Discrete Behavior Research Articles

Control of three‐level bidirectional buck‐boost converter for battery energy storage system in bi‐polar DC microgrid

AbstractThis paper deals with the model predictive current control of a three‐level bidirectional buck‐boost converter for a battery energy storage system in a bi‐polar direct current (DC) microgrid. It comprises a solar photovoltaic system, a wind energy system, a battery and DC loads. The proposed control scheme provides voltage balance and voltage regulation at the bi‐polar DC link during dynamic operating conditions, such as variations in solar irradiance, wind velocity and load. Predictive current control utilises the converter's discrete behaviour to identify the suitable switching states that minimise the cost function. Furthermore, bidirectional power flow capabilities allow the connection of energy storage devices, such as batteries and ultra‐capacitors, to the bi‐polar DC microgrid. The proposed system is verified through simulations and validated on a lab‐scale prototype. The results have been found satisfactory with respect to steady‐state error, peak overshoot, and settling time.

Analysis of Piano Online Teaching System Based on Maximum Logarithm MPA Algorithm Technology

The application of computer technology has revolutionized and promoted the traditional mode of piano teaching. Nowadays, many companies and institutions have begun to apply computer technology to online piano teaching. This paper analyzes the difficulties faced by students in piano teaching and the development of piano assistant practice and summarizes the demands of parents, teachers, students, and principals for online piano teaching system. Based on this, this paper designs and implements an online piano teaching system without special hardware. This system improves the existing maximum logarithm MPa algorithm and improves the detection performance while keeping the complexity low. Combined with the special structure of parallel projection, a generalized automaton model of hybrid system is proposed, and five elements are used to describe the continuous and discrete behaviors in the hybrid subsystem. It not only keeps the advantage of low complexity of the original Max log MPa algorithm, but also obtains better detection performance.

Microscopic insights into suction bucket installation in sand: Coupled coarse-grained CFD-DEM simulations

Suction bucket foundations are being used for a wide variety of offshore foundations. However, accurate modeling of its installation remains challenging due to the complexity of soil transportation, in which the soil is typically treated as a continuum and its discrete behavior is neglected. In this paper, the bucket foundation installation in the sand under different installation methods (i.e., jacked and suction-assisted installation) is investigated from a microscopic perspective (i.e., particle scale) based on the three-dimensional coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and coarse-grained discrete element method (CGDEM). It is found that the CFD-CGDEM method can successfully simulate the bucket installation process. Suction-assisted installation results in a significant reduction in the inner skirt friction resistance and end resistance, while the outer skirt friction resistance shows only a minor decrease. During suction-assisted installation, soil loosening inside the bucket contributes more significantly to the soil plug formation compared to the inflow of external soil. Compared to jacked installation, the seepage induces a significant reduction in the effective stress of soil within the interior and below the bucket tip, while it increases the effective stress outside slightly under suction-assisted installation. The work provides an alternative research approach for the suction bucket installation.

Numerical study on microscopic behaviour of non-crushable cemented granular media subjected to direct shear test

ABSTRACT Granular media, though discontinuous and heterogeneous, exhibit discrete behaviour at the grain scale and continuum behaviour at the macroscopic level. Understanding the correlation between micro-macro-mechanical parameters is crucial. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) effectively bridges this micro-macro-mechanical gap. This study simulates the Direct Shear Test (DST) using DEM software PFC2D on synthetic cemented granular media (CGM) under varying normal loads and strain rates. It examines micromechanical features and correlates them with macroscopic observations, focusing on confinement pressure and strain-rate dependency. Significant volumetric dilation is observed during shearing at low normal loads, which diminishes at higher normal loads. Particle-scale shear mobilization is explored through shear band formation in the sample. Grain-scale contact force distribution is highly heterogeneous throughout the sample. A probability distribution study is carried out to explore the bond breakage effect on the global response, which confirms the bond breakage to be a pressure and strain-dependent phenomenon.

Origin of discrete resistive switching in chemically heterogeneous vanadium oxide crystals.

Phase changes in oxide materials such as VO2 offer a foundational platform for designing novel solid-state devices. Tuning the V : O stoichiometry offers a vast electronic phase space with non-trivial collective properties. Here, we report the observation of discrete threshold switching voltages (Vth) with constant ΔVth between cycles in vanadium oxide crystals. The observed threshold fields over 10 000 cycles are ∼100× lower than that noted for stoichiometric VO2 and show unique discrete behaviour with constant ΔVth. We correlate the observed discrete memristor behaviour with the valence change mechanism and fluctuations in the chemical composition of spatially distributed VO2-VnO2n-1 complex oxide phases that can synergistically co-operate with the insulator-metal transition resulting in sharp current jumps. The design of chemical heterogeneity in oxide crystals, therefore, offers an intriguing path to realizing low-energy neuromorphic devices.

Gravitational collapse via Wheeler–DeWitt equation

We analyze the Wheeler–DeWitt (WDW) equation in the context of a gravitational collapse. The physics of an expanding/collapsing universe and many details of a collapsing star can classically be described by the Robertson–Walker metric in which the WDW equation takes the form of a times-less Schrödinger equation. We set up the corresponding WDW potential for the collapse and study the solutions of the wave function. The results show that the central singularity appearing in classical general relativity is avoided, the density is quantized in terms of the Planck density and the expectation value of the scale factor exhibits a discrete behavior.

Evaluating an inclusive program for promoting equal-status participation in classrooms with high sociolinguistic diversity: diversity valuation and multilingual cooperative activities.

The inclusion of students with diverse heritage languages is an emerging issue in all OECD countries due to the global rise in international migration. With regard to their large cultural and linguistic heterogeneity, primary school classes in the French-speaking region of Switzerland are extraordinary grounds to develop inclusive teaching in context of high diversity. This research-action aims to enhance students' status among their peers and promote equal-status participation in academic activities in such classes. The research perspective focuses on valuing diversity within classes and emphasizing students' linguistic competence through cooperative activities. The tested inclusive program places value on linguistic diversity and proposes multilingual cooperative activities that involve students' family languages and require the contributions of all students. The research was conducted over the course of a school year, involving 3rd-4th grade students. It compared the evolution students' status among peers (being chosen as a groupmate for play and work) from the beginning to the end of the school year in four classes with the inclusive program (N = 77) and four control classes without the inclusive program (N = 62). The results indicated expected changes in status: status increased in classes with the inclusive program, while it decreased in classes without the program. Moreover, the intervention specifically supported the status of vulnerable pupils. In classes with the inclusive program, students with initially low status experienced the greatest improvement, whereas in control classes, there was no correlation between initial status and changes in status. At the beginning of the school year, across all classes, students with low status participated passively, experiencing higher levels of exclusion and displaying more discrete behavior, highlighting potential initial status-problems issues. This pattern persisted in control classes without the inclusive program, where low-status students were more likely to remain passive, while initially high- status students were more likely to become leaders. In contrast, with the inclusive program, the relationship between status and participation diminished by the end of the year. These findings suggest that the inclusive program contributed to reducing status-related problems and promoting more equal-status participation.

Complex adaptive learning cortical neural network systems for solving time-fractional difference equations with bursting and mixed-mode oscillation behaviours

Complex networks have been programmed to mimic the input and output functions in multiple biophysical algorithms of cortical neurons at spiking resolution. Prior research has demonstrated that the ineffectual features of membranes can be taken into account by discrete fractional commensurate, non-commensurate and variable-order patterns, which may generate multiple kinds of memory-dependent behaviour. Firing structures involving regular resonator chattering, fast, chaotic spiking and chaotic bursts play important roles in cortical nerve cell insights and execution. Yet, it is unclear how extensively the behaviour of discrete fractional-order excited mechanisms can modify firing cell attributes. It is illustrated that the discrete fractional behaviour of the Izhikevich neuron framework can generate an assortment of resonances for cortical activity via the aforesaid scheme. We analyze the bifurcation using fragmenting periodic solutions to demonstrate the evolution of periods in the framework’s behaviour. We investigate various bursting trends both conceptually and computationally with the fractional difference equation. Additionally, the consequences of an excitable and inhibited Izhikevich neuron network (INN) utilizing a regulated factor set exhibit distinctive dynamic actions depending on fractional exponents regulating over extended exchanges. Ultimately, dynamic controllers for stabilizing and synchronizing the suggested framework are shown. This special spiking activity and other properties of the fractional-order model are caused by the memory trace that emerges from the fractional-order dynamics and integrates all the past activities of the neuron. Our results suggest that the complex dynamics of spiking and bursting can be the result of the long-term dependence and interaction of intracellular and extracellular ionic currents.

Digital Cognitive Assessment Leveraging the Boston Process Approach Can Flag Emergent Cognitive Decline in Individuals with Subtle and Mild Functional Disability

AbstractBackgroundEarly detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) is key to optimal management. Digital tests allow for the reliable capture of meaningful, process‐based neuropsychological test parameters that traditional paper/pencil measures fail to detect, thus enabling earlier detection. We assessed how subtle functional decline relates to process features extracted from the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) and the digital Trail Making Test‐Part B (dTrB).Methods629 community dwelling participants (58.5% female) were assessed with the Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ), the MMSE, the digital clock drawing test (dCDT) and the digital Trail Making Test‐Part B (dTrB). Three FAQ groups were constructed: FAQ = 0‐2 (minimal functional disability, n = 490); FAQ = 3‐5 (subtle functional disability, n = 90); FAQ = 6‐8 (mild functional disability, n = 49).ResultsParticipants with minimal functional disability were younger (p = 0.027) and scored better on the MMSE (p = 0.001) than other groups. Groups were equated for education. dCDT command/copy component placement was more accurate among participants with minimal functional disability compared to other groups (command dCDT p = 0.001 versus mild functional disability; copy dCDT p = 0.006 versus both subtle and mild functional disability). On the dTrB, participants with minimal disability drew faster than those with subtle or mild disability (mean stroke velocity, p = 0.001). Analyses for percent pen lift time found no difference between participants with minimal versus subtle disability; however, both groups differed from participants with mild disability (p = 0.001). Optimal group classification using stepwise nominal regression with the minimal functional disability group as the reference was achieved using dCDT copy component placement and dTrB mean stroke velocity (X 2 = 28.37, p = 0.001), where dTrB mean velocity entered first (X 2 = 17.73, p = 0.001) followed by dCDT copy component placement (X 2 = 11.19, p = 0.004). Both variables contributed comparably to group classification (Wald statistic range 5.82‐8.88, p = 0.012, respectively).ConclusionsThe digital assessment described above, targeting executive, scanning, visuoconstructional and motor domains, captures highly nuanced, discrete behaviors with precision/ operationalism heretofore unattainable. Consequently, it is reasonable to posit that digital cognitive assessments leveraging the Boston Process Approach can both objectively detect emergent cognitive impairment and infer its likely impact on functional activities, critical for practical assessment in clinical care.

SEM2: Introducing mechanics in cell and tissue modeling using coarse-grained homogeneous particle dynamics.

Modeling multiscale mechanics in shape-shifting engineered tissues, such as organoids and organs-on-chip, is both important and challenging. In fact, it is difficult to model relevant tissue-level large non-linear deformations mediated by discrete cell-level behaviors, such as migration and proliferation. One approach to solve this problem is subcellular element modeling (SEM), where ensembles of coarse-grained particles interacting via empirically defined potentials are used to model individual cells while preserving cell rheology. However, an explicit treatment of multiscale mechanics in SEM was missing. Here, we incorporated analyses and visualizations of particle level stress and strain in the open-source software SEM++ to create a new framework that we call subcellular element modeling and mechanics or SEM2. To demonstrate SEM2, we provide a detailed mechanics treatment of classical SEM simulations including single-cell creep, migration, and proliferation. We also introduce an additional force to control nuclear positioning during migration and proliferation. Finally, we show how SEM2 can be used to model proliferation in engineered cell culture platforms such as organoids and organs-on-chip. For every scenario, we present the analysis of cell emergent behaviors as offered by SEM++ and examples of stress or strain distributions that are possible with SEM2. Throughout the study, we only used first-principles literature values or parametric studies, so we left to the Discussion a qualitative comparison of our insights with recently published results. The code for SEM2 is available on GitHub at https://github.com/Synthetic-Physiology-Lab/sem2.

Analysis on the behavior of the logistic fixed effort harvesting model through the difference equation under uncertainty

ABSTRACT In this article, a logistic fixed effort harvesting model is architected in an imprecise, discrete dynamical frame of mathematical logic. The fuzzy difference equation explores the philosophy behind the computational structure that represents the underflowing discrete behaviour and uncertainty associated with the modelling through discrete calculus and fuzzy decision-making mechanisms. The nonlinear fuzzy difference equations with different initial conditions and coefficients as fuzzy numbers are manifested to recognize the model. Interestingly, the fuzzy difference equations identified in this article can be imparted into a system of crisp difference equations by the characterization theorem. The equilibrium points are traced, and their corresponding stability criteria are analyzed considering different fuzzy cases. The merits and applicability of the proposed theory have been validated through numerical simulation and graphical visualization.

Abstract 12915: Eye Tracking in the ECG: Exploring the Visual Behavior Patterns of Medical Students

Introduction: While a universal aspect of medical education, there are few validated teaching methods for ECG interpretation. Eye tracking technology applied to study visual patterns during ECG interpretation suggest that top performers localize the critical leads for diagnosis more effectively. No study, however, has analyzed visual behavior occurring within critical leads. Research Question: How does visual behavior of medical students within critical leads correlate with accuracy of ECG interpretation? Aims: We aimed to characterize the visual behavior of medical students interpreting ECGs to help inform future educational methods. Methods: 36 fourth-year students from one medical school completed 9 cases while visual behavior was tracked via a Tobii Pro Nano eyetracker and analyzed with iMotions software. Cases included a vignette and 12-lead ECG followed by viewing up to three critical leads. We included five morphologic abnormalities (e.g. LBBB) and four arrhythmias (e.g. AVNRT). Accuracy was assessed via multiple choice questions after viewing the 12-lead ECG alone and again after viewing critical leads. Dwell time, the time spent focused on a given lead, and fixation count, the number of discrete focuses > 60 ms, were analyzed via Mann-Whitney U testing. Data: 36.1% of students correctly interpreted all ECGs with morphologic abnormalities compared to 16.7% for arrhythmias. Within critical leads, there was a significant difference in average dwell time (2.62 vs 5.21 seconds (s), p <0.001) and fixation count (9.59 vs 16.5, p<0.001) between morphologic versus arrhythmia ECGs. Higher performers had decreased average dwell time and fixation count in critical leads compared to inaccurate interpreters for morphologic (2.39 vs 3.39 s, p=0.003; 8.92 vs 11.9 fixations, p<0.01) and arrhythmia (4.32 vs 7.04 s, p<0.01; 13.4 vs 22.7 fixations, p<0.01), respectively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that learners spend less focused time interpreting morphologic as compared to arrhythmia ECGs. Further, dwell times and fixation counts were lower amongst higher performers. Measurement of discrete visual behavior may provide a novel way to assess students’ pattern recognition skills and interpretation competency while also enhancing ECG didactic methods.

Behavior and activity pattern of Minuca osa (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) from Ponuga, Veraguas, Panama

From November 2022 to February 2023, observations to describe the behavior and the activity pattern of Minuca osa were conducted in Ponuga, Veraguas, Panamanian Pacific. Quadrants (5m²) over four substrate types were also laid and the number and burrow diameter were recorded for density and relative fiddler crab associations to the substrate. Nine discrete behaviors were observed, with feeding and locomotion being the most frequent. There was a significant difference in elapsed time and frequency proportions among behaviors. Combat and waving were male-exclusive behaviors, and more time was spent waving than in combat. Behaviors were displayed non-randomly throughout the observation period with highest frequency between 10:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. The sex ratio was skewed towards males (2.4:1), while the carapace width of males and females averaged 23.40 mm and 18.42 mm, respectively. Quadrants covered with Hymenocallis littoralis had the most burrows (20.45 burrows/m2) with the smallest diameter, while the largest diameter burrows were found in mixed-cover quadrants. Maximum temperature and monthly accumulated rain significantly influenced the number of active crabs on the surface.

Predicting moose behaviors from tri-axial accelerometer data using a supervised classification algorithm

BackgroundMonitoring the behavior of wild animals in situ can improve our understanding of how their behavior is related to their habitat and affected by disturbances and changes in their environment. Moose (Alces alces) are keystone species in their boreal habitats, where they are facing environmental changes and disturbances from human activities. How these potential stressors can impact individuals and populations is unclear, in part due to our limited knowledge of the physiology and behavior of moose and how individuals can compensate for stress and disturbances they experience. We collected data from collar-mounted fine-scale tri-axial accelerometers deployed on captive moose in combination with detailed behavioral observations to train a random forest supervised classification algorithm to classify moose accelerometer data into discrete behaviors. To investigate the generalizability of our model to collared new individuals, we quantified the variation in classification performance among individuals.ResultsOur machine learning model successfully classified 3-s accelerometer data intervals from 12 Alaskan moose (A. a. gigas) and two European moose (A. a. alces) into seven behaviors comprising 97.6% of the 395 h of behavioral observations conducted in summer, fall and spring. Classification performance varied among behaviors and individuals and was generally dependent on sample size. Classification performance was highest for the most common behaviors lying with the head elevated, ruminating and foraging (precision and recall across all individuals between 0.74 and 0.90) comprising 79% of our data, and lower and more variable among individuals for the four less common behaviors lying with head down or tucked, standing, walking and running (precision and recall across all individuals between 0.28 and 0.79) comprising 21% of our data.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the use of animal-borne accelerometer data to distinguish among seven main behaviors of captive moose and discuss generalizability of the results to individuals in the wild. Our results can support future efforts to investigate the detailed behavior of collared wild moose, for example in the context of disturbance responses, time budgets and behavior-specific habitat selection.

Numerical investigation of scour around the monopile using CFD-DEM coupling method

The risks posed by local scour around offshore monopile foundations are substantial and threaten the structural safety of these installations. It is therefore essential to study the mechanisms of local scour to mitigate these risks. Numerical simulation is an effective tool to help us understand the mechanisms of local scour. However, the accurate modeling of the local scour process remains to be challenging due to the complexity of sediment transportation, in which the continuity threatment of sediment phase is typically used, the discrete behavior of the sediment is hard to be described. Therefore, in this paper, in order to conduct the deepin investigation into the mechanism of the local scour around monopile, a three-dimensional CFD-DEM model was established by coupling the computational fluid dynamic method (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). To increase the efficiency and accuracy of the CFD-DEM model, the coarse grain method (CGM) was used to decrease the number of required DEM particles in the simulation, and the angle of repose was used to calibrate the contact parameters between DEM particles. During the validation process of the numerical model, it was found that the development of the scour depth and the morphology of scour pit obtained by the CFD-DEM model showed good agreement with the previously published results. The CFD-DEM simulation revealed that seepage-induced vertical drag force plays a crucial role in the initial stage of local scour. Two sediment transportation processes, "Pile toe erosion-Slope avalanche" and "Push-Accumulation-Wash", were observed and the relationship between bedload sediment flux and the Shields number was quantified. In the end of this paper, the critical evaluation of the CFD-DEM method was conducted.

Multi-Abstractive Neural Controller: An Efficient Hierarchical Control Architecture for Interactive Driving

As learning-based methods make their way from perception systems to planning/control stacks, robot control systems have started to enjoy the benefits that data-driven methods provide. Because control systems directly affect the motion of the robot, data-driven methods, especially black box approaches, need to be used with caution considering aspects such as stability and interpretability. In this paper, we describe a differentiable and hierarchical control architecture. The proposed representation, called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">multi-abstractive neural controller</i> , uses the input image to control the transitions within a novel discrete behavior planner (referred to as the visual automaton generative network, or <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">vAGN</i> ). The output of a vAGN controls the parameters of a set of dynamic movement primitives which provides the system controls. We train this neural controller with real-world driving data via behavior cloning and show improved explainability, sample efficiency, and similarity to human driving.

Translating and verifying Cyber–Physical systems with shared-variable concurrency in SpaceEx

Cyber–Physical systems (CPS), combining continuous physical behavior and discrete control behavior, have been widely utilized in recent years. However, the traditional modeling languages used to specify discrete systems are no longer applicable to CPS, since CPS subsume the combination of the cyber and the physical. To address this, a modeling language for CPS with shared-variable concurrency is proposed. In this paper, we introduce an extension to the classical configuration of transitions in Structural Operational Semantics (SOS), which adds an auxiliary variable “now” to the data state. Using this configuration, we present operational semantics for this language. Then, we propose a translation strategy from this language to hybrid automata to enable efficient verification for CPS. We give the detailed translation of basic commands and compound constructs formally, and the correctness of this translation is explored as well. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we provide an example of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and carry out the corresponding verification using SpaceEx. Compared with the existing work that uses SpaceEx for formal modeling and verification, the translation strategy from programs to automata not only allows any CPS described in this language to be modeled and verified based on the proposed strategy, but also indicates the semantic foundation on which formal verification depends.

Exploration of a novel environment is not correlated with object neophobia in wild-caught house sparrows (Passer domesticus)

Novel object, food, and environment trials have been widely used to understand how individual variation in neophobia (an aversion to novelty) relates to variation in endocrine, physiological, and ecological traits. However, what is often missing from these studies is an evaluation of whether an animal’s response to one type of neophobia test is reflective of its response to other neophobia tests. In this study we investigated whether spatial neophobia was significantly correlated with responses to a novel object paradigm. In spatial neophobia trials, wild-caught house sparrows (n = 23) were allowed access to a novel environment (an adjacent cage with familiar objects placed in new locations). Time to first enter and total time spent in the novel environment were assessed. In novel object trials, birds were exposed to a new novel object in, on, or near their food dish and time to approach and feed from the dish was measured. Results indicate that neither time spent in a novel environment nor time to first enter a novel environment were correlated with an individual’s average response to novel object trials. Therefore, these two tests may be assessing two discrete behaviors that involve separate decision-making processes and functional circuits in the brain.

Behavior‐specific habitat selection by raccoons in the Prairie Pothole Region of Manitoba

AbstractPatterns of resource selection depend upon an animal's behavioral state. Because management strategies are often crafted from an understanding of animal space use, incorporating behavior explicitly into analyses of resource selection has the potential to improve outcomes. In the Prairie Pothole Region of Manitoba, Canada, raccoons (Procyon lotor) are a nest predator of waterfowl, but it is unclear how raccoons use this landscape during the waterfowl nesting season. Our objective was to use high‐resolution global positioning system (GPS) telemetry to differentiate among behaviors by raccoons and evaluate behavior‐specific habitat selection during the waterfowl nesting season. We collected approximately 32,000 locations from 33 animals during the 2018, 2019, and 2021 nesting seasons, amounting to 632 animal‐night's worth of movement data. We used hidden Markov models (HMM) to fit 4‐state models to the movement trajectories, classified observations into discrete behaviors, and fit behavior‐specific random forest resource selection models to evaluate the relative importance of habitat features on selection. Proximity to a wetland was the most important variable contributing to selection for the resting, foraging, and slow travel states. Probability of use was as high as 95% within or immediately adjacent to a wetland for animals engaged in those behaviors, and our best HMM predicted increasing probability of switching from resting or foraging to directed travel with increasing distance from a wetland edge. Human‐use sites were also important to foraging animals, suggesting raccoons subsidize their diet with anthropogenic food resources during spring and summer. These results illuminate the complexity of habitat selection by a waterfowl predator in this patchy landscape, allowing managers to develop effective conservation strategies (e.g., wetland prioritization and conservation, elimination of anthropogenic subsidies) where raccoons are having a disproportionate effect during the waterfowl nesting season.

Numerical investigation on formation mechanism and flow law of droplet in T-junction by electric field

The mechanism of constant electric field regulation on droplet formation in a T-junction microchannel is investigated numerically, and the law of discrete phase fluid behavior in different viscosity systems is summarized. This research develops a two-phase-electrohydrodynamic solver in the OpenFOAM® framework. The solver uses a leaky medium model to simulate the microfluidic system and uses the volume of fluid method to trace the phase interface. It is found that the mechanism of droplet generation within the microfluidic system can be divided into squeeze and shear effect, where the shear mechanism will have transition to the squeeze mechanism under the influence of the electric field. Additionally, the effect of the electric field on the discrete phase fluid is significantly influenced by the viscosity of the continuous phase fluid. At low to medium viscosity, droplet length can be affected by wall shear resistance and undergo sudden changes at a certain electric field strength, but the mutation will decrease to disappear with the increase in the system viscosity. At high viscosity, droplets undergo significant agglomeration in the interaction of electric field force and viscous shear. Then, the regulating mechanism of constant electric field on a discrete phase fluid flow pattern in an ultra-high viscosity system is also studied. Finally, a map is proposed that adequately describes the variation of discrete phase fluid behavior with constant electric field strength with different continuous phase fluid viscosities.