied for other coarse industrial residues such as steel slags.

Evaluation of the physical properties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit extract tablets using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder agent

Background: Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, also known as andaliman, is a traditional herb utilized predominantly as a spice. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which exhibit analgesic activities.&#x0D; Objective: This study aims to develop a tablet formulation of andaliman fruit extract, employing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 as a binder, utilizing the wet granulation method.&#x0D; Method: The andaliman fruit was processed to extract its components using 96% ethanol. The extract, at a concentration of 100 mg, was then formulated into three different tablet formulations, varying in PVP K-30 concentration: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). These formulations were analyzed for granule characteristics and physical properties of the tablets.&#x0D; Results: Granule testing confirmed that all formulations met the requirements for quality granules. Among the formulations, F1 (1% PVP concentration) demonstrated superior physical properties: size uniformity of 1.22±0.00 cm, weight uniformity of 518.53±10.15 mg, friability of 0.45±0.01%, hardness of 6.34±0.05 kg, and disintegration time of 9.42±0.90 minutes.&#x0D; Conclusion: The tablet formulation of Andaliman fruit extract with 1% PVP K-30 exhibited the most favorable physical properties, suggesting its potential viability for further development and testing. This study lays the groundwork for exploring Andaliman fruit-based analgesic tablets.

Oral fast dissolving films for co-administration of breviscapine and matrine: Formulation optimization and in vitro characterization

Oral fast dissolving films (OFDFs) are popular dosage forms for enhanced oral absorption of active ingredients without experiencing gastrointestinal interference or first-pass metabolism. The primary challenge in OFDF design is balancing drug loading capacity with film properties, particularly for poorly soluble drugs. In the present work, an OFDF formulation containing co-amorphous mixture was successfully designed for co-administration of two natural products at a drug content of 14%. Breviscapine and matrine are commonly used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular related diseases, but their clinical application was limited by low bioavailability, short biological half-life, and instability problems. Their co-administration as a compound remedy requires a novel product too enhance drug dissolution and patient compliance. A 33 Box-Behnken design was used to generate OFDF preparations by solvent casting method. The optimized blank film formulation, comprising 57.40% HPMC E50, 14.01% PEG 400 and 5.35% L-HPC, demonstrated a rapid disintegration in 18 s. XRD and FTIR analysis on drug-loaded films revealed good compatibility of drugs and polymers, and amorphous state of films with co-precipitates. The films were evaluated for morphology, folding endurance, disintegration time and in vitro BRE dissolution. Drugs incorporation extended the disintegration time of blank films, yet remained under 30 s. The co-amorphous mixture of BRE and MAT in films exhibited a faster BRE dissolution rate compared to the physical mixture. In conclusion, a compound OFDF formulation featuring a co-amorphous mixture of BRE and MAT offers an efficient strategy for hydrophobic drug delivery at high dose.

QUALITY BY DESIGN SUPPORTED CONSTRUCTION OF ORAL FAST-DISSOLVING FILMS FOR TELMISARTAN: RECONNOITERING THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES

Objective: The angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan (TMS) is often used to treat hypertension. The BCS class II antihypertensive drug TMS has a low solubility, poorly absorbed when taken orally. The goal of this study was to formulate an oral fast-dissolving film (OFDF) of TMS. In recent years, the concept of a rapidly dissolving dosage form as an innovative delivery system has gained popularity. By decreasing dosing frequency, maximize therapeutic effectiveness, bioavailability, and stability. It will also prevent the drugs from being metabolized in the first place. This technique allows for faster drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which might result in a more rapid onset of action. Methods: An experimental design known as Box-Behnken was employed to optimize a OFDF. Mango kernel (100-300 mg), maltodextrin (200-350 mg), and propylene glycol (PG) (15-30%) were chosen as independent variables with the highest preference. Included measurements of T5 tensile strength, disintegration time, folding endurance, elongation, and drug release efficiency as dependent variables. Results: The physical properties of the films were found to be satisfactory, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis failed to detect any drug-polymer interaction. F4 was found to have the greatest bioadhesive strength of 49.82 gm and the longest ex-vivo mucoadhesion duration of 189 min. A higher concentration of mango kernel in the formulation resulted in a greater rate of drug release. More than 60% of the drug was discharged within 10 min. Conclusion: The oral mucosa of a rat was used for ex-vivo for irritation studies. Based on the pharmacokinetic plasma parameters, which is made into quick-dissolving films that are taken by mouth, is much better absorbed than aqueous suspensions. Studies of the enhanced formulation's stability showed that F4 may be stored for up to three months without deterioration.

Geometry impact on fundamental properties of theophylline-containing SLS printed pharmaceutical tablets

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) has the potential to offer a more accurate alternative to current-practice manipulation of oral dosage forms for pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagia-suffering patient groups. In order to create the best possible dosage forms for these patient groups, an in-depth look into how a dosage forms geometry impacts the overall properties is essential. In this study, the impact of geometry on SLS manufactured oral dosage forms on the tablet’s microstructure, actual-to-theoretical volume, mass deviation, disintegration, and dissolution was investigated. Three different shapes; cylinder, hollow cylinder, and conical frustum with similar surface area (SA), as well as three cylinders with different diameters, were investigated. The results indicate that the geometry has an impact on the mass uniformity, resultant volume, disintegration, and dissolution properties of the tablets. The mass uniformity analysis of the tablets provided the most variation between tablets of different sizes, with more uniformity for tablets with similar SA-to-volume ratio (SA/V). When examining the actual-to-theoretical volume of the tablets, a greater variance between the actual and theoretical volumes for shapes with higher overall SA was observed. The values found are approximately 1.05 for the three differently sized cylinders, 1.23 for the conical frustum, and 1.44 for the hollow cylinder, following this trend. Disintegration data supported a link between SA/V and average disintegration time, observed with the tablet of the highest SA/V disintegrating in 12 s and the tablet with the lowest SA/V disintegrating in 58 s. Dissolution results also indicated a strong dependence on SA/V. Hence, when novel ways to produce oral dosage form tablets become available by additive manufacturing, such as SLS, both geometry and SA/V must be taken into consideration in the tablet design process to ensure appropriate release kinetics and dosing standards.