Discourse Level Research Articles

Catholic Civics Education in the Early Cold War: Zeal for Democracy, Zeal for Christ

AbstractIn the late 1940s and 1950s American Catholic educators faced the dilemma of how to transmit Catholic faith and culture to the next generation while also reassuring their non‐Catholic neighbors that they were fully American in lifestyle and loyalties. This article examines one response to that dilemma: the convergence of public and Catholic school civics curricula through the widespread use of experiential pedagogy in Catholic civics education. Using a content analysis of civics textbooks and teacher's guides from both school systems, this article demonstrates how both kinds of schools converged on an experiential style of civics education, despite vocal opposition to “progressive” pedagogy at elite levels of Catholic educational discourse. The article then presents a partial explanation for this dissonance, demonstrating the moral certainty exhibited in the same Catholic‐school textbooks, and suggesting that Catholic educationists understood American Catholics to be morally privileged in a way that gave them special insight into American democracy and protected them from the negative influences of secular educational philosophy. This case study speaks to larger questions of how organizations manage conflicts between abstract principles and practical action, and suggests the value of including religious schools in the sociological study of “loose coupling” in educational organizations.

Borderline politics: Reading Nepal-India relations as ‘energohistory’

ABSTRACT This article takes recent work on energy into an historical analysis of Nepal-India border relations to reveal the consequences of unequal geopolitical positions between Nepal and India. This helps explain the recurrent tensions between the countries, despite their cultural and historical closeness. The article makes two independent but mutually supporting arguments. First, the concept ‘energopower’ would be productively expanded by more clearly encompassing labour as a form of energy supply. Second, bringing this perspective to bear in historical analyses of energy exchange and labour migration makes a timely contribution to historical anthropology. I suggest that this framing be called ‘energohistory’. This is put into practice through historical analyses of Indian trade ‘blockades’ on Nepal and through two case studies on the exchange of energy commodities and labour between the countries. ‘Energohistory’ reveals how energopower melds with biopower, from the past through to the present, flowing through high state politics to the level of everyday discourse.

Bordering through othering: On strategic ambiguity in the making of the EU-Turkey refugee deal

This article scrutinises the identity-constitutive role of bordering practices by taking EU-Turkey cooperation on border control and refugee governance as a case. Using Foucault's notion of dispositif, this empirically oriented contribution critically reflects on the link between bordering, othering, and the reification of identities. More specifically, it undertakes a Critical Discourse Analysis of the EU border dispositif to elucidate how material structures and socio-spatial practices and discourses are mobilised in the processes of bordering. Throughout this article, special attention is paid to the strategic uses of ambiguity in refugee governance. Examining strategic ambiguity operative at the level of discourse, in institutional and legal structures, and routine daily practices, the multifaceted approach adopted in this study extends the analysis beyond the impact of strategic ambiguity on refugee's living experiences. The analysis demonstrates that strategic ambiguity relates to multiple domains of refugee governance and becomes a practical ideological tool, a normalising procedure for norm-breaking practices. Providing multiple layers of distinct but mutually reinforcing critical exploration, this study demonstrates how accumulated layers of knowledge, imageries, and historical narratives support institutional, legal and administrative practices in the ambiguous time/space of the EU-Turkey refugee deal. The analysis also exposes how the EU border dispositif translates difference into otherness, and contributes to the construction of European identity through the othering of refugees.

MARKING INTERDISCURSIVITY / INTERTEXTUALITY IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

The article examines the concept of marking interdiscursiveness / intertextuality from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics, in particular, it defines four terms: a) “interdiscursiveness” is a phenomenon that demonstrates the interaction between discourses; it is an indicator of the residue in the discourse of previous discourses, which provide a kind of “preparation “, “raw material” for another discourse; b) “interdiscourse” is a discourse and ideological space in which discourse formations unfold with their relation of dominance, subordination and contradiction; c) “intertextuality” is the interaction of texts not only in terms of content, but also in terms of expression; it acts as a means by which one text actualizes another in its internal space; d) “intertext” is a product of secondary textual activity as a result of processes of secondary categorization of information, its new conceptualization and new representation. The concept of the triad “markedness – marking / mark – marker” is characterized in the context of (inter-)discursive and (inter-)textual processes, where the former consists in the fact that if markedness is a phenomenon, marking / mark is a process, then a marker is a result. At the same time, the definition of the concept of “linguistic marker” is proposed as a clear system of language units of different levels, which expresses the interlevel status of the category of communicative intention and enables the selection of the most optimal among them for expressing the intentional needs of a linguistic personality. Linguistic markers are represented by: (a) discursive markers responsible for non-linguistic knowledge (discourse level), (b) language markers responsible for linguistic knowledge (text level).

Under the surface

AbstractThrough a survey of crosslinguistic empirical studies on narratives and in the domain of motion events, we argue that the principles of language use pose a hurdle for second language acquisition, an issue that has not been given adequate attention in earlier research. These principles are part of our pragmatic knowledge which encompasses language-specific information organization at the discourse level as well as event schemata at the level of construing reportable units. The findings show how highly competent L2 speakers activate L1-based knowledge that reflects deeply entrenched principles and seems resistant to change.

The “metaverse society”: Beyond the discourse intrinsic potential and transformative impact

<p>With the full-scale development of the new digital revolution, with mobile Internet, application ecology and holographic Internet as keywords, and the leapfrog development of media technologies such as virtual reality, immersive environments, blockchain and open source, as well as the gradual emergence of user-produced content and interesting communities as mature online cultural production mechanisms and main organizational methods, the metaverse has “emerged”. The metaverse is now historically positioned as a new stage embedded in the entire sequence of Internet and digital development, and has been given social significance and future imagination beyond the level of discourse. As can be seen from its inherent technologies, mechanisms and value assumptions, the metaverse, as a utopian social vision and social practice still carrying the Silicon Valley discourse, presents a potential and transformative impact to be stimulated in three areas: production and creation, cognition and experience, and community and identity. However, this potential and transformative impact is constrained by the material world, and metaverse societies thus show inextricable connections to the real world.</p>

The “metaverse society”: Beyond the discourse intrinsic potential and transformative impact

<p>With the full-scale development of the new digital revolution, with mobile Internet, application ecology and holographic Internet as keywords, and the leapfrog development of media technologies such as virtual reality, immersive environments, blockchain and open source, as well as the gradual emergence of user-produced content and interesting communities as mature online cultural production mechanisms and main organizational methods, the metaverse has “emerged”. The metaverse is now historically positioned as a new stage embedded in the entire sequence of Internet and digital development, and has been given social significance and future imagination beyond the level of discourse. As can be seen from its inherent technologies, mechanisms and value assumptions, the metaverse, as a utopian social vision and social practice still carrying the Silicon Valley discourse, presents a potential and transformative impact to be stimulated in three areas: production and creation, cognition and experience, and community and identity. However, this potential and transformative impact is constrained by the material world, and metaverse societies thus show inextricable connections to the real world.</p>

The potential of contrastive analysis in the study of discourse

The article focuses on contemporary trends in contrastive studies. As a point of departure the nature, history and evolution of contrastive linguistics are examined. Contrastive linguistics is viewed in relation to other disciplines such as comparative linguistics, comparative historical linguistics, linguistic typology, theory of translation, and foreign language teaching. Any aspect of language may be covered in cross-linguistic studies which involve a systematic comparison of two or more languages both at micro-linguistic and macro-linguistic level. The current trends are identified in terms of macro-linguistic widening of contrastive analysis which is applied in studies of specialized discourses such as media, political and academic communication. The findings are based on a small-scale research of contrastive studies published in Contrastive Linguistics, the oldest international journal for contrastive linguistics. By conducting quantitative and qualitative analysis and employing a diachronic approach conclusions are drawn about the need for the contrastive approach at macro-level, the type of linguistic phenomena studied and the preferred methods of contrastive analysis within a period of forty-six years. The findings show that there is only a slight increase in macro-linguistic analyses in recent years, but contrastive analysis remains a vibrant area of research with a potential for development at discourse level in particular and implications for intercultural understanding and tolerance.

The Analysis of Errors on Translating Informative Texts by Google Translate

This research aims to describe and classify the errors that was made by students in translating informative text in English into “Bahasa Indonesia” with Google translate (GT) application. This research applies errors analysis method with content analysis approach. The procedure to do the research are: data collection, identification of errors, classification of errors, and statement of errors frequency. The result shows that the errors mostly found in lexis level such as omission, adding, and untranslated both in content and function. While in the grammar level, there were some errors found like the word class changing, tenses, and agreement. In semantic level, there were errors on confusion of senses, wrong choice, and idioms. Lastly, in discourse level there were errors on style, variety, and should not be translated. To conclude, the lexical errors that found in the result of translating informative text by Google is for about 98 %. The other errors also found in grammar for about 0,007%, semantic for about 0.008% and discourse for about 0.005%. It means that Google translate made many errors in translating informative text, but it can be as an alternative choice to get the rapid translation result from English text into Bahasa Indonesia.

Жанровая специфика современных англоязычных новостных медиатекстов коронавирусной тематики

The aim of the study is to determine discursive mechanisms for creating the genre specifics of the modern English-language news media texts united by the theme of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the article, the media text is considered as a special type of communication at the verbal and media levels carrying an interpretive load, the genre specificity of which is determined by both discursive and textual categories. Particular attention is paid to an analysis of the small-format one-dicteme media texts of news headlines from the standpoint of the dicteme text theory. The scientific novelty lies in the consideration of the news media text as a dictemic formation, the genre specificity of which is determined by the categories of thematization and stylization. As a result, it has been found that the genre specificity of the coronavirus news media texts at the discourse level is determined by such categories as interpretation, dialogueness, goal-setting; and by the categories of thematization and stylization, which leads to the choice of certain linguo-stylistic means of their expression at the dicteme (text) level.

Enabling Oblivion: Global Activism and the Erasure of Middle Eastern Christians

The relative ignorance of Armenian narratives in the analysis of current affairs in the Middle East raised by several authors in this roundtable is symptomatic of a larger problem facing ethno-religious minorities in the region. Until the 1990s, Western exposure to Middle Eastern Christianity in both academic and popular contexts was minimal at best. Outside specific studies of notable groups, scholars largely ignored non-Muslim religious sects. At the level of popular discourse, political Islam had illuminated the majoritarian religious impulses of the region, contributing to common Orientalist stereotypes of Arab and Muslim political culture.1 The presence of several million indigenous Christians, the vast majority of whom represented ancient indigenous communities, was largely ignored among academics and journalists. The notable exception was Lebanon, where Christian participation in the drama of the civil conflict of the 1980s was often noted in the press and occasionally scrutinized in academia.

Embedding Sustainable Development Goals into critical English language teaching and learning

ABSTRACT One critical question for English language teachers is how their learners, especially in non-English-speaking developing countries, address global issues as they learn the foreign language. The question seems more viably answered following the United Nations’ dissemination of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 to be achieved by 2030. Against this backdrop, the present case study investigates an English language teacher’s attempts in his critically oriented undergraduate course to introduce SDGs as a tool for his Indonesian students to foster criticality through English language teaching and learning (ELTL). Data were generated from teacher-selected SDGs texts, teacher-initiated prompts/questions in worksheets based on the SDGs texts, students’ responses to the worksheets, and their SDG-related remarks elicited by the teacher in multiple meetings in a semester. Different theoretical lenses of criticality at language, cognitive, pedagogical, and philosophical levels were employed to examine the data. The findings suggest that the selected SDGs texts and the teacher’s prompts were prepared in ways that could elicit students’ critical responses at word, sentence, and discourse levels by identifying and addressing global issues before and after SDGs were introduced to them. The data could also be reflexively viewed through Marxist, postmodernist/poststructuralist, and postcolonial lenses of criticality.

Effects of Global Discourse Coherence on Local Contextual Predictions

Context is vitally important for how we understand the world around us, and this is particularly so with language. We know that humans use a range of linguistic cues when understanding language to help tailor their expectations about upcoming linguistic material, contributing to the seamless nature of comprehension. Linguistic cues fall into two different levels of context – the local, sentence context and the wider, global context. Some linguistic cues that are considered to be global are knowledge about the world or the speaker. These have been found to facilitate semantic processing when they align with linguistic expectations through faster reading times of predictable content. One other global contextual cue that may be of use to how we represent meaning and understand the world around us is the coherence of a discourse. The current, pre-registered study investigates the interaction between discourse coherence and word predictability during language comprehension. To do so, we used an online, self-paced reading paradigm and had participants read three-sentence discourses that differed on the coherence of the final target sentence with the first two preamble sentences, and also on the predictability of a critical word within the target sentence. From our first experiment, we found that people were sensitive to the coherence of the overall three-sentence narrative, with slower reading times for trials that had less coherent preamble contexts. After exploration of our data, we pre-registered two further studies to investigate whether this effect is still present in more extreme experimental settings. For Experiment 2, we altered the ratio of less and more coherent contexts to see if people still make use of discourse coherence as a linguistic cue for informing their expectations when there was a greater proportion of more coherent trials. We found this to be the case. In Experiment 3, we replaced our less predictable critical words that were semantically relevant to the overall message of the target sentence with completely anomalous words. Here, we found people were faster to read the highly predictable critical words and slower to read the anomalous critical words when they first read more coherent contexts, but not when they first read less coherent contexts. This suggests that people are able to use relevant linguistic cues from both levels of context, and do so flexibly depending on the degree of contextual support at the global discourse level.

The smart meets the conventional: Media storylines and societal frames on the energy action of housing cooperatives

In the acceleration phase of energy transitions, the role of community and citizen action is emphasised. The role of active, smart and experimental communities and individuals adopting novel practices and technologies is often contrasted with more conventional and mundane everyday practices, which change only slowly. In this context, the role of news media is central in disseminating information, mediating confrontations, and offering a space for shared societal frames on transition. This article examines Finnish media storylines on emerging energy technologies and practices in housing cooperatives, which manage most of the apartment buildings in Finland and thus have a key role in energy transition. Focusing on 17 years of development in three mainstream media, we first identify three main phases in media discourse intensity, focus and level of detail. Next, we analyse the ten main storylines on stabilising and reconfiguring the role of housing cooperatives in energy system change. Finally, we combine these storylines with cross-cutting societal frames on governmentalizing energy communities from the perspectives of technological anticipation, saving potentials and governance interventions.

Quality of Measurement in Core Lexicon Measures.

Core lexicon measures have received growing attention in research. They are intended to provide clinicians with a clinician-friendly means to quantify word retrieval ability in discourse based on normal expectations of discourse production for specific discourse elicitation tasks. To date, different criteria have been used to develop core lexicon measures by groups of researchers. The need for statistical guidance in pursuit of the psychologically robust measure has been recognized. This study was to investigate the best criterion for accurate measurement. Specifically, we focused on two criteria (frequency vs. percentage) that have previously been used for the development of core lexicon measures. Core lexicon measures consisting of five different checklists by word class (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and function words) and developed by the two criteria were applied to language samples produced by 470 cognitively healthy adults. Performance in word retrieval ability at the discourse level was modeled as a latent variable based on the observed proportions of the production of core lexicon items in two different sets of core lexicon measures using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that both criterion for core lexicon measures capture word retrieval ability in discourse. Greater residual variances were found in the core lexicon measure established by the percentage criterion compared to the one established by the frequency criterion. This indicates that the measure based on the percentage criterion is more affected by measurement errors. The findings provide evidence that the frequency criterion is better to use for the development of core lexicon measures for core nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but not for function words. However, our findings are limited to core lexicon measures based on language samples elicited by wordless picture books. This may not be easily applied to other core lexicon measures that use different discourse elicitation tasks due to the difference in quality and quantity of language samples. Ideally, the same approach should be replicated to evaluate the appropriateness of respective criteria in the development of core lexicon measures. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20304144.

ETHNOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF PHRASEOLOGY RESEARCH

The article is devoted to the issue of ethnocultural component in the structure of phraseological units. Particular attention is paid to the role of phraseology in the process of categorization and conceptualization. The modern world is characterized by the desire of nations to define their faces, to learn more about the national spirit, mentality, culture, language. The reflection of the surrounding reality with the help of the ethnolanguage consciousness is not of a mirror character, but a creative one. The spiritual being of homo sapiens is realized within the triangle "consciousness - culture - language". The cohesion of the language is not only the best, but also the true and the only marker which allows to recognize the certain community. Knowledge of all the features and connotative properties of moral, legal, ethical, aesthetic and other norms of the particular society is one of the most important conditions for the implementation of speech activities and the success of speech operations. Moral and etiquette norms of behavior are the basis of national self-consciousness. Phraseologisms are a mirror image of ethnocultural norms of nation’s activities. Phraseology reflects all the diversity of the historical existence of the people, their lives, orders, customs, morals, strength of spirit, pain and anger. It should be noted that phraseological units contain relicts of various (family, calendar) ancient rites, and together with other stable linguistic units, reflect the element of folk spiritual culture (ethnophrases), form a sacred folk phraseology. Ethnolinguistic study of folk phraseology should be conducted comprehensively, based on broad historical and cultural receptions, through the use of materials of ethnography, mythmaking, religion, folklore in their verbal and semantic expression. Phraseologisms are a universal data bank that contains information about the surrounding reality of a particular ethnic chronotope, about the peculiarities of the emergence of this reality images’ in the minds of contemporaries that became the basis of phraseological nomination. The figurative basis of phraseology reflects the peculiar features of the people's worldview, which are the part of the concept "mentality". The study of the ethnophrases’ connections with the context of their origin inevitably brings the search vector to the level of folk discourse, which is represented in the verbal codes of archaic folk rites and festivities, traditional customs that embody a stable paradigm of ethnic worldview.

Lexical Features of German Right-Wing Populist Discourse

This article is devoted to the analysis of the specific features of modern German right-wing populist discourse, that are manifested at the lexical level. The relevance of the study is substantiated by stronger positions of right-wing
 populist organizations in the political arena of Germany, which has been steadily observed over the past decades, as well as the insufficient study of German rightwing populist discourse from a linguistic point of view. In this study, an attempt is made to present a list of nominative units typi-
 cal for the type of discourse under consideration and to demonstrate the condi-
 tions of their use by the strategic nature of political communication. The article reveals the concepts of political discourse and right-wing populist discourse as
 its variety, communicative strategy, tactics and means. The use of various lexical means is illustrated by excerpts through the texts of the main German right-wing populist organizations, namely the Alternative for Germany party and the Pegida, a socio-political movement. As a result of the study, the author makes a conclusion that at the lexical level in the texts of German right-wing populist discourse one can trace its difference from the entire political discourse as a whole. Various means of secondary
 nomination with pejorative or positive connotations prevail, which is associated with their special power of influence on the recipient, while the common means of primary nomination are represented mainly by proper names, namely polytonyms and anthroponyms. In addition, the study concludes that the lexical level of right-wing populist discourse reflects its heterogeneity.

Viral Representations in Pose (2018–2021)

ABSTRACT An analysis of Pose (2018–2021) shows that the way HIV/AIDS suffering was represented in this series was very different to earlier representations. In particular, multimodal analysis is deployed to show how the series contributes to the provision of opportunities for audiences to identify and empathize with people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). At a critical discourse level of analysis, Pose enables audiences to reflect on the position of PLWHA in the society; as such, rather than promoting feelings of care, the series appears to encourage audiences to engage with HIV/AIDS suffering in more depth, promoting the possibility of audiences contributing to the demand for civil rights for PLWHA. Indeed, the analysis suggests that Pose addresses social stigmatization and marginalization in a manner that promotes sociocultural change. The us-versus-them binary is reversed in such a manner whereby it becomes possible that those who contribute to the stigmatization of PLWHA are the ones who become the Others. The contribution of the series lies not only on the fact that PLWHA, as well as members of the queer community, were involved in the creation and production process; rather, the series addresses HIV/AIDS in an empowering, rather than a stigmatizing, manner.

AMBIVALENCE IN MOHAMMED KAMICI EL-HASSANI’S LE MOUCHOIR

The present study discusses the ambivalent behavior found in the character(s) in a francophone novel written by a third world writer. This ambivalence is represented by the attitude of the East that is against the colonialists on the one hand, but admires them and imitates their identities and attitudes on the other. This ambivalent discourse is widely represented in a francophone work entitled Le Mouchoir (1987) by Mohamed Kacimi El-Hassani. This novel satirically tells about Algeria in the post-colonial period and the narrator’s efforts to oppose colonialism. Textual citations and pieces of evidence from the novel that are used to support the analysis are those that are related to postcolonial and ambivalence issues. The analysis is also supported by historical evidence of French colonialists’ behavior towards indigenous Maghreb. The interpretation of the findings is supported by Homi Bhabha's ambivalence theory. Moreover, this study was conducted using Fairclough's critical discourse analysis methodology with which the textual analysis of the novel follows three levels of discourse, namely micro, meso, and macro levels. This study found that the hypocritical nature of the characters such as that demonstrated by the narrator and Mahfoud reflects the postcolonial nature of "ambivalence". This characteristic places Algerians in a "liminal space" of contestation between the narrator and Mahfoud and between Algeria and France.

비혼부의 직업 생활 경험에 대한 근거이론 연구

This study explores the working life experiences of unmarried fathers. The researchers adopted Glaser’s grounded theory research method and Clarke’s situational analysis for the study subjects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the social discourses that affects the contents, context, and structure of 14 unmarried fathers’ working life experiences and to examine their situational knowledge. The research results are as follows. First, the core category analyzed based on Glaser’s approach of the grounded theory is “The reward and hope in the labor for survival with the dream postponed. “ It was found that the core category was affected by the conditions of “Becoming a working machine “ and accidental “Burnout labor”. Here, ‘Lack of human capital investment’ and ‘No leisure time’ are the context that influences the cause and outcome, and this study suggests the structure in which the cause－“Delay in self-development”－leads to the outcome of “Labor without content” in the context. Second, based on the result of Clarke’s situational analysis, the study drew a rough version and an organized version a situational map, showing the work and life experiences of unmarried fathers, a relationship map of the unmarried fathers, and a social/world arena map representing work/regional community. Lastly, through a positional map, the level of interaction and discourse of unmarried fathers were analyzed. Based on the results of the study, the researchers provided suggestions at the social welfare level to support the creation of responsible subjects and the lives of unmarried fathers.