Disaster Risk Reduction Programs Research Articles

A cost-benefit analysis for the appraisal of social and market prices in the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of building portfolios: A methodology for the evaluation of disaster risk reduction programs

A cost-benefit analysis can be a milestone for the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of building portfolios. This approach appraises social, economic, and technical aspects as evaluation criteria, becoming a reliable method for more accurate feasibility evaluation of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) programs. This paper proposes a simplified methodological approach to estimate the feasibility of intervention campaigns directed to seismic retrofitting for building portfolios. Its feature is the number of variables it encompasses such as: multiple intervention levels, resource distribution, maximum repair time, direct and indirect losses, simplified seismic resilience, number of casualties, amount of replacement buildings, and expected service life. Then, all these factors are analyzed using a conventional probabilistic seismic risk assessment, followed by the estimation of net cash flows in terms of social and market prices. The final profitability and feasibility are determined based on investment indicators (Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Cost-Benefit ratio). In addition, plots of maximum repair time and simplified seismic resilience (as a function of the resource distribution) are proposed as novel decision-making tools. To illustrate the methodology, a case study of six building portfolios grouped into two categories is presented. The portfolios are conformed by a Peruvian school typology designated as 780-PRE, typically two-story high with reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames plus infill-walls and confined masonry walls. The demonstrative case included eleven target scenarios to assess the as-built and several intervention conditions, based on incremental seismic retrofitting measures. Results confirm that social prices influence the decision-making process, even making feasible projects that were initially unfeasible (when solely appraised under market prices). Finally, the authors propose further applications of this methodology as a tool to support the development of reliable DRR-programs.

Spatial Dynamic Model of Index-Based Disaster Resilience

Measurement and development of resilience are essential in disaster risk reduction programs. Furthermore, efforts are needed to measure resilience baselines to track changes over time and compare areas for monitoring and evaluating resilience development. Therefore, this study identified dimensions and indicators for measuring resilience using a statistical approach and developed an index-based spatial resilience model in a web-GIS environment. This paper presents the spatial distribution of urban resilience to disasters in Semarang City at the sub-district level. Factor analysis showed that 21 selected indicators could represent five dimensions of resilience: social, economic, infrastructure, environmental, and institutional. Furthermore, the model results showed that 88% of the sub-districts were in the moderate resilience class. The spatial distribution of each dimension showed considerable heterogeneity in its coastal and plain areas (city center) as well as better resilience in the social and infrastructure dimensions than in its hilly areas. The hilly areas in the west have relatively better resilience than those in the east. These results can be used as a reference in managing resilience to disasters. The model presents a spatial distribution of resilience based on an index that quickly provides an overview of the conditions and determines priorities for increasing resilience in supporting disaster risk reduction programs.

Geospatial assessment of intrinsic resilience to the climate change for the central coast of Bangladesh

Climate change resilience not only depends on the physiographic properties, but also the socio-economic status of the people. Considering climate change resilience as a socio-ecological construct, few attempts have been taken to measure resilience across the space, especially at national and community scales. There is a paucity of research that contributes to the spatial understanding of climate change resilience at local level from the system approach. This study aims to provide an assessable means through an analytical geospatial exercise of intrinsic resilience of a socio-ecological system in the context of climate change scenario. Due to the unique physiographic and geomorphological characteristics, the central coast of Bangladesh has already been termed as one of the most climate change vulnerable hotspots by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Therefore, it demands a comprehensive assessment in terms of climate change vulnerability, adaptive capacity and resilience. We investigated the intrinsic resilience of this region by adopting Climate Change Resilience of Place (C-CROP) model. This study is the first attempt to the implication of the C-CROP model in real world scenario. Remote Sensing based earth observation, census, and ancillary data were in the centre of the investigation while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to select and weigh bottom level indicators. 20 adaptive capacity indicators and 17 vulnerability indicators were selected in this regard. Using PCA, 37 indicators are reduced to 5 adaptive capacity and 3 vulnerability principal components which explain 73.81% and 79.17% variance in the data respectively. Quantification and mapping of intrinsic resilience through geospatial approach using Google Earth Engine (GEE) provide useful data that show how intrinsic resilience is spatially distributed in the most vulnerable hotspot in the climate change context. The findings of the study can contribute to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programs to sustainably allocate limited resources and set priority interventions in order to build vulnerable communities resilient in changing climatic scenario.

Seismic hazard analysis on Solok Regency, West Sumatra to support local government development program

Solok Regency is an administrative area located in West Sumatra that is currently carrying out disaster mitigation programs. Mostly, major infrastructure such as the Solok Local Government Buildings Complex, school facilities, hospital buildings, and many dense residential buildings are scattered over this area. One notable event happened on September 30, 2009, which forced the local government to take serious prevention steps to reduce casualties and damages in the future. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a comprehensive study to analyze the seismic hazards by determining the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the bedrock. The analysis was carried out using the Probability Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) by calculating several seismic sources towards Solok regency by a radius of 500 kilometers from the Arosuka area for a 2475-year return period. The result showed a PGA value of 1.052g on Arosuka, Solok regency, while the Openquake platform shows the range of PGA values varies from 0.576g – 1.368g. The PGA values were then visualized into a seismic hazard map using a geographic information system (GIS). In addition, these scientific results are used as basic information to estimate the seismic vulnerability to support the disaster risk reduction program in West Sumatra.

The effectiveness of the development of multi-platforms-based disaster risk reduction learning media to manifest Sekolah Siaga Covid-19

School closures during covid-19 are predicted to impact the quality decrease of graduates in the future permanently. This condition is exacerbated by the lack of public awareness of disaster risk reduction (DRR). Moreover, Disaster risk reduction management must be a priority agenda for all parties. The reactive response needs to be shifted to a proactive response to make the impact more effective. Proactive management of disaster risk reduction requires more participation from various institutions, such as government, non-government and private, and public participation. This training aims to improve teachers' knowledge, skills, and attitude toward using multi-learning platforms. The training effectiveness is measured by the gain normality test of one group pre-test and post-test design applied in research syntax to 22 students. The study results in that 1) training can improve teachers' knowledge, skills, and attitude to integrate non-natural disaster risk reduction in learning with an average of 0,33 N-Gain increases in the medium category. 2) training can improve teachers' knowledge, skills, and attitude to integrate learning multi-platforms, which increases N-Gain of 0,59 in the medium category. This research, in this regard, recommends that school is likely a place to develop a sustainable, structured, and systematic Covid-19 disaster risk reduction program.

Disaster risk reduction for whom? The gap between centrally planned Disaster Management Program and people's risk perception and adaptation

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is gaining popularity to address the increasing threat of climate change. People living in high disaster-prone impoverished areas can benefit from risk reduction interventions and subsequent adaptation of new technologies and behavior if those interventions diminish the perceived risk of disaster. Perceived risk of disaster plays an important role in influencing adaptive behavior. Disaster risk reduction interventions therefore can be benefitted from inclusive local consultation during the planning and implementation of the risk reduction interventions by taking local people's perceived risk of disaster into account. We studied a national-level disaster risk reduction program called ‘The comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP)’ in Bangladesh to understand the linkage between risk reduction interventions, perceived risk of disaster, and adaptation. Following a mixed-method approach, we collected quantitative administrative data, interviewed local people, and conducted Focus Group Discussions in two disaster-prone neighboring coastal unions of Bangladesh. We have found that if risk reduction interventions designed by the central government are not aligned with the perceived risk of the local people, the implementation of these interventions does not reduce perceived risk significantly, and consequently, people do not adopt new technologies and behavior to increase their resilience to climate change shocks. Furthermore, people's valuation of a risk reduction intervention in reducing the perceived risk of disasters does not change after an actual disaster takes place insinuating the relative accuracy and robustness of local people's assessment of such interventions. We also found that risk reduction interventions implemented in a holistic way addressing multiple sources of risks can reduce perceived risk significantly. Lastly, we demonstrated that reducing perceived risk is a necessary condition but is not sufficient to encourage adaptation. Our study can contribute to improving the design and implementation of large-scale risk-reduction interventions implemented at the community level.

Does economic development reduce disaster damage risk from floods in India? Empirical evidence using the ZINB model

Every year, extreme climatic events cause significant losses in South Asian countries, including India. The damages due to floods have gone up, affecting the overall development of the Indian economy. The current study uses zero-inflated negative binomial and negative binomial regression approaches to evaluate whether economic growth lowers damage risk due to repeating flood occurrences for major flood-affected Indian states from 1981 to 2019. This study produces three significant findings. First, loss and damage indicators are on the rise across the country. Second, high-income states are more flood-resistant than poor states. Third, the real economic growth rate and the disaster risk follow a ‘U' shape pattern. This study concludes that real per capita gross state domestic product and urbanization rate reduce the loss and damages due to disasters, while a rise in population density, more flooded areas, and heavy rainfall enhance the damage risk. Further, our study supports the economic growth theory of J. S. Mill that there is a negative association between disasters and economic growth. From a policy perspective, this study suggests increasing expenditures under the Disaster Risk Reduction program to lower damage risk. This study also urges the integration of the developmental planning and state action plan for climate change to encounter such climatic events thoroughly.

Disaster Preparedness Practices of Low and Middle-Income Households in the Coastal Communities in Negros Occidental, Philippines

Disaster preparedness has played a vital role in mitigating disaster risks. A well-planned disaster risk reduction program is effective in minimizing hazards and casualties. The study determined the extent of disaster preparedness practices of households in the coastal communities of a congressional district in the Philippines, particularly on typhoons, in terms of disaster preparedness literacy, participation in community disaster preparedness, and disaster preparedness on supplies and kit contents. A descriptive-comparative research design was used to administer a researcher-made survey instrument to 341 coastal household members. Statistical techniques such as Kolmogorov Smirnov, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, Mean, and Standard Deviation were used in the study. The findings revealed a great extent of disaster preparedness practices with significant differences when respondents were grouped according to household income and educational attainment of the household members. However, there were no significant differences when grouped according to household size, type of housing unit, and type of housing structure. Household income is very minimal in purchasing food/kit supplies was identified as the most significant challenge experienced by the households. The study recommends an enhanced Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management (BDRRM) Plan to strengthen the programs, projects, and activities to increase the adaptive capacity and involvement of households toward disaster preparedness.

Assuring Prompt and Appropriate Mitigating Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction Program in Basic Education

Assuring Prompt and Appropriate Mitigating Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction Program in Basic Education

Multi-hazard risk assessment of typhoon, typhoon-rainfall and post-typhoon-rainfall in the Mid-Central Coastal region of Vietnam

Purpose This paper aims to develop a multi-hazard risk assessment method based on probability theory and a set of economic, social and environmental indicators, which considers the increase in hazards when they occur concurrently or consecutively. Design/methodology/approach Disaster risk assessment generally considers the impact and vulnerability of a single hazard to the affected location/object without considering the combination of multiple hazards occurring concurrently or consecutively. However, disasters are often closely related, occurring in combination or at the same time. Probability theory was used to assess multi-hazard, and a matrix method was used to assess the interaction of hazard vulnerabilities. Findings The results of the case study for the Mid-Central Coastal Region show that the proportions of districts at a very high class of multi-hazard, multi-vulnerabilities and multi-hazard risk are 81%, 89% and 82%, respectively. Multi-hazard risk level tends to decrease from North to South and from East to West. A total of 100% of coastal districts are at high to very high multi-hazard risk classes. The research results could assist in the development of disaster risk reduction programs towards sustainable development and support the management to reduce risks caused by multi-hazard. Originality/value The multi-risk assessment method developed in this study is based on published literature, allowing to compare quantitatively multiple risk caused by multi-hazard occurring concurrently or consecutively, in which, a relative increase in hazard and vulnerability is considered. The method includes the assessment of three components of disaster risk including multi-hazard, exposure and multi-vulnerability. Probability and Copula theories were used to assess multi-hazard, and a matrix method was used to assess the interaction intensity of multi-vulnerabilities in the system.

Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes State University

The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.

Risk Perception and Preparedness in Flash Flood-Affected Communities: Evidence from Bahorok, Indonesia

The Bahorok River basin has a high flash-flood hazard index. This is shown by loss of lives and damage of homes due to floods in recent years, however, no research examined community preparedness on the hazard of flash-flood. This research aimed to assess the effect of disaster experience and flood-risk perception on disaster preparedness of the people of Bukit Lawang Plantation Village. A cross-sectional survey design was used to determine the relationship between disaster experience, risk perception and preparedness as the independent and dependent variables, respectively. The results showed that disaster experience and risk perception positively and significantly affect the community preparedness. Disaster risk reduction programs in the region only focus on emergency response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Furthermore, increasing public awareness and preparedness has not been prioritized in reducing flood risk. This is an essential aspect for consideration because mountainous areas are often marginalized and lack access to disaster risk reduction programs.
 Keywords : Flood-risk perception; preparedness; flash flood
 
 Copyright (c) 2022 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

The Resilient Community: Strengthening People-Centered Disaster Risk Reduction in the Merapi Volcano Community, Java, Indonesia

Local communities generally play a crucial role during a disaster, so their involvement in pre-disaster capacity development may prove beneficial in the face of a disaster threat. Thus, People-Centered Disaster Risk Reduction (PCDRR) programs could enable communities living in disaster-prone areas to become more resilient. This study examines how relationships among individual attributes of the community (and their pre-event Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) context (risk knowledge, information access, and network and stakeholders) could give insight into how communities can be transformed to make them more resilient in the case of the Merapi Volcano community. Based on data collected through online survey platform by non-probability sampling, this study uses non-parametric goodness fit tests and parametric regression to assess the dependencies between various indicators and find the predictor variables. The findings indicate that the individual attributes of the Merapi Volcano community, as perceived through the pre-event DRR context has led to a better understanding of the function of people exposure to prepare more people-centered preparedness and disaster mitigation. However, since the sub-variables did not show any significance for being predictors, this implies that, even though there is a significant reliance between the pre-event DRR context and the individual attributes, the individual attribute could be regarded more as a modifier than a predictor.

Localizing disaster risk reduction: a case study of community-based disaster preparedness in Bima and Palangkaraya Indonesia

Community-Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) approaches are important elements to reduce vulnerability and increase resiliency in disaster risk areas. These are part of a new trend in localizing disaster risk reduction (DRR) which values the knowledge and capacities of local people and builds on local resources, including social capital. The CBDP in Indonesia has been initiated both by government and various actors such as NGOs, academia, and privates. This paper focuses on the CBDP initiatives called “MASTANA,” that are carried out by Muhammadiyah (MDMC), one of the largest Faith-Based Organization (FBO) in Indonesia in collaboration with local disaster management agency. This paper will describe how local communities through MASTANA program succeeded in formulating disaster preparedness strategies and situating them within wider local development planning. It also depicts how communities are able to integrate contingency and operational plans into planning document that was formalized and signed by the village head to guarantee the sustainability of DRR program. In addition, it will describe the formation of DRR forum that consist of various stakeholders including women and people with disabilities. Last, it will discuss challenges in using CBDP approaches at the village level.

COVID-19 and Schooling of Disabled Children and Youth in Kenya: The Locus of Education in the Disaster Risk Reduction Process

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary and secondary school-age children with disabilities to assess Kenya’s disaster readiness and the current mitigating measures using the UNDRO/UNDP Disaster Management and Recovery Program framework. The vulnerability analysis of the education system in Kenya reveals gaps in implementing disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs for children and youth with disabilities. Mismanagement of insufficient resources and services (i.e., digital infrastructure and shortage of computer literate educators and government inaction and corruption) showed the extent to which COVID-19 pandemic has undermined the capacity of Kenya’s education system to prepare school-age children with special needs for citizenry responsibilities. Since DRR efforts can overlook or neglect the particular constraints of communities with disabilities within and beyond the education sector, the DRR programs should include education (i.e., physical and virtual learning) to contain the unpredictable and novel pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) and importantly, and include disabled persons and their families in the DRR committees at all administrative levels. This is vital in mitigating factors that predispose disadvantaged children to academic failure and push them to failed adult life on the periphery of society.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Appraisal of Social and Market Prices in the Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment of Building Portfolios: A Tool for the Evaluation of Disaster Risk Reduction Programs

A Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Appraisal of Social and Market Prices in the Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment of Building Portfolios: A Tool for the Evaluation of Disaster Risk Reduction Programs

Framework for utilizing disaster learning tools classified by real and virtual aspects of community space and social networks: Application to community-based disaster risk reduction and school disaster education on earthquakes in Japan for during- and post-COVID-19 periods

Disaster learning is conducted in community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and school-based disaster-education programs are promoted all over the world. The diversity of such programs is growing wider due to the spread of COVID-19 and the rapid digital transformation that followed. The ultimate goals of these diversifying tools tend to center on reducing human loss in local communities. The community space where DRR is conducted and the social networks through which residents cooperate are two of the important components for loss reduction. Against this backdrop, this study proposed a framework for utilizing disaster learning tools classified in terms of the real and virtual aspects of community space and social networks, both of which are important factors for diversifying tools. The uniqueness of this framework lies in its deductive categorization of the tools relative to previous studies, which inductively proposed categorizations based on existing tools. Applying this framework to community-based DRR and school-based disaster education related to earthquakes in Japan revealed future challenges in terms of self-help, mutual-help, and collaboration among actors as well as the present contribution based on its four quadrants. Although Japan is a relatively advanced country in terms of DRR and disaster education, the study identified room for developing the tools.

Implementation of Flood Disaster Risk Reduction Program In District of Lebak

Masalah : Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Lebak sudah melaksanakan implementasi Program Pengurangan Risiko Bencana sesuai yang diamanatkan selaku lembaga yang berwenang dalam pengelolaan bencana di tingkat daerah kabupaten, namun terdapat pemenuhan sumber daya manusia belum mencukupi, sosialisasi kegiatan yang belum dilakukan secara merata serta belum adanya jadwal kegiatan yang jelas dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan Pengurangan Rusiko Bencana.
 Tujuan : Mengetahui bagaimana Implementasi Program Pengurangan Risiko (PRB) Banjir pada Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Lebak.
 Metodologi : Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi yang berkaitan dengan Progaram Pengurangan Risiko Bencana. Data yang diperoleh kemudian di analisis secara kualitatif dengan meninjau semua data yang didukung oleh hasil wawancara dengan pendekatan teori yang dikemukanan oleh Charles O. Jones.
 Temuan/Hasil penelitian : Implementasi Pengurngan Risiko Bencana (PRB) Banjir pada Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah kabupaten Lebak secara garis besar dinilai dari tiga indikator belum terpenuhi dengan baik.
 Jenis penelitian: Peneltian Lapangan

People preparedness during Floods in Sub-district Sumbermanjing Wetan, Malang, Indonesia

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is one of the prioritized activities worldwide including Indonesia. To fulfill DRR in Indonesia, the National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) issued a BNPB Head Regulation Policy No. 1 of 2012 for the general guidelines for Disaster Resilient village/sub-districts (Destana). This program aims to increase the village/sub-district’s capacity in DRR when faced with disaster. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The data was collected through interviews and field observations in Sitiarjo Village, Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. This study found that the Malang Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) has attempted to carry out capacity building on the dimensions of human resource, organizational strengthening and institutional reform in Sitiarjo Village through training and socialization provided by the Malang Regency BPBD and other stakeholders in the DRR Program in Sitiarjo Village. Organizational strengthening has also been carried out in Sitiarjo Village, where the Sitarjo Village Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (FPRB) has been established before Sitiarjo Village was incorporated in the Destana program and has cooperated with other stakeholders in capacity building in Sitiarjo Village. However, the institutional reform at Sitiarjo Village Destana has not run optimally as the Government has not made a policy in village/sub-district regulations specialized in the Destana program in Sitiarjo village. The main problem is the lack of community participation in capacity building carried out by Malang’s BPBD. The community perceives that capacity building in the Disaster Resilient Village/subdistricts Program (Destana) is more about meeting DRR needs. It requires an understanding of DRR and the necessary capacity building that follows the characteristics of each village/sub-district. With high awareness among all DRR Program stakeholders, each village/sub-district’s independence in dealing with threats and disaster risks can be properly realized.

Probabilistic seismic resilience quantification of a reinforced masonry shear wall system with boundary elements under bi-directional horizontal excitations

The concept of resilience is gaining increased attention in disaster management due to the recent awareness of the need to reduce the detrimental post-event effects of natural disasters, e.g., earthquakes. Resilience is a practical concept that includes pre-event (preparedness and mitigation) and post-event (response and recovery) activities. Quantitative resilience assessment approaches are needed to compare the available mitigation strategies to decide on the most suitable strategy and provide better support for decision-making procedures. In this study, a methodology for quantifying the seismic resilience of reinforced masonry shear wall (RMSW) buildings with end-confined masonry boundary elements is implemented. The uncertainties associated with structural and non-structural losses and estimated recovery time uncertainties are considered while quantifying the resilience index of RMSW buildings. The archetype buildings studied have 8-, 10-, and 12-storey heights and are located in Vancouver, representing a high seismic zone in Canada. First, a numerical model was developed using OpenSees to derive the fragility surface for the studied archetypes subjected to bi-directional horizontal excitation. Second, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to quantify the resilience index of each archetype considering the above-mentioned uncertainties. The results prove the robustness of ductile RMSW buildings having end-confined MBEs in mitigating the losses associated with disaster events. Additionally, the findings provide comprehensive and valuable information for earthquake mitigation measures and disaster risk reduction programmes.