Disclosure Of Secrets Research Articles

Parliamentary Immunity and its Dimensions In the Light of the Case of Disclosing the Kuwaiti Prime Minister's Checks in 2009 in the Parliamentary Questioning

The importance of this study consists in the verdict, in question, issued against the Kuwaiti Member of Parliament (MP), Faisal al- Musallam; Second Defendant in the filed lawsuit "disclosure of bank secrets", who, on the occasion of parliamentary questioning regarding Prime Minister, revealed a check submitted by Prime Minister to one of the members of parliament. This ruling is a novel interpretation of parliamentary immunity in its substantive part; its seriousness lies in the fact that it voids substantive immunity of its real content. One of the most important consequences of this ruling is that the parliament member, in general, has become threatened that the views and ideas he/she presents in parliament may be in violation of the Kuwaiti Constitution, established rules, parliamentary norms, international conventions, and most importantly the will of nation contemplated when drafting constitution, including ensuring the right of MP to express his/her views and ideas that have grounds for the disclosure of documents supporting his/her claims, otherwise MPs charges brought against government shall be non-proofed and unfounded, especially when taking into account that the disclosed document is a check issued by Prime Minister for the benefit of one of the members of National Assembly who are entrusted with monitoring government and holding it accountable.

Toward designing a lightweight RFID authentication protocol for constrained environments

AbstractIn present times, Radio‐Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have seen a significant rise in their usage. There has been an increasing interest in developing even lighter RFID protocols suitable for resource‐constrained environments. Ensuring security and privacy remain critical challenges in RFID‐based systems. Recently proposed lightweight authentication schemes, namely LRSAS+ and LRARP+, are ideally suited for constrained devices. However, this article investigates these schemes and reveals certain vulnerabilities: LRSAS+ is susceptible to tag impersonation, desynchronization, and traceability attacks, while LRARP+ can fall prey to traceability and secret disclosure attacks. An enhanced version of these authentication systems is proposed that tackles their inherent weaknesses by leveraging the function. To verify the security of the proposed scheme, a formal analysis is conducted using Gong–Needham–Yahalom logic (GNY logic) and an automated security protocol verification tool, ProVerif. The improved scheme's effectiveness is also compared with multiple contemporary lightweight systems. The results indicate that the enhanced scheme not only meets the security requirements for lightweight authentication schemes but also achieves this with minimal computational overhead.

Utilizing an Enhanced Internet of Things to Prevent the Disclosure of Industrial Trade Secrets

Utilizing an Enhanced Internet of Things to Prevent the Disclosure of Industrial Trade Secrets

Medical Confidentiality Breach Crime

This study study addresses the crime of medical confidentiality breach. This is committed by a physician, by defining the concept of medical confidentiality. It is entrusted to the physician to safeguard, as well as outlining the conditions of medical confidentiality, and specifying the elements of this crime, represented by the legal, material, and moral aspects, along with the legal basis for preserving patient confidentiality. It also discusses situations where disclosure of patient secrets is permissible and the termination of the obligation of medical confidentiality. Furthermore, it elucidates the penalties imposed on perpetrators of this crime according to legal texts. To clarify the subject of the paper; the study aims to demonstrate; the Concept of Medical Confidentiality, Conditions of Medical Confidentiality, Elements of the Crime of Medical Confidentiality Breach by the Forensic Physician, Legal Basis for Patient Confidentiality, Cases Permitting Disclosure of Patient Secrets, Termination of the Obligation of Medical Secrecy, and Penalties for Violating Medical Secrecy.

Censored: Examining the Standards, Personnel, and Censorship Technology in the Soviet Military Press, 1944–1945

This article examines one of the areas of activity for restriction of information – the system of military censorship in the Soviet military press: what remained unchanged and what was transformed in its work on protecting information, which was a military secret between 1944 and 1945. The study focuses on the regulatory framework of military censorship, the objects of the ban, the censor's personnel, technology of censorship control. Until December 1943 in the Red Army, there was a ‘Regulation on the organization of military censorship’ of 1935, which did not meet wartime requirements. The new ‘Regulation’ corrected the situation. The change and addition of the composition of the information constituting military secrets were directly affected by the course of combat operations during the Red Army’s campaign in Europe. The subject of censorship prevented the disclosure of military secrets, political errors, and information undesirable to publish in the military press.

Реализация социально-правовой функции адвокатом по назначению в уголовных и гражданских делах, в которых содержится государственная тайна

The article delves into the realization of the social and legal function of the appointed advocate in criminal and civil proceedings in cases involving state secrets, as well as problematic issues and liability that may occur in case of its divulgence. The relevance of the research topic is that in Russia there is an increase in the number of convictions under Article 283 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – disclosure of state secrets. In addition, the article discusses theoretical issues, the relationship between attorney-client privilege and state secrets, and provides examples from judicial practice. From a certain angle, the author is convinced that it is necessary to investigate the issue of the advocate’s activity on appointment in criminal and civil cases, in which there is a state secret, in order to further develop recommendations for advocates. The formal legal method, the method of comparative analysis, synthesis, the inductive method, generalization and systematization of scientific sources on the research problem, comparative and predictive methods were used.

The potential for blockchain to improve small-scale agri-food business’ supply chain resilience: a systematic review

PurposeWe conducted a systematic review to explore the potential for the application of blockchain technologies for supply chain resilience in a small-scale agri-food business context.Design/methodology/approachAs part of the research methodology, scientific databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus were used to find relevant articles for this review.FindingsThe systematic review of articles (n = 57) found that the use of blockchain technology in the small-scale agri-food business sector can reduce the risk of food fraud by assuring the provenance of food products.Research limitations/implicationsOnly a few papers were directly from a small-scale agribusiness context. Key challenges that limit the implementation of blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies include concerns over the disclosure of proprietary information and trade secrets, incomplete or inaccurate information, economic and technical difficulties, low levels of trust in the technology, risk of human error and poor governance of process-related issues.Originality/valueThe application of blockchain technology ensures that the risks and costs associated with non-compliance, product recalls and product loss are reduced. Improved communication and information sharing can increase resilience and better support provenance claims and traceability. Better customer relationships can be built, increasing supply chain efficiency and resilience.

A соmmercial secret. How can employer protect his secrets?

The article is devoted to the study of measures taken by the employer to prevent the disclosure of commercial secrets by the employee. Such measures should be characterized by efficiency, simplicity, manageability and be comprehensive. In particular, the procedure for implementing local acts at the enterprise is characterized, which contain an exhaustive list of information that constitutes a commercial secret and which are designed to maximally protect the employer from the “leakage” of information that is commercially valuable. Such acts include: Provisions on commercial secrecy, List of information constituting commercial secrets of the enterprise, Provisions on the permission system for access of enterprise employees and representatives of third-party organizations to information constituting commercial secrets of the enterprise, Instructions for the organization and management of document management at the enterprise, containing commercial secret. Also, the employer can demand from the employee a personal commitment not to disclose commercial secrets. It is necessary to observe the procedure for familiarizing the employee with the commercial secret and with the responsibility in case of its disclosure or use.
 The article draws attention to the possibility of concluding non-disclosure agreements (NDA) with employees. The main conditions that can be included in such types of contracts are defined, as well as the responsibility for their violation.
 It has been investigated that the labor legislation does not provide for any special procedure for holding the employee accountable for disclosing a commercial secret. Therefore, it is proposed to provide in the Labor Code of Ukraine the ground for termination of the employment contract “disclosure of the employer’s commercial secret, which became known to the employee in connection with the performance of his labor duties.” The fact of disclosure of a commercial secret should be established by an official investigation.
 The article also analyzes the legal practice of holding employees accountable for the disclosure of trade secrets and notes the problem of proving a cause-and-effect relationship between the employee’s actions and the damage caused to the employer.

Social and criminological factors in the introduction of criminal liability for disclosure of medical secrets

The article examines the social and criminological factors of criminalization of disclosure of medical secrets. Social factors show that criminalization of unlawful disclosure of medical secrets is in line with the main trends of state and public. The social factors are also determined by the importance of relations that ensure the protection of information on the health status of a person, the intimate and family aspects of his/her life. It is found that scientific and technological progress in medicine gives rise to new phenomena that require their own ethical guarantees. Of particular importance is the secrecy of such medical procedures as sex reassignment, artificial insemination, transplantation, etc. However, in our country, since independence, some negative aspects of the health care system have remained unchanged, having been preserved from the Soviet era. Such manifestations include authoritarianism in the relationship between doctor and patient and, as a result, the disregard for the rights of the latter, irresponsibility of medical staff, and declarative nature of the vast majority of of legal norms. When establishing the criminological factors that influenced the establishment of criminal liability for unlawful disclosure of medical secrets, the social danger of such an act, its prevalence and level of level of latency. It is concluded that the high degree of public danger of disclosure of medical secrets is evidenced by the legislator’s provision of liability for this act in Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Criminal Offenses against of the Criminal Code “Criminal offenses against life and health of a person”. Accordingly to Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine, a person, his or her life and health, honor and dignity are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. It is substantiated that the social danger of an of an act is not limited to the importance of the social relations which it encroaches upon, and it is necessary to establish the consequences which may be caused by such encroachment. In Article 145 of the Criminal Code, the legislator has provided for liability for unlawful disclosure of medical secrets if it has caused serious consequences. However the law does not stipulate what kind of consequences should be classified as grave, i.e. this concept is evaluative. It has been proven that such consequences can be significant harm to health, as well as moral harm. It is established that the criminal offense under study is not widespread and has a significant level of latency.

Ақпаратты жасырын алуға арналған арнайы техникалық құралдардың заңсыз айналымының қоғамдық қауіптілігі мен қылмыстық-құқықтық шараларды қолдану мәселелері

In this article, the authors explore the problems of the public danger of illegal trafficking of special technical means designed to covertly obtain information, and the possibility of applying criminal law measures. The purpose of the scientific research is to study the conclusions that offenses that pose the greatest public danger in accordance with this topic can be committed on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and to provide measures to prevent them. The main directions are: blocking illegal trafficking of special technical means, analysis of working out the application of criminal law measures in case of detection of any offenses, law enforcement agencies in preventing illegal trafficking of special technical means with the emergence of new development prospects, identification of areas related to the need to generalize the methods used by government agencies and civil society. The hypothesis is substantiated that the idea of scientific research studies the problems of public danger of illegal trafficking of special technical means intended for the application of criminal law measures. A brief description of the scientific and practical significance of the work. Evaluation, analysis and systematization of ongoing preventive work are one of the directions of this work. The practical significance of the results of the work lies in the fact that the conclusions contained in its conclusions and recommendations can contribute to further countering crimes. A brief description of the research methodology is an empirical analysis of the data obtained experimentally. Due to the fact that information security is often subject to various threats, scientific research is being conducted today related to the fact that cases of violation of citizens' rights to personal and family secrets, violations of commercial secrets, and disclosure of state secrets are not uncommon. The main results of the research work are the analysis, adoption of the most targeted actions, policies and measures to solve the problems of public danger of illegal trafficking of special technical means for anonymous obtaining information to improve the situation based on the conducted research-the ability to apply certain types of investigative boards in the implementation of measures taken by law enforcement agencies, to show their effective algorithm, conclusions - The legal status of information includes the basic principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the collection, storage, use and dissemination of information on the territory of the Republic. The essence of the research is that as a result of studying these types of offenses, it is important to prepare a methodological recommendation and include it in the educational process, the practical significance of the research work lies in improving the legal framework, preventive work, as well as tactics and methods of investigation and disclosure of such criminal offenses.

Crime in the law enforcement agencies in 1948–1952 and its counteraction

The article reveals the state of crime in the police in 1948–1952, identifies its main manifestations and measures to counteract it. Crime in the police in the post-war years remained an acute and permanent problem. The late 1940s and early 1950s were no exception. This was influenced by the very nature of the totalitarian regime, which was based on violence and violation of the rule of law, the difficult socio-economic situation in the country, as the consequences of the post-war devastation were only beginning to be eliminated, and the low level of professional training and education of a certain number of police officers. For many of them, the perceptions of the state of legality were quite specific, formed mainly under the influence of the events of the war, combined with a tendency to be quick to punish those who were considered criminals and a relatively low level of awareness of the law. All of this has led to the existence of the problem of crime in the law enforcement agencies of the republic, and this problem is still relevant today, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. The most common violations in the police at that time were: alcoholism, abuse of office, connections with criminals, violations of the law during the detention of citizens and the conduct of investigations, failure to comply with orders, bribery, embezzlement, domestic and moral decay, desertion, disclosure of official secrets, unauthorised abandonment of duty, illegal use of weapons and, as a result, injury or killing of citizens, negligence in the performance of official duties, and loss of personal weapons. Most cases of lawbreaking were committed by police officers who were intoxicated. During this period, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR took a number of measures to improve the situation: offenders were dismissed from the police and brought to trial, and the leadership of those local police forces with the highest number of such violations was changed. This was done on the basis of an analysis of the flow of investigative cases, inspection of documentation and the state of work of local police bodies in the field of training their personnel.

On the Linear Capacity of Conditional Disclosure of Secrets

On the Linear Capacity of Conditional Disclosure of Secrets

Quadratic Secret Sharing and Conditional Disclosure of Secrets

Quadratic Secret Sharing and Conditional Disclosure of Secrets

Legal regulation of trade secrets under the legislation of Ukraine and the EU

Today, the legislation of Ukraine on trade secrets is not systematized and has significant gaps. Relations regarding trade secrets are regulated by the several legal acts relating to various branches of law, and determine only the general principles of legal regulation of such relations. Detection of discrepancies in the legislation of Ukraine and the EU means that the legal protection of trade secrets in Ukraine is uneven and fragmentary, and therefore insufficient. The development of cross-border economic relations between economic entities of Ukraine and the EU requires a unified approach to solving the issue of protecting trade secrets, the absence of which requires studying these issues and developing practical recommendations aimed at approaching the legalregimes of protecting trade secrets in Ukraine and the EU.This article contains the analysis of the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine on the protection of trade secrets, international legal acts in this field and Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protectionof undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. As a result of the analysis, it was established that: in Ukraine, there is no special legislation on the protection of trade secrets; the concept of trade secret in Ukraine fully corresponds to the concept of a trade secret it the Directive (EU) 2016/943, as well as to the concept of an undisclosed information in the TRIPS Agreement. At the same time, the concept of trade secret in Ukraine needs to be clarified regarding one of the essential signs of trade secret. In addition, in the legislation of Ukraine there is no single approach to the use of the concept of knowhow, as well as regarding the assignment of know-how to IP.
 The legislation of Ukraine requires the implementation of the provisions of European legislation on the legal regulation of trade secrets, namely: not classifying trade secrets as IP objects, while it is an addition or an alternative to IP rights; allocation in the «trade secret» of two types of objects - know-how and business information; determination of reengineering by a fair way of identifying trade secrets; determining the conditions for the lawful acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets.

Retraction of Marks et al. (2019).

Reports the retraction of "Secrets in psychotherapy: For better or worse" by Ellen C. Marks, Clara E. Hill and Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr. (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2019[Jan], Vol 66[1], 70-82). The following article is being retracted (https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000311). This retraction is at the request of coauthors Kivlighan and Hill after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to provide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Marks was not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2018-49842-001.) We investigated how concealment and disclosure of secrets, two related but distinct processes, unfolded over the course of open-ended therapy for 39 clients and 9 therapists, using hierarchical linear modeling to identify longitudinal patterns and investigate relationships with working alliance and session quality. Results indicated that over the course of therapy, 85% of clients disclosed at least one secret and 41% concealed at least one secret, with 18% of sessions including a disclosure and 4% of sessions including concealment. Over time, clients were less likely to disclose secrets, and the secrets they chose to conceal were rated as less significant. Clients rated the working alliance lower after sessions when they disclosed secrets versus when they did not disclose, although the working alliance was not rated as poorly when the disclosed secrets were viewed as significant. Clients rated session quality higher after sessions when they disclosed secrets versus when they did not disclose, particularly when they disclosed preoccupying secrets. Clients tended to feel neutral or positive about their disclosures. Implications for practice and research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Cybersecurity in Business: A Case Study of DiDi

Big data has substantially improved the efficiency of information collection and processing (Fadhil et al., 2021). (Fadhil, S. A., Kadhim, L. E. and Abdurazaq, S. G. (2021) ‘Protection measurements of computer network information security for big data’, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, Vol. 24, No. 7, pages 1959–1965, doi: 10. 1080/09720529.2021.1959996). Nevertheless, the transparentizing and openization of information could also increase the risk of disclosure of personal information and business secrets, leading to various illegal and criminal activities (Lim et al., 2018). (Lim, S., Woo, J., Lee, J. and Huh, S. -Y. (2018) ‘Consumer valuation of personal information in the age of big data’, Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 69, No. 1, pages 60–71, doi: 10.1002/asi.23915). This paper adopts qualitative analysis and single-case study to investigate the approaches and outcomes of network information collection. It is found that many e-commerce platforms utilize big data technologies to collect, screen and process customer information. Yet, the collected customer information might be maliciously used by others to infringe on personal privacy, result in property damage and loss, trigger unhealthy market competition, and hinder economic development (Taylor, 2017). ((Taylor, I. (2017) ‘Data collection, counterterrorism and the right to privacy’, Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Vol. 16, No. 3, pages 326–346, doi: 10.1177/ 1470594X17715249). Thus, this paper recommends that the application of big data should have a legal boundary. It needs to be strictly defined and regulated to facilitate its positive role in protecting cybersecurity and promoting fair market competition. Big data, business secret, cybersecurity, data right, e-commerce platform, information processing, legal boundary, market competition, network platform, personal privacy

ТІЛ БИЛІГІ ФИЛОСОФИЯСЫ: ЭТНО-ЛОГОЭПИСТЕМА

Мақалада тіл билігі философиясы аясында ұлттың қалыптасуындағы тілдің үстем айқындаушы рөлі сарапқа түсіп, «тіл» мен «ұлт» ұғымдарының ішкі тұтастығы мәселесі қарастырылады. Мұнда ұлт үшін тілдің бастамалық позициясын, яғни тілдің ұлтқа қатысты жүргізетін билігінің лингвотектік және этногендік тұтастығын анықтау мақсаты көзделеді. Бұл ретте біз – «әлемнің тілдік бейнесі», «тілдің ішкі екі жақты табиғаты», «тіл мен ұлт – егіз құбылыс» ұстанымдарына негізделе отырып, отандық ғылымда мемлекеттік тілде алғаш рет ұлтқа қатысты тіл билігінің лингвоцентристік, яғни тілдің этногендік, объектиті болмыстық табиғатына сүйене келе, оған ғылыми теориялық тұрғыда талдауға қадам жасалады. Бұл бүгінгі постмодерндік ыңғайдағы адамзатының сана трансформациясынан хабар бермек. Осы тұрғыдан келгенде, тіпті қазіргі заманғы білім беру жүйесін де философиялық таным призмасы тұрғысынан қайта қарау тенденциясы қалыптасуда. Тілдің өз этносферасына жүргізетін үстемдік ету мәселесі мақаланың негізгі арқау мәселесі болып отыр. Сол себепті, авторлар көтеріп отырған мәселенің бастауында тұратын феноменнің бірі – тіл билігінің лингвоцентристік және этно-логоэпистемасының ішкі сырын ашу болмақ. Аталған мақала тіл билігінің этно-лингвоцентристік тамырлы астарларын ажырата отырып сараптауға бағытталады.

Language-Based Opacity Verification in Partially Observed Petri Nets through Linear Constraints

Information security is an important area of concern in modern computer-integrated systems. It involves implementing preventative measures to protect confidential data from potential vulnerabilities, such as unauthorized access, secret disclosure, modification, or destruction. Considering such threats, we investigate a particular confidentiality property called opacity, which specifies a system’s ability to cover its ‘secret’ data from being interfered with by outside observers, termed as intruders. This paper discusses language-based opacity formulation and verification in the context of discrete event systems represented by partially observed Petri nets. In this context, we identify two opacity properties, called consistency and non-secrecy; then, we exploit the mathematical characterization of a net system, to separately check each property, by specifying two feasibility problems. The proposed method is carried out for two distinct settings of a system. The first setting is centralized, where an intruder is granted complete information about the system structure but a partial observation of its behavior. The second setting is decentralized, where a group of intruders cooperates to reveal the secret language, by using a coordinator. Finally, experimental findings are given, to demonstrate the proficiency of the proposed approach.

An Efficient and Secure Method for Simultaneous Ownership Transfer of Multiple Mobile Readers

In recent years, radio frequency identification technology has developed rapidly and has been applied in supply chains. Products in supply chains are varied and may belong to several different owners. Ownership transfer requires the consent of a majority of owners. This article proposed a method suitable for simultaneously transferring the ownership of a large number of goods. The method does not require a trusted third party and can securely and efficiently transfer group ownership for multiple owners with multiple tags. The old and new owner groups can be classified as different authorities. This method can be used in mobile readers to transfer one, some, or all tags in a group. It includes mutual authentication between tags, readers, and backend servers, and can ensure that only assigned owners can obtain the tag ownership. The method proved can resist most known attacks, such as secret disclosure attacks and replay attacks. It can also prevent attacks from the dishonest original owners. Finally, through experiments, we compared the proposed method with other many-to-many ownership transfer methods and demonstrated that the proposed method has better security and fewer transmitted messages than other methods.

Normative legal support of trade secrets and the place of labor legislation in it

The article examines the regulatory legal protection of commercial secrecy and the place of labor legislation in it. It is noted that the availability of effective regulatory and legal instruments provided by the state, state bodies and local self-government bodies is one of the most important areas of legal regulation of trade secrets in Ukraine. Attention is drawn to the fact that relations related to the protection of commercial secrets are regulated by normative legal acts belonging to various branches of law, in particular the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Economic Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, the Laws of Ukraine “On information”, “On scientific and technical information”, “On protection against unfair competition”, and define only the general principles of legal regulation of such relations. As for the current labor legislation, it still does not contain norms dedicated to commercial secrets, in particular, the regime of using commercial secrets is not defined, the procedure for using commercial secrets in labor relations, the employer’s measures to prevent its disclosure, the employee’s obligations to preserve in the secret of confidential information, etc. In the course of the study, it was concluded that today the state of legal protection of commercial secrets in Ukraine needs to be improved. Current regulatory and legal measures to ensure commercial secrecy in Ukraine cannot fully ensure effective legal regulation of the said institute. The need for the adoption of a separate cross-industry normative legal act, which should regulate the issues of creation, use, preservation, disclosure of trade secrets, the definition of trade secrets, their characteristics, conditions of legal protection, the list of information that constitutes/does not constitute a trade secret, has long been overdue. , the emergence of subjects of the right to trade secrets, the possibility of crediting trade secrets to the company’s balance sheet as an intangible asset, the procedure for disclosing trade secrets to law enforcement and control bodies, the responsibility of state bodies for the disclosure of trade secrets, protection and protection of the latter and other issues related to trade secrets information