Disciplinary Efforts Research Articles

Bermain-main dengan Aturan Keluar Batas Negara: Praktik dan Perlawanan Warga Perbatasan terhadap Upaya Pendisplinan di Desa Aji Kuning

The people of Aji Kuning have a high dependence on the Malaysian state, especially regarding employment and the fulfillment of basic needs. In the midst of these conditions, the Government actually made efforts to discipline citizens who wanted to enter and exit the country's borders. Elaborating biopolitical theory from Michael Foucault and resistance theory from James Scott, this article analyzes efforts to discipline the body (biopolitics) of residents in the border areas and the responses that arise to these conditions. This research applies qualitative ethnographic research with the unit of analysis of residents in the Aji Kuning Village. The results showed that the body discipline (biopolitics) efforts were carried out using two practices at once. First, discipline through internalization of understanding of the subject to further increase nationalism (the love of the homeland). Second, the discipline carried out by institutions and civil apparatus is under state control, and is accompanied by several regulations. The response that appears to the disciplinary efforts is that citizens fight by playing with the rules outside the country's borders. The form of resistance is divided into two, namely (1) hidden resistance (hidden transcript) is carried out by passing through rats (illegal), circumventing the applicable rules, and having two citizenship statuses. (2) Open resistance (public transcript) shall be carried out by swearing annoyance and protest against the rules outside the country's borders which are considered too strict such as the difficulty of activating dead passports and the number of corrupt officers.

Cultural Studies and critical allyship in the settler colonial academe

ABSTRACT Successive generations of First Nation scholars have critiqued the ongoing institutional and disciplinary complicity of Higher Education to support settler colonialism. These critiques extend to include Cultural Studies, despite the field’s inter (anti)disciplinary efforts to expose power and inequality in social relations, dominant institutions, popular culture, and everyday life. As part of the university-machine, Cultural Studies is disconnected from the inherently pedagogical experiences and knowledge of Culture and Country for many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. With an emphasis on praxis, we critique three autoethnographic examples of interactions between Indigenous agents and the settler colonial academe as a call to mobilize Cultural Studies literacies as a pedagogy of critical allyship to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander scholars. Cultural Studies as critical allyship pedagogy supports non-Indigenous agents to conduct rigorous critique of internalized and institutional settler colonial hegemony, identifying absences and erasures of Indigenous agency, autonomy, and self-determination. These gaps and silences are not for allies – or Cultural Studies – to fill; rather the project is to leverage Cultural Studies methodologies to cede epistemological space in the academe to Indigenous ways of knowing and being without intervention, assimilation, or academic critique.

Recovery 2.0

<h3>Background Information</h3> In our large, academic health system one of the most significant perioperative challenges is safely recovering patients once the primary recovery area is fully occupied. In 2019 we had over 21,000 minutes of Operating Room/Procedural Area (ORPA) holds where patients were recovered in the procedural areas. Recovering patients in the Operating Room (OR) has financial implications, since there is loss of revenue when the room is not being utilized for a scheduled procedure. In addition to the financial cost of delayed OR start times, dissatisfaction of the patients, surgery staff, and surgeons was also evident. The goal was to streamline, coordinate, and optimize patient recovery in a value focused environment while also assigning post procedural/surgical patients to the appropriate level of recovery. <h3>Objectives of Project</h3> Our goal was a 40% decrease in the time delays associated with ORPA holds over the course of 6 months. <h3>Process of Implementation</h3> We identified a multitude of causes and developed a process where Anesthesia recovers patients in the recovery room as opposed to the procedural areas, which we call the Anesthesia Recovery Program (ARP). Our ARP plan is triggered whenever an ORPA hold will exceed 10 minutes. The anesthesia team is directed to move the patient to a recovery room slot that is not staffed by RNs. The anesthesia provider monitors the patient in the recovery area until an RN-staffed slot becomes available. Additionally, a decision tree was created with guidelines in place in order to stratify recovery area assignments by optimizing the recovery workflow. <h3>Statement of Successful Practice</h3> The initial results showed an 85% decrease in ORPA holds. Having patients recovered by anesthesia providers improved turnover times and increased elective cases during business hours. Further work on this projected was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. <h3>Implications for Advancing the Practice of Peri anesthesia Nursing</h3> The interprofessional team developed a model for dealing with potentially costly delays. Through cross disciplinary efforts significant cost benefits can be appreciated while maintaining optimal patient safety.

Adherence To Lifestyle Modifications As A First-Line Therapy In Hypertension Management In Primary Health Care Setting, Medina, Saudi Arabia

Background and Aims: Adherence to lifestyle management is an essential first-line step in treating hypertension due to its benefits in reducing hypertension, delaying the use of pharmacological medications, and reducing the incidents of complications. The current study aimed to assess the patients’ compliance to the use of lifestyle modification, to identify the factors affecting the patients’ compliance to the use of lifestyle modifications, and to assess the physician’s use of lifestyle modification as first-line management in hypertension. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly chosen participants from 06 June 2020 to 06 July 2020, in Primary health care centers of Medina region. The questionnaire was formulated and designed with a consistent structure and relations between the questions to meet the study goal. All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: We found that out of the 1569 hypertensive patients, 90.4% had a good level of knowledge towards lifestyle modifications in hypertension management, 54.0% had good practice towards lifestyle modifications in hypertension management, and 66.3% of the doctors provided lifestyle modification advice to their patient. Conclusions: There is a gap between the level of knowledge and practice towards lifestyle modifications among hypertensive patients, which could be due to cultural, social, and environmental factors. Physician’s adherence to prescribing lifestyle modifications was found to be at a moderate level. Multiple health disciplinary efforts are needed to improve compliance to lifestyle modification in hypertensive management.

Management Of Health Practice Places That Do Not Have A Permission

Abstract: This study aims to determine the actions of the police in tackling unlicensed health practices in Gorontalo Regency.This type of research is a normative-empirical legal research using a statutory approach and a case approach and the data obtained in this study were analyzed qualitatively, namely by collecting data, qualifying then connecting theories related to the problem and drawing conclusions to determine the results. Actions from the police as an effort to overcome health practices that do not have permits are preventive efforts, namely efforts that lead to how the actions of the police before the occurrence of a crime, namely the police coordinate with the local government in order to issue a letter to every existing health center. , not to open a health practice without a permit. Then when it is known that there is a place of practice that does not have a permit, the police will carry out an investigation process in accordance with the provisions of the law or what is called a repressive effort. Actions from the police are more emphasized in terms of taking action to deal with health practices that do not have permits. Because in providing legal firmness and providing a sense of security for legal services, firmness is needed to make efforts or actions from the police to minimize the existence of malpractice victims by going directly in the field in disciplinary efforts for health workers who do not have permits. Actions from the police are more emphasized in terms of taking action to deal with health practices that do not have permits. Because in providing legal firmness and providing a sense of security for legal services, firmness is needed to make efforts or actions from the police to minimize the existence of malpractice victims by going directly in the field in disciplinary efforts for health workers who do not have permits. Actions from the police are more emphasized in terms of taking action to deal with health practices that do not have permits. Because in providing legal firmness and providing a sense of security for legal services, firmness is needed to make efforts or actions from the police to minimize the existence of malpractice victims by going directly in the field in disciplinary efforts for health workers who do not have permits.Keywords: Countermeasures; Permission; Health Practice

Framing higher education and disciplinary efforts through a professionalization lens.

This article examines the characteristics of a profession, the role of the higher education community and emerging discipline in the emergency management professionalization process, and analysis of the FEMA Higher Education Program's focus group efforts in support of the argument that successful professionalization efforts are necessarily dependent on emergency management higher education, an established emergency management academic discipline, and a robust body of knowledge.

Shifting the Paradigm from Child Neglect to Meeting the Needs of Children: A Qualitative Exploration of Parents’ Perspectives

ABSTRACTSubstantiated reports of child neglect account for three times the combined total of physical and sexual abuse in the United States, yet there is a relative paucity of literature on child neglect differentiated from abuse. This study explores parent perspectives on the challenges of meeting the needs of children in poverty as a way of reframing our understanding of child neglect, revealing dynamics that can be lost to researchers. Analysis of six focus groups of 54 parents, living at or below the poverty level, revealed tensions between environmental challenges and parents’ efforts to meet their children’s needs. The authors present a model revealing the complex and dynamic interplay between families and their environment to meet children’s needs, revealing pivotal intervention points. Findings suggest the need for major shifts of public health focus to prevent child neglect, including advocating for policy-level changes that affect the poorest communities, and opportunities for multiple disciplinary intervention efforts that go beyond an individual focus.

SINGING HEAVEN ON EARTH: COPTIC COUNTERPUBLICS AND POPULAR SONG AT EGYPTIANMŪLIDFESTIVALS

AbstractThis article explores the performative politics of devotional soundscapes at Coptic Christianmūlidfestivals. Echoing the state's reformist efforts in the 1990s to transform Muslim saint festivals into utilitarian spaces and their goers into “modern” Egyptian citizens, today the Coptic Church works to refashion these popular festivals from places of debauchery into morally productive spaces. Aided by affluent Cairene-based volunteers, church choirs travel from Cairo's poshest neighborhoods to these festivals to actively sing, disseminate, and teach popular religious songs (taratīl) in an effort to develop poorer Christian pilgrims into modern, pious, and more audible “citizens of heaven.” Through the analysis of one church choir'staratīlministry at themūlid, I illustrate how middle-class spiritual volunteers disrupt and, at times, reinscribe the Coptic Church's disciplinary efforts on the festival's poorer pilgrims, particularly as they look to modernize popular festivity into grounds of Christian ethical transformation.

SEC intensifies scrutiny of fee-based accounts and reverse churning

Purpose – To explain the SEC's focus on the appropriate use of fee-based accounts and disciplinary efforts to identify and prevent “reverse churning.” Design/methodology/approach – Describes the quantitative analytics used in the SEC's Risk Analysis Examinations (RAEs) to identify reverse churning and other problematic behaviors, explains why the inappropriate use of fee-based or “wrap fee” accounts and “double charging” can be unfair to investment clients, summarizes prior NASD and FINRA guidance and enforcement regarding fee-based account supervision, and recommends account monitoring actions that firms should take to ferret out reverse churning. Findings – The SEC's continuing interest in reverse churning and double-charging, and its use of new examination and investigation tools, together suggest that the future will see more investigations and enforcement actions against firms who place clients in a fee-based or “wrap-fee” account without having adequate supervisory procedures to determine and monitor whether such accounts are appropriate for those clients. Practical implications – Monitoring accounts to ferret out reverse churning has proven difficult for firms in the past, since spotting inactivity might be more challenging than detecting excessive trades (known as “churning”). However, it seems that the SEC and its staff are enhancing their ability to identify and address these violations. Originality/value – Practical advice from experienced financial services lawyers.

Positive Parenting: Meaning and Methods

Parenting is a process associated with social interaction and progeny having great survival value. The interest in parenting is as old as existence of animals, birds and human beings on this earth.It was more than a century ago, when research on variables directly or indirectly related to parenting started, but it became a serious focus for psychologists in 1950's with a series of famous experiments conducted by Harlow (1958) and parenting styles given by Roe (1957). With an increased competition amongst children having higher levels of ambitions, and higher expectations about achieving higher grades and marks; changing family structures e.g. from extended to joint and then nuclear; mothers being working and having less time and attention to pay to their children; so called raised living standards; requirement of having high technology gadgets and such other economic factors etc. parenting has become a little too difficult for many and may not be as fulfilling a process as it used to be earlier i.e. three or four decades ago.The very meaning of parenting is a 'self fulfilling prophecy' in itself. Majority of those who get married enjoy feelings of being parents, and plan their parenthood. The word and its very meaning are full of pride, strength and rejoice and is thus very positive. But due to above mentioned psychological, social and economic causes there is a need to look for 'positive styles' of parenting. The parenting has now become a complex process/activity, but is very important because it includes specific behaviors of mother and father which influence child outcome, e.g. their behaviour, development, personality, success, happiness and well being etc.Parenting refers to a privilege or responsibility of mother and father, together or independently to prepare child for society and culture which provides ample opportunity to child to find roots, continuity and sense of belonging. It serves as an effective agent of socialization. The way these responsibilities are carried out is parenting pattern or style.Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children (Darling & Steinbeig, 1993). For example, when socializing their children to succeed in school, parents might enact certain practices such as doing homework with their children, providing their children with time to read, and attending their children's school functions. In contrast, Darling and Steinberg (1993) define a parenting style as emotional climate in which parents raise their children. Parenting styles have been characterized by dimensions of parental responsiveness and demandingness (Baumrind, 1991).According to Maccoby and Martin (1983), parenting style captures two important elements of parenting: Parental responsiveness and Parental demandingness. Parental responsiveness is also referred to as parental warmth or supportiveness. It represents extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self regulation, and selfassertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to children's special needs and demands (Baumrind, 1991). Parental demandingness, also understood as behavioral control refers to the claims parents make on children to become integrated into family whole, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront child who disobeys (Baumrind, 1991). In other words, these parents usually set high performance goals/ standards and expect a high level of maturity from their children. Baumrind proposed mainly three types of Parenting i.e. Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive.Authoritarian Parents, as name indicates, are high on demandingness, strict and rigid in their expectations and maintain a tight control on their children being highly unresponsive and are emotionally distant. They are not free and frank with their children. …

Voices passed

PurposeThe paper's aim are to: review the value and credibility of oral history for historical research in marketing; and conceptualize oral history as more than a data source in historical research but also a subject to investigate memory and a conceptual approach for understanding historical events.Design/methodology/approachThe paper comprises an international historical review of oral history theory and practice linked to an examination of oral history methods in marketing.FindingsOral history is perceived as an “essentially contested concept”; a lack of consensus on universal principles has been sustained over a long time and has led to incredible diversity in theory and practice but has also made it difficult to grasp and manage. It is shown to be perspectival with analytical reach beyond individuals' recollected experiences and actions. Memory is identified as the subject as well as the source for oral history and a misconception that oral history can provide literal expressions of what experience and events were like is clarified. Oral history has been under‐utilized in marketing history and this is presented as a methodological paradox given the ubiquity of the interview in the marketing discipline more generally.Originality/valueCentral to oral history are a range of questions around issues of memory and remembering that have been largely unacknowledged in marketing and the oral history approach is perhaps uniquely placed to address some of these. Oral history critically examines the making of history and the paper highlights some of the issues this presents for historical research. Disciplinary efforts to standardize oral history are queried.

Back to Africa: Second Chances for the Children of West African Immigrants

This paper examines phenomenon of West African parents living in Europe and North America who send their older children back home: from places of high immigrant aspiration to those of hardship and privation. Drawing on a project on West African immigration to Europe and on previous field studies in Africa, we conclude that West African immigrants fearing consequences of their children's indiscipline in where racism and hostility can endanger entire family, may send unruly children back to home country. In doing so, we believe, they build on long-standing African disciplinary efforts in hopes of toughening their children's resilience to challenges in new place and wait for risk to dissipate. Key Words: African families, cross-cultural, culture/race/ethnicity, ethnography, fostering, migration. Recent decades have seen a sharp rise in number of West African nationals in Europe and North America. Most have been young men seeking work or a degree, though women have come in greater numbers as well, whether independently or, under family reunification provisions, to join a husband (Sow, in press). More thinly documented have been West African children who are directly affected by international migration to West. Some of these children are left behind when a parent travels abroad for work; others come as migrants themselves, whether as dependents of a working parent or, in more extreme cases, unaccompanied by an adult. Among most puzzling cases are those of children of West African immigrants in Europe or North America who are sent back to Africa, particularly children of older school age. Leaving places that seem to offer every advantage - established health and educational systems as well as likelihood of a stable, prosperous future - these children effectively return to countries with levels of personal hardship and privation that most Europeans and Americans would find unacceptable for their own children (Aries, 1962). When asked to explain their actions, immigrant parents may point to lower costs of living and abundant child care back home. Alternatively, they may declare that a child is adapting poorly to new place or needs to grow up knowing family's ancestral roots. If pressed, though, nearly all West African immigrant parents living in Europe and United States, which we describe collectively as the West, ultimately say they want their children to gain a secure footing West. Observations like these raise two questions. First, what might immigrants of recent West African origin find so objectionable about countries usually described as pinnacles of African immigrant ambition to point that they would send their children back to live in one of poorest regions on earth? Second, why would they so often send their children back home at just point when children should be preparing most intensively for a successful professional life in their new homes? Stripped of their wider social and cultural contexts, we believe apparent facts in this case are misleading. Drawing from our past and present studies in Africa and Europe and from a range of secondary sources, we examine in some detail West African tenet that ensuring a child's social and intellectual development requires maximal parental access to long-standing disciplinary practices. We then turn to two related concerns of West African parents about life in Europe and United States. One is what parents see as a Western tendency to coddle and spoil children and to restrict parents' access to discipline they may deem necessary for bringing a child into line. A child with an easy life, they fear, will have faltering interest in school and career achievement, losing ambitions parents had for him or her, quite possibly main reason they made international move in first place. Even more serious for parents may be repercussions of an undisciplined child's involvement in gangs, violence, and crime. …

Keeping a Distance

Distance is central to both Heidegger’s depiction of being-in-the-world and Derrida’s theorization of the culture of friendship. It is equally fundamental to the structure of language and, I argue, to the concept of the foreign. This essay brings together these theories of distance and demonstrates the ways they act on and through each other, the role that linguistic distance plays in constructing both foreigners and friends, and the permeable semantic boundaries that the concept of distance shares with movement, strangeness, instability, and indefiniteness. It further contends that this semantic seepage has proven threatening to certain species of philosophy and politics and prompted disciplinary efforts – to eradicate distance, regulate foreigners, immobilize meaning, and stabilize friendship – that are remarkably structurally similar and sometimes mutually supportive, but that both Heidegger and Derrida, by contrast, undertake a significant revaluation of distance and the foreignness and indeterminacy associated with it.

Do State Accountancy Boards Diligently Exercise Their Disciplinary Powers?

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 34.2pt 0pt 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"&gt;Certified public accountants (CPAs), similar to many other professionals, are regulated by the individual jurisdictions within the United States.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;State accountancy boards issue licenses, which enable CPAs to offer their services to the public.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In addition to issuing licenses only to qualified applicants, state boards help protect the public by disciplining CPAs who violate provisions of their state accountancy laws.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This paper investigates the diligence with which state boards exercise their disciplinary powers.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We identified 73 CPAs who were disciplined by the Securities and Exchange Commission between 1996 and 1998.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;State boards acted in 59 (80.8 percent) of these cases.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"&gt;Overall, we conclude that state boards appear to be exercising their disciplinary powers in those cases where the SEC has disciplined a CPA.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Protection of the public appears to be a priority for many boards.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There is some evidence, however, that for a few boards their disciplinary efforts could be more forcefully exercised. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Feasibility of Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Partial Nephrectomy in a Porcine Model

PurposeWe performed laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) partial nephrectomy in a porcine model with the objectives of overcoming the technical challenges of this surgery and exploring its feasibility.Materials and MethodsSix partial nephrectomies were performed on a pig aged 5 months, three cases on each kidney, by four surgeons: two urologists with much experience in laparoscopic surgery (E1, E2) and two less-experienced urologists (B1, B2). While under general anesthesia, the swine was placed in a lateral flank position. Umbilical placement of an Octoport was done with a 2.5 cm incision. After dissection of the renal hilum and Gerota's fascia, a bulldog clamp was applied on the renal artery and parenchymal resection was done. Renorrhaphy was then performed with interrupted sutures with the use of a sliding knot technique.ResultsAll six partial nephrectomies were performed successfully after repair of the vascular and collecting system at the resection margin and renorrhaphy without the need to introduce any additional ports. There were no noticeable intra- or postoperative complications. The mean warm ischemic time was 42 minutes (range, 30-60 minutes). The shortest warm ischemic time, 30 minutes, was achieved by using the early unclamping technique during renorrhaphy. The longest warm ischemic time was 60 minutes. The average number of renorrhaphy stitches was 3.2 (range, 2-5).ConclusionsLESS partial nephrectomy was successfully performed in a porcine model but resulted in a longer ischemic time than that of conventional laparoscopic surgeries. Therefore, further laboratory disciplinary efforts are needed to decrease the warm ischemic time and to improve this surgical technique.

‘The New Suffrage History: Voting Rights in International Perspective’

AbstractScholars of the U.S. woman suffrage movement are paying increased attention to its international dimensions. International organizations like the International Council of Women (1888) and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (1904) have begun to receive the kind of scrutiny that has traditionally been reserved for domestic suffrage organizations such as the American Woman Suffrage Association (1869), the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869), and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890). This attention to suffragists’ international organizing, cross‐border travel, and imperial commitments, including those of individual suffrage activists such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, has made visible the connections between struggles for women’s rights within U.S. borders and at the margins of U.S. territory including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Philippines. In turn, suffrage historians are now contributing to broader disciplinary efforts to internationalize the field of U.S. history and to map the contours of American Empire.

The Rise of Criminal Background Screening in Rental Housing

This article investigates the recent rise of criminal background screening in rental housing as a case study of the diffusion of actuarial social control. That case study suggests that actuarial techniques have spread more widely through the crime prevention field than sociolegal scholars have recognized, replacing disciplinary efforts to diagnose and alter the behavior of individuals with actuarial efforts to identify and isolate high-risk groups. This actuarial strategy has proliferated not only because new discourses encouraged it but also because new institutional structures facilitated it. That conclusion illustrates the importance of structural (rather than cultural) factors in shaping society's response to crime—particularly the growing availability of the collective institutional capacity that actuarial social control requires.

Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 3. Discipline, inter-discipline distance, and selection of discipline

Multiple disciplinary efforts are increasingly encouraged in health research, services, education and policy. This paper is the third in a series. The first discussed the definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness of multiple disciplinary teamwork. The second examined the promoters, barriers, and ways to enhance such teamwork. This paper addresses the questions of discipline, inter-discipline distance, and where to look for multiple disciplinary collaboration. This paper proposes a conceptual framework of the knowledge universe, based on a review of a number of key papers on the Global Brain. These key papers were identified during a literature review on multiple disciplinary teamwork, using Google and MEDLINE (1982-2007) searches. A discipline is held together by a shared epistemology. In general, disciplines that are more disparate from one another epistemologically are more likely to achieve new insight for a complex problem. The proposed conceptual framework of the knowledge universe consists of several knowledge subsystems, each containing a number of disciplines. The inter-discipline distance can guide us to select appropriate disciplines for a multiple disciplinary team. If multiple disciplinarity is called for, the proposed view of the knowledge universe as a series of knowledge subsystems and disciplines, and the place of health sciences in the knowledge universe, will help researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to identify disciplines for multiple disciplinary efforts.

Making your genes come true.

Winning in biotechnology depends on managing risk through work, superb planning, and cross–disciplinary efforts at innovation.

Practice guidelines in the addictions. Recent developments.

Consensually established principles of clinical conduct, known variously as practice guidelines, standards, protocols, or algorithms, have proliferated throughout medicine over the past decade. Institutional and disciplinary efforts to develop and promulgate guidelines for the treatment of additive disorders have recently been initiated. We review guideline development activities of the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Society of Addiction Medicine, American Nurses Association, National Association of Social Workers, and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medical care performance and outcome assessments are discussed with attention to the role they can play in evaluating and refining guidelines. Potential effects of guidelines, salutary and deleterious, on clinical practice in the addictions are delineated.