Disease In Korean Adults Research Articles

The increased amount of coffee consumption lowers the incidence of fatty liver disease in Korean men

Background and aimsCoffee is known to have a beneficial effect on various liver diseases. The aim of this retrospective longitudinal study was to investigate an association between the amount of coffee consumption and the incidence of fatty liver disease in Korean adults. Methods and resultsData from a total of 91,436 male and female subjects with the mean follow-up period of 2.8 years were analyzed. The incidence of fatty liver was not associated with the amount of coffee consumption at baseline, but it was associated with the change in the amount of coffee consumption at the follow-up period. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that hazard ratios for incidence of fatty liver disease were significantly low in “increase” group comparing with “no change” group in fully adjusted model. When a subgroup analysis by gender was conducted, similar significant results were observed in male subjects, but not in females. ConclusionsThe increment in the amount of coffee consumption is associated with the lower incidence of fatty liver in Korean men and suggests that increasing the coffee consumption may have a protective effect on fatty liver.

Association between oral health status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korean adults

This study aimed to elucidate the association between oral health status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korean adults (≥ 40years old) using a representative national dataset from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (6th KNHANES, 2013-2015). Participants aged ≥ 40years from the 6th KNHANES who had received an oral and pulmonary function tests (N=7719) were included in this study. The participant characteristics according to COPD were compared using t-test and chi-squared test. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between oral health status and COPD. Participants with poor periodontal status exhibited a higher prevalence of COPD. Moreover, patients with COPD had a greater number of missing teeth than those without COPD. The logistic regression model adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, health- and oral health-related factors showed that the periodontal status was not significantly associated with COPD, while participants with more missing teeth had a significantly increased possibility of having COPD. This study revealed that loss of teeth in adults aged ≥ 40years was associated with COPD.

The effects of hidden female smokers on the association between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korean adults

ObjectiveSmoking is an important causative factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and females are considered more susceptible to the effects of smoking than males. However, in previous Korean studies, the effects of sex differences on the association between smoking and COPD have been controversial. In this study, the effects of sex differences on the association between smoking and COPD and the effects of female hidden smokers on that association in Korean adults were investigated. MethodsData were acquired from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). ResultsThe multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that self-reported smoking status for ex-smoker and current smoker correlated with COPD (odds ratio, OR: 1.67 and OR: 2.41, respectively). Self-reported smoking status for ex-smoker and current smoker correlated with COPD in men (OR: 1.61, OR: 2.43, respectively). Female self-reported current smoking status correlated with COPD (OR: 2.52), but female ex-smoker status was not significantly correlated with COPD. The ratios of cotinine-verified to self-reported smoking rates were 1.95 for women and 1.07 for men. ConclusionThe results of this study were that sex differences might affect the association between COPD and smoking and that female hidden smoking might affect the association between smoking and COPD in Korean adults.

Association between Hypothyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults: A Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013–2015

Association between Hypothyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults: A Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013–2015

The Joint Effects of Some Beverages Intake and Smoking on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korean Adults: Data Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2015.

Some beverages and smoking cause an inflammatory response in the lungs and airways in a similar way, ultimately affecting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurrence. Using a nationally representative health survey database, this study investigates the individual and joint effects of consumption of different beverages and smoking on COPD. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 15,961 Korean adults in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey of 2008–2015. COPD was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) divided by forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.70. We used multiple linear and logistic regression models to examine the association of beverage consumption and smoking with an FEV1/FVC ratio and odds ratio (OR) for COPD. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio decreased with increasing soda intake (p = 0.016), coffee intake (p = 0.031), and smoking status; however, the mean FEV1/FVC ratio increased with increasing green tea intake frequency (p = 0.029). When soda intake increased to 10 times/month, the OR of having COPD increased to 1.04 times (95% CI: 1.01, 1.07). The positive joint effect of soda intake and smoking on COPD was marginally significant (p = 0.058). We found that soda intake, coffee intake, and smoking increased airflow limitation while green tea intake decreased it. In addition, soda intake and smoking had a positive joint effect on COPD in the Korean population.

The Influence of Smoking Behavior on Chronic Diseases in Korean Adults

The Influence of Smoking Behavior on Chronic Diseases in Korean Adults

Association between green areas and allergic disease in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundAlthough many epidemiological studies have reported the inverse associations between greenness and health outcomes, inconsistent associations in allergic diseases remain an issue. We aimed to identify associations between greenness and allergic diseases among Korean adults.MethodsIn total, 219,298 adults from the 2009 Korea Community Health Survey were included in this study. Individuals' allergy-related conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis, were evaluated. To identify the amount of green areas (m2) per capita in each administrative region, we used the 2009 data for green areas from the Korean Statistical Information Service.ResultsThe risk for atopic dermatitis in the highest quartile of green areas was significantly lower compared with that of the lowest quartile. Physician's diagnosis and current treatment of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 0.82 (0.73–0.91) and 0.77 (0.64–0.92), respectively. Similarly, the association results for allergic rhinitis showed that the highest level of green areas was significantly associated with a decreased risk of allergic rhinitis in full-adjustment model quartiles. Physician's diagnosis and current treatment of OR (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.89–0.99) and 0.91 (0.82–1.00), respectively.ConclusionsWe observed inverse associations of green areas with atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis in Korean adults.

Association between sugary snacking habits and oral disease in Korean adults

Association between sugary snacking habits and oral disease in Korean adults

국민건강영양조사(2016∼2017년) 자료에 기초한 성인의 관상동맥질환 영향 요인

This study is a secondary data analysis to identify factors affecting coronary artery disease in Korean adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data were analyzed 5573 subjects from the 1st and 2nd year (2016 ~ 2017) National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, except for no response or missing. According to the analysis method of complex sampling design method, SPSS / WIN 21.0 program was used to analyze complex sample descriptive statistics, Rao-Scott X² test, and complex sample logistic regression. In demographic factors, gender, age, and health-related factors include body mass index, depression, dyslipidemia, biochemical factors, total cholesterol, and lifestyle-related smoking were associated with coronary artery disease. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the importance of preventing coronary artery disease and to develop and apply a program for effective health care.

Association between Diabetes and Chewing Problems and Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults

Association between Diabetes and Chewing Problems and Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults

Dose-response relationship between gamma-glutamyltransferase and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in Korean adults

Background and aimsThe value of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the putative mechanisms underlying its association with cardiovascular disease is unclear. This study examined whether serum GGT value has an independent association and dose-response relationship with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). MethodsThis observational study included 419,433 subjects from the National Health Insurance Service database. Serum GGT levels were classified into sex-specific quartiles. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the effect of serum GGT values on the risk of ASCVD. We quantified associations of the serum GGT quartile groups with risk of ASCVD or each subtype through multivariate sub-distribution hazard models adjusted for covariates at baseline. ResultsDuring 4,572,993.8 person-years of follow-up for ASCVD, we documented 40,359 (9.6%) incident cases of ASCVD. The highest serum GGT group had a significant association with ASCVD in contrast to the lowest serum GGT quartile group (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–1.27). Serum GGT quartile groups 2, 3, and 4 had a significantly higher risk for incident hemorrhagic stroke than the serum GGT quartile group 1 (Q 2: HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.83–1.02; Q 3: HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.93–1.15; Q 4: HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.16–1.42; p for trend <0.001). For ischemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction, non-linear trends were shown according to increasing log-transformed GGT values. In the dose-response trends to assess the interaction effect of obese status, differences of trends were shown between serum GGT level and IHD or hemorrhagic stroke. ConclusionsThe serum GGT value, which is known as a factor linked to cardiovascular diseases, has a strong independent association and dose-response relationship with hemorrhagic stroke risk in contrast to that with ischemic stroke or IHD.

Total cholesterol and mortality from ischemic heart disease and overall cardiovascular disease in Korean adults.

It is not completely clear whether "the lower, the better" cholesterol hypothesis for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) can be applied to general populations with a low risk of heart disease mortality.We prospectively followed up 503,340 Koreans who participated in routine health checkups during 2002-2003 until 2013 via linkage to national mortality records.Nonlinear associations with total cholesterol (TC) were found: U-curves for overall CVD (I00-I99; nadir at 180-200 mg/dL) and a reverse-L-curve for IHD (I20-I25). Assuming a linear association in the lower range (<200 mg/dL), TC was inversely associated with CVD mortality (HR per 39 mg/dL [1 mmol/L] increase = 0.90). In the upper range (200-349 mg/dL), TC was positively associated with CVD mortality, largely due to IHD (HR = 1.19), especially acute myocardial infarction (HR = 1.23). The associations were generally similar in men versus women and in middle-aged (40-64 years) versus elderly (≥65 years) adults.TC levels of 180-200 mg/dL were associated with the lowest CVD mortality. Below 200 mg/dL, TC had no graded positive associations with IHD mortality. It remains unclear whether the lowest cholesterol levels are associated with the least mortality from CVD and IHD in Korean adults with a low risk of heart disease.

Association between obesity-related indicators and prevalence of chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study of 13,155 Korean adults

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity-related indicators such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and chronic diseases in Korean adults. MethodsData from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 6th) from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed. The total of 13,155 participants were selected for this analysis. The primary analysis was based on Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify that BMI and ABSI were related to prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, the OR for hypertension of ABSI Q3 was significantly lower than the reference group (ABSI Q1), but there were not statistically significant in diabetes and dyslipidemia (Diabetes: OR 0.888, 95%CI 0.641–1.231; Hypertension: OR 0.723, 95% CI 0.555–0.942; Dyslipidemia: OR 0.959, 95%CI 0.717–1.282). According to BMI, adjusted OR of overweight group was significantly higher in diabetes (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), hypertension (OR: 1.889, 95% CI:1.533–2.328) and dyslipidemia (OR: 1.330, 95% CI: 1.059–1.670) than that of reference group (Normal). ConclusionDespite the limitation of using BMI as a obesity-related indicator, due to the fact that muscle and fat accumulation is not considered, BMI is a better anthropometry investigator of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia for Koreans than ABSI.

Dietary Proportion of Protein from Plant Sources in Relation to the Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study (P18-083-19)

ObjectivesDiet is an important determinant of chronic kidney disease (CKD) development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of proportion of dietary protein from plant sources with the risk of incident CKD in a population-based prospective study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of proportion of dietary protein from plant sources with the risk of incident CKD in a population-based prospective study. MethodsThis study analyzed data from the Health Examinee (HEXA) cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) between 2005 and 2012 for 148,534 individuals who were initially free of CKD and aged 40–69 years. Baseline diet was assessed by a validated FFQ. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated, using the CKD–EPI equation, and CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the risk for incident according to dietary proportion of protein from plant sources. ResultsThe mean of plant protein-total protein ratio was 59.1 ± 13.52%. There were 1041 cases of incident CKD over a median of 6.41 years of follow-up. After adjustment for demographic, clinical and dietary factors, the highest quartile of a proportion of dietary protein from plant sources was significantly associated with the development of incident CKD (HR comparing fourth to first quartile, 0.738; 95%CI, 0.583–0.933) in men, but not in women. ConclusionsWe observed that a diet with higher proportion of protein from plant sources is associated with decreased risk of incident CKD in men. This study provides evidence suggesting a potential protective effect of plant protein sources against the development of CKD. Funding SourcesN/A.

Dairy Food Consumption is Inversely Associated with the Prevalence of Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults.

Dairy food consumption is known to be inversely associated with periodontal disease. However, there are conflicting results depending on the type of dairy foods. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between individual dairy food consumption and periodontal disease. A total of 9798 Korean adults, aged ≥30 years, who participated in the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study’s analysis. Dairy food consumption was measured by the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Periodontal disease was defined as Community Periodontal Index score ≥3 in more than one of six sextants. Frequent intake of dairy foods (≥7 servings/week) was associated with a 24% lower prevalence of periodontal disease compared with never consumers after adjustment for age, gender, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diabetes mellitus status, calcium intake, tooth brushing frequency, and use of dental floss (Odds ratio (OR)= 0.76, 95% CI = 0.63–0.91, p for trend = 0.052). Also, frequent intake of milk (≥7 servings/week) was associated with a 26% lower prevalence of periodontal disease after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61–0.89, p for trend = 0.022). Frequent consumption of dairy food including milk may have a beneficial effect on periodontal disease in the Korean adult population.

Triglyceride Glucose Index Is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults.

BackgroundRecently, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been considered a surrogate marker of insulin resistance which is a well-known pathogenic factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD and the effectiveness of the TyG index compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in identifying NAFLD in Korean adults.MethodsParticipants of 4,986 who underwent ultrasonography in a health promotion center were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2], and HOMA-IR was estimated. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in metabolic parameters among the quartiles of the TyG index. The prevalence of NAFLD significantly increased with increment in the TyG index. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was performed. When the highest and lowest quartiles of the TyG index and HOMA-IR were compared, the odds ratios for the prevalence of NAFLD were 2.94 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 2.32 to 3.72 and 1.43 to 2.61; both P for trend <0.01), respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD.ConclusionThe TyG index and prevalence of NAFLD were significantly related and the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD in Korean adults.

Study on relationship between caffeine intake level and metabolic syndrome and related diseases in Korean adults: 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

본 연구는 2013 ~ 2016년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 19세 이상 성인의 카페인 섭취 수준이 대사증후군발생에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 실시하였다. 카페인섭취 수준을 평가하기 위해 2014년 식품의약품안전평가원에서 수행한 주요급원식품의 카페인 함량 분석자료를 활용하여 1인당 카페인 섭취량과 주요급원식품을 통한 카페인 섭취량을 산출한 후 대사증후군 발생의 위험에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 만 19세 이상 성인의 하루 평균 카페인 섭취량은 41.97 ㎎ 이었고, 각 군별 평균 카페인 섭취량은 Q1 0 ㎎, Q2 1.42 ㎎ (0 ~ 3.66 ㎎), Q3 6.94 ㎎ (3.99 ~ 12.31 ㎎), Q4 21.65 ㎎ (12.31 ~ 45.81 ㎎), Q5군 154.41 ㎎ (≥ 45.81 ㎎)으로 나타나 상위 20%에 해당하는 대상자들만이 하루 45.81 ㎎ 이상의 카페인을 섭취하였다. 카페인 섭취의 주요 급원식품은 커피, 탄산음료 및 기타음료, 차류의 순이었으며, 이들 식품을 통한 카페인 섭취량은 97% 정도 이었다. 카페인 섭취 수준에 따라 대사적 지표 및 대사증후군에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 성, 연령 이외 이들 대사적 지표 발생에 영향을 미칠수 있는 교육수준, 음주, 흡연, 신체활동, 에너지 및 당 섭취량에 보정 후 카페인 섭취량은 대사증후군, 고혈압, 저 HDL-콜레스테롤혈증 및 복부비만에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 당뇨병과 고중성지방혈증의 경우 Q1군에 비해 Q3군에서 각각 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63 ~ 0.93), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77 ~ 0.98)를 보였고, Q4군에서는 각각 0.66 (95% CI: 0.53 ~ 0.82), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73 ~ 0.94)로 나타나 하루 3.66 ~ 45.81 ㎎ 정도의 카페인 섭취는 당뇨병 및 고중성지방혈증의 낮은 유병률과 관련이 있었다. 본 연구결과 적 정수준의 카페인 섭취는 당뇨병과 고중성지방혈증의 낮은 유병률과 관련이 있으므로 건강 유지에 도움이 되는 적정수준의 카페인 섭취량 선정 시 가이드라인으로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Association between Three Heavy Metals and Dry Eye Disease in Korean Adults: Results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

PurposeTo investigate the associations between blood heavy metal concentrations and dry eye disease using a Korean population-based survey.MethodsThis study included 23,376 participants >40 years of age who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2012. Blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were measured in all participants. The associations between blood heavy metal concentrations and dry eye disease were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, lifestyle behaviors and sociodemographic factors, the analyses revealed an increased odds ratio (OR) for dry eye disease with higher blood mercury concentrations (tertile 2: OR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.64; tertile 3: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.89; p = 0.039). The prevalence of dry eye disease was not associated with blood lead (tertile 2: OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.51; tertile 3: OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.16; p = 0.283) or cadmium (tertile 2: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.44; tertile 3: OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.58; p = 0.389) concentrations. There were no significant associations between any of the three heavy metals and dry eye disease in males after adjusting for potential confounding factors, but blood mercury concentrations in females were associated with dry eye disease (tertile 2: OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.69; tertile 3: OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.24; p = 0.009).ConclusionsMercury concentrations in blood were associated with dry eye disease. Our results suggested that controlling environmental exposure to mercury may be necessary to reduce the incidence of dry eye disease.

Dietary patterns are associated with the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults.

There is minimal research on the effect of overall dietary patterns on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the Korean population. The present study investigated the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on participants who visited a health care center for a health checkup. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to the participants to assess their food intake, and factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Relationships between the dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD were evaluated. A total of 331 of the 1190 participants (27.8%) analyzed were diagnosed with NAFLD. Three factors were generated and defined as the traditional pattern, Western and high-carbohydrate pattern, and simple meal pattern using a factor analysis procedure. The traditional pattern revealed a positive correlation with NAFLD, and the simple meal pattern exhibited an inverse correlation with NAFLD. We adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, waist circumference, smoking status, total energy intake, diabetes, and hypertension, and participants in the highest quartile of the traditional dietary pattern exhibited a higher prevalence of NAFLD (P for trend = 0.0373; odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.08) than participants in the lowest quartile. Participants in highest quintile of the simple meal pattern exhibited a decreased risk of NAFLD compared with the lowest quintile (P for trend = 0.0233; odds ratio 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.34-1.00). The traditional dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD, and the simple meal pattern was associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD in the Korean population. This finding supports the use of dietary patterns to predict the risk of NAFLD and potentially serve as a dietary prevention strategy in individuals who are at high risk of developing NAFLD.

Relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease in Korean adults: Data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013 to 2015.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease using data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013 to 2015). Of 22,948 KNHANES participants, 14,264 who were aged ≥19 years and responded to questions pertaining to periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed. Periodontal status was measured using the Community Periodontal Index. The authors used a complex sampling analysis by applying an individual sampling weighting to maintain the rolling survey sampling method. To determine the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease, a Chi-squared test was performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed after controlling for selected variables to determine relevance. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with periodontal disease was 1.6%, which was higher than in individuals without periodontal disease (1.5%). The prevalence of periodontal disease in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis was 28.4%, which was higher than in subjects without rheumatoid arthritis (27.9%). The risk for periodontal disease was 1.64 times higher in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis than in those without rheumatoid arthritis. Regardless of age or sex, the risk for periodontal disease was 1.97 times higher in the presence of rheumatoid arthritis. However, other logistic regression analysis models, when adjusted for socioeconomic-, health-, and oral health-related factors, did not yield statistically significant findings. The study results suggest a possible relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Further large cohort studies investigating causal relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease are needed.