Disaster Management Policy Research Articles

COVID-19 and the ‘New Normal’ in Education: Exacerbating Existing Inequities in Education

This paper considers education responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, with specific reference to South Africa, examining how inequality has been exacerbated as a result of the pandemic. It outlines how education policy choices are shaped and how the (mis)use of evidence highlights the lack of meaningful and robust involvement by key education stakeholders and social science specialists, particularly from the critical tradition. COVID-19 has intensified and sharpened social, political and economic fragilities and inequities globally, forcing governments to (re)think responses to social problems and disruptions. This paper underscores three dimensions of inequity in education as a result of the pandemic: equitable teaching and learning during the lockdown and school closures; inequities that may result from the (re)opening of schools in the ‘new normal’; and the lack of attention to psychosocial support and professional development. The paper argues that while this pandemic may be new, it has exacerbated existing inequities in education provision, intensified by the COVID-19 disaster management and education policy. The paper argues for a progressive approach to education transformation in response to this pandemic and future crises and disruptions.

Decolonising knowledge production in disaster management: a feminist perspective

PurposeThis paper focuses on how feminist research seeks to integrate the inclusion of women in society for them to be active participants in disaster management, and goes on to prove how crucial it is for disaster research to collaborate with feminist research to arrive at a cohesive, interwoven, interdisciplinary field and methodology, while at the same time giving the agency in the hands of local agents for them to bring about change through traditional methods interwoven with broader methodologies. To hand over the process to local agents would result in decolonisation of knowledge production and implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper was written using secondary sources, mainly in the form of books, journal articles and news articles. Reports by international organisations were used to augment data and other theoretical frameworks and references in the paper. The secondary sources were selected keeping in view one of the primary objectives of the paper, namely “decolonising knowledge production”. Analysis by postcolonial authors from the global South has been included. Research and literature based in local contexts form an important part of the sources consulted throughout this paper. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been used as a case study to highlight how disasters are still “gendered”; it opens up space for further research on the topic.FindingsEven though women are increasingly recognised as agents of positive change in prevention, mitigation and post-disaster efforts, very little is done at the policy and implementation levels to include their experiences and benefit from them. There is an urgent need for systemic, gender-aware changes at socio-economic and political levels so that hazards may be prevented from turning into disasters by reducing the vulnerability of populations.Originality/valueThe importance of this research lies in its interdisciplinary approach and the integration of three fields of study disaster management, feminist/gender studies and decolonising knowledge production. The attempt is to analyse the interdependence of these fields of study to understand the lacunae in planning and implementation of disaster management policies, and to pave the way for further research by way of this integration.

Preface The 5th International Conference in The Era of Uncertainty (ICPEU) 2021

We would like to thank everyone for your enthusiasm and participation in the 5th International Conference on Planning in the Era of Uncertainty at Universitas Brawijaya. ICPEU is a biennial event held by Department of Regional and Urban Planning – Universitas Brawijaya (Malang, Indonesia) since 2013. The conference series has focused on the discussion of sustainable development since the very beginning, as we truly believe that this topic is very relevant to what we, in the field of planning, face at the moment and in the future.In 2013, we started off the discussion with a big question, can planning theory be applied thoroughly in practice? It was a very memorable discussion as we explored many interdisciplinary problems and solutions in planning. We then developed our topic to sustainable development in 2015 as we considered this as an underlying topic for all relevant problems and solutions. Again, the discussion was remarkable. Papers from different countries participated in the event. In 2017, we started publishing our papers on IOP Proceedings, which is a Scopus-indexed form of publication. And in 2019, we raised the topic of bridging the rural-urban development gap-strengthening sustainability goals. We believe that this event at this moment will be more successful than our predecessors.The 5th ICPEU was held on 19th July 2021 with the topic “Rural-Urban Connectivity”. This topic addressed a concern about spatial equality and sustainability with particular relevance to the pandemic situation. This year, ICPEU was held in a completely different way due to the pandemic. Covid-19 pandemic and travel restrictions did not demotivate us to strengthen our academic community and organize the conference. The current information technology in the form of video conference (webinar) helped us to tackle the distance obstacle. This virtual platform gave us three benefits i.e., 1) made the overall presentations and discussions more efficient, 2) the technology gave us opportunity to effectively communicate with the keynote speakers as well as made all sessions enjoyable for them, and 3) reached more participants. This year we had in total 250 participants including the presentersWe organize the conference in the form of plenary session by presenting eight keynote speakers. They talked about the concept and practices of sustainability in a broad range of disciplines including social capital, disaster management, infrastructure, regional development and public policy. The keynote speaker’s session was followed by panel sessions. All panel presenters had 15 minutes to share their ideas continued with 5 minutes discussion for each presentation. Regarding the panel session, we have received papers from Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, and also Indonesia, discussing and showcasing multi-level efforts in achieving sustainable development from different perspectives. In short, the response that we received has been overwhelmingly positive. We received a total of 83 extended abstracts for this event, and unfortunately, we can only accept 70 selected ones to be published in our upcoming publications.We would like to thank our invaluable sponsors, Universitas Brawijaya, the Faculty of Engineering, PLN UP3 Malang, and Bantex Indonesia for their supports that have allowed us to organize this event. Thank you to Hastirin Widi Astuti, S.Pd, M.A (TESOL) for the proofreading and editing services so that we can make prepare these articles for publication. Therefore, I would like to congratulate all authors that have made it this far.Lastly, we would like to acknowledge fellow colleagues who have made this conference successful: Prof. Ir. Hadi Suyono, S.T., MT., Ph.D., IPU., ASEAN Eng. (Dean of the Engineering Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya), Dr. Ir. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, MSP (Head of the Regional and Urban Planning Department, Universitas Brawijaya), The keynote speakers: Prof. Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Prof. Kenichiro Onitsuka (Kyoto University – Japan), Prof. Murakami Keisuke (University of Miyazaki – Japan), Prof. Joe Ravetz (University of Manchester – UK), Dr. Suprapedi. M.Eng (Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration – Indonesia), Ir. Mochamad Basoeki Hadimoeljono, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Ministry of Public Works and Housing – Indonesia), Dr. Emil Elestianto Dardak, M. Sc. (Vice Governor of East Java Province – Indonesia), and Dr. Tech. Christia Meidiana (Universitas Brawijaya – Indonesia)List of titles Steering Committee, Organizing Committee, Technical Assitance, Documentation Keynote Speech, Parallel Session are available in this Pdf.

Geographic variability of post-disaster mental health: case study after the 2017 flood in Bangladesh.

Every year Bangladesh faces enormous damages due to flooding. Facing these damages the Government adopts various recovery approaches. However, the psychological dimension of any disaster is generally overlooked in disaster management. Researchers have found that the spatial distribution of post-disaster mental health can help the authorities to apply recovery procedures where they are most needed. For this research, Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL-5), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to estimate posttraumatic stress, major depressive disorder and anxiety following three episodes of severe floods in 2017 that affected at least 8 million people. To better understand the spatial pattern of psychological vulnerability and reach a comprehensive scenario of post-disaster mental health, Moran's I was applied for spatial autocorrelation and Pearson's correlation and regression analysis for a study of the relationship between the psychological aspects. It was found that psychological vulnerability showed a spatial clustering pattern and that there was a strong positive linear relationship among psychological aspects in the study area. This research might help to adopt disaster management policies that consider the psychological dimension and spatial distribution of various psychological aspects to identify areas characterized by high vulnerability and risk so that they can be reached without delay.

“Engines and Wagons”: The Challenges and Options of Conserving Railway Heritage

Zimbabwe has a rich railway heritage that includes rail engines, wagons, coaches, trolleys, ticket rooms, rail stations, and tracks. The National Railway Museum of Zimbabwe (NRMZ) has a long history in providing railway transport and have contributed to the social, economic, and political lives of Zimbabweans. The NRMZ is the only institution that collects, preserve, and display railway heritage. This study investigates the effectiveness of the NRMZ in conserving railway heritage. This study employed qualitative research methodology. It is revealed that railway collections are deteriorating at unprecedented levels. The major agents of deterioration include relative humidity, temperature, pollution, pests and rodents as well as human factors. The study concludes that the NRMZ is employing ineffective conservation strategies and the museum is likely to lose more collections if they do not prioritize preventive conservation, develop collections, and disaster management policies.

Nonalam Disaster Management Policy for The Spread of Covid-19 in The Framework of Regional Autonomy (Central Java Provincial Government Case Study)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a type of coronavirus, this virus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Seeing the spread, the transmission of Covid-19 has increased very quickly across countries and continents. The Central Government has declared the non-natural disaster status of the spread of Covid-19 as a National disaster. Seeing the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic not only causing a health emergency but also having an impact on the social, economic, political, cultural, educational and other fields so that its response requires synergy between the Central Government, Regional Government, the private sector, and the community. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of non-natural disaster management policies for the spread of Covid-19 by the Central Government and Central Java Provincial Government within the framework of the division of authority through the regional autonomy law. This research method uses descriptive qualitative, using a statute approach and a case approach. The results show that the distribution of authority to the Regional Government to regulate their own household affairs has a positive impact on accelerating the management of non-natural disasters from the spread of Covid-19, on the other hand the negative impact is the potential for overlapping between central and regional policies. However, the potential for overlapping policies can be minimized as long as the Central Government is able to absorb the aspirations of the Regional Government and the Regional Government pays attention to the policies of the Central Government.

Social Workers and Disaster Management: An Aotearoa New Zealand Perspective

Abstract In many parts of the world, social workers have long supported disaster responses although in Aotearoa New Zealand, social work is not generally considered an essential component of disaster management. Promoting the development of safer, less vulnerable communities, is however a key activity for both social work and disaster management. The recent shift from a traditional focus on hazards to vulnerability and resilience consolidates the alignment and importance of social work within this field. This article reports the results of the first known survey of registered social workers in Aotearoa New Zealand and their involvement in disaster events. Additionally, the article highlights the perspectives of six disaster management professionals on the role of social workers in disaster management. The findings offer examples of social workers’ engagement in disaster work, the variable understanding of social work by disaster management personnel, and the importance of social work maintaining a positive public profile. Implications for future social work practice and education internationally as well as disaster management policy and practice are outlined.

Examining local institutional networks for sustainable disaster management: Empirical evidence from the South-West coastal areas in Bangladesh

Local social networks are vital contributor to community resilience and recovery from disasters. We aim to assess how collaboration among local formal actors varies during different phases of disaster. We also identify the gaps in local institutional collaboration between policy and practice. The social network analysis is used to measure the network structure for coastal disaster management at the bottom level administrative (i.e., Union) in Bangladesh. We consider three disaster-prone locations in the southwest part of coastal Bangladesh. The following network matrices are used to quantify ties among the actors of the local disaster management committee: degree, betweenness, and eigenvector. The results reveal that the local committee members are highly active during the preparedness and the response phase. The network structure varies among studied locations due to multiple factors such as diverse leadership capacities of the actors, road network, and physical characteristics of the areas. Although Bangladesh is internationally acknowledged for disaster management activities, we find very poor collaboration among actors during the recovery and mitigation phase. The collaboration and coordination need to be enhanced during the recovery and mitigation phases for sustainable disaster management. The actual implementation of the disaster management policies is far behind what the policy documents indicate. Proper implementation of the roles and responsivities specified in the policy documents is therefore needed.

Disaster management and the need for a reinstated social contract of shared responsibility

Extreme climate events and related disasters are increasing both in frequency and intensity. Resulting impacts materialize in the form of devastating bushfires, flooding, hurricanes, and cyclones and bring with them the tragic loss of life and substantial loss and damage to phenomena of value. Disaster management plays a central role in attempting to minimize and manage these impacts, and many government institutions posit that shared responsibility with citizens is the most effective approach to achieve this. However, some scholarship contends that shared approaches preference responsibility too far towards citizens and too far away from government institutions and are ineffective in lessening and managing such impacts. Here, we analyze governmental inquiries and actions undertaken regarding three past catastrophic disasters—2005 Hurricane Katrina (USA), the 2009 Victorian Bushfires (Australia), and the 2011 Queensland Floods (Australia). We assess, across these inquiries, 'what went wrong', 'what was working', and 'what needs fixing' with shared responsibility in disaster management. Our results indicate pervasive ineffectiveness in leadership, governance, trust, and resilience. We discuss how neoliberal influence contributes towards this ineffectiveness and suggest how this influence can be actively contested. We conclude by advocating for a reinstated social contract that inserts citizen rights and justice into disaster management policy making concomitant with the redistribution of public and third sector resources administered through inclusive governance frameworks. Such a social contract affords citizens greater opportunity to exercise agency whilst maximizing institutional support before, during, and after a disaster to provide greater protection and reduce harm.

Landslide mitigation strategies in southeast Bangladesh: Lessons learned from the institutional responses

The paper examines how local-level institutions mitigate landslide hazards in southeast Bangladesh. In this context, sixteen sub-districts (Upazila) were selected as sample sites from the southeastern districts through disproportionate quota sampling for a sample survey. Forty-five officials were interviewed by using a semi-structured questionnaire at the local level. The study reveals two types of measures (i.e., structural and non-structural) that have been taken by local-level institutions under the National Plan of Disaster Management (NPDM) as there is no Landslide-specific Disaster Management Policy in southeast Bangladesh. The study explores that the structural measures (guide wall and retaining wall for slope stabilization, resettlement, small-scale plantation, etc.) are insufficient due to the financial constraints. The findings reveal that the emergency responses (eviction, temporary evacuation, dissemination of early warning, etc.) are adequate to reduce the landslide-induced causality; however, the non-structural measures (such as early warning system, housing facilities, community-based awareness-raising programs with more training and workshops, rehabilitation activities, etc.) need special attention to mitigate landslide hazards. The results also suggest that resettlement policy should consider the ethnic culture along with other regional factors of a diversified hilly environment. It also puts forward an institution-based solution, including a comprehensive official landslide database with sustainable hill management mechanisms. Such evidence epitomizes a significant foremost step in developing realistic mitigation strategies for landslide-prone areas with similar socio-economic, cultural, and regional settings like southeast Bangladesh.

Responsibility-sharing for pets in disasters: lessons for One Health promotion arising from disaster management challenges.

During disasters, the behaviour of pet owners and of pets themselves may compromise the ability of emergency responders to perform their duties safely. Furthermore, pet loss can have deleterious effects on personal and community recovery. To explore these issues and their implications for health promotion and disaster management practice, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 emergency responders in Australia, where disaster policy embraces shared responsibility yet does not acknowledge pets. We found that responders commit to being responsible for protecting human lives, especially members of their teams. Frontline emergency responders did not regard pets as their responsibility, yet decisions made with tragic consequences for pets exacted an emotional toll. Emergency managers consider community education as a pivotal strategy to support building people's capacity to reduce their own risk in disasters. While important, we question whether this is sufficient given that human life is lived in more-than-human contexts. Reformulating the parameters of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion as 'One Health Promotion' may help to account for the intermeshed lives of people and pets, while acknowledging human priority in public policy and programming. To acknowledge the influence of people's pets in disaster responses and recovery, we recommend five overlapping spheres of action: (i) integrate pets into disaster management practice and policy; (ii) create pet-friendly environments and related policies; (iii) engage community action in disaster management planning; (iv) develop personal skills by engaging owners in capacity building and (v) reorient health and emergency services toward a more-than-human approach.

Characterizing Shifting Pattern of Disaster-Induced Death and Disaster Management Policies: A Regional Analysis from Odisha, India

Characterizing Shifting Pattern of Disaster-Induced Death and Disaster Management Policies: A Regional Analysis from Odisha, India

Bottom-up citizen engagement for health emergency and disaster risk management: directions since COVID-19

Bottom-up citizen engagement for health emergency and disaster risk management: directions since COVID-19

Assessment of Meteorological Drought with Application of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for Tripura, Northeast India

Drought is one of the major water-related natural hazards. Understanding the spatial and temporal variation of rainfall is of great importance in water resources planning and management as it is related with food security and management of scarce water resource, which becomes critical in case of drought events. The advent of GIS to produce spatially interpolated drought map helps the water managers to undertake appropriate measures in drought relief and prioritization of drought mitigation works. Limitation of literature on Tripura suggests that study of drought over Tripura could help in strengthening of mitigation planes and rationalization of disaster management policies. Hence, the present study is focused to investigate the drought persistence and severity in the Tripura state of India during the period 1980-2013, using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Three time scale i.e., 3, 6 and 12 month time scales were opted for the study. Gridded monthly precipitation data distributed over the four districts of Tripura was used for drought analysis. Significant drought events were detected over the study area during the selected period. Annual analysis of SPI time series showed that the study area received the intense drought during the year 1985. Geospatial technique was used to generate the SPEI drought map for the year 1985.

The attitude of Japanese newspapers in narrating disaster events: Appraisal in critical discourse study

During the event of disasters, news media are considered as the most visible of all parties involved in the response and rehabilitation. News media frame disaster events in certain attitudes, which then significantly resonates with the magnitude of the disaster. This research aims at investigating the attitude of the Japanese newspaper in narrating disaster events. Using the descriptive qualitative method, this study adopts the appraisal theory (Martin White, 2005) to embed and reveal appraisal in attitude features. The data were taken from three Japanese online newspapers reporting disaster events from 2019 to early 2020 with a total number of 100 articles. The findings show that of all attitudinal features, judgement is found as the most frequent source, followed by appreciation, and affect. It reveals newspapers’ tendency to emphasize the attitude and to construe the evaluation toward the events or phenomena rather than revealing the feelings or emotions experienced by the emoter(s). Interestingly, the distribution of the attitudinal implies the attitude of Japanese newspapers on reporting disaster which is highly emphasized on admiring, criticizing, praise, and condemning disaster events. It is also found that the negative features are slightly higher than the positive ones, but to refer to the phenomena rather than the victims. This lexical strategy proves that Japanese newspapers play the role in mainstreaming disaster management policy which focuses on the reconstruction and rehabilitation after disaster events.

Conflict Analysis of Forest and Land Fires in Implementing Collaborative Governance on Disaster Management in Kalimantan Indonesia

This research combines the ontological and sociological levels of implementing collaborative governance that is very significant in reducing the risk of natural disasters in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to be examined by conducting descriptive qualitative research. The research is based on public policy theory, collaborative governance theory, and conflict theory. Data were collected using the in-depth interview with several key informants, direct observation, and related documentation. Data were analyzed using interactive models in three steps: data reduction, data display, and data verification supported by triangulation to obtain better credibility. The results were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology by empowering the collaborative governance theory and conflict theory in Indonesia's forest and land fires disaster. Vision and mission of public policies related to forest and land fires disaster are needed to complete disaster prevention management by providing relevant information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions. The results were produced a revised and detailed relevant regulation and state agencies as public officials in making revised regulations on forest and land fires disaster and natural disaster in Indonesia. The results of this research should be improved related to the forest and land disaster management policies. The researchers suggested that state institutions should cover the collaborative governance of natural disaster reduction in making better regulations on natural disaster management in Indonesia.

Web-Based Integrated Disaster Information System For Optimizing The Role and Function of The Data and Information Center (PUSDATIN) Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo

The Data and Information Center (PUSDATIN) is the main facility for disaster management. Integrated data is the main support in determining disaster management policies. The purpose of research is to built an integrated disaster information system to optimize the function of PUSDATIN. The research method used was interviews and data collection. This system was developed using MySQL and Dreamweaver. There are 3 (three) user levels : user, admin and super admin. The result is an integrated disaster information system on web-based that can be accessed by anyone, according to the level of user, users can execute CRUD commands smoothly, data redundancies can be reduced, and optimization of BPBD resources by using PUSDATIN as 1 (one) gate data. The conclusion of this research is this web-based integrated disaster information system running well and has a positive effect on the performance of PUSDATIN as a traffic data center for disasters and fires.

Assessing the real costs of natural hazard-induced disasters: A case study from Australia’s Northern Territory

Natural Hazard-induced Disasters (NHD) cause a wide range of losses to built and natural environments, the latter often beyond standard measures. Precise accounting and characterisation of the losses can assist in developing effective management policies that help to build resilient communities. This study applies trans-disciplinary approaches to assess total, monetary and non-monetary, NHD-related losses, estimated at AUD 156 million per year (2010–2019 average), for Australia’s Northern Territory where bushfires, cyclones, storms and floods are destructive and frequent events. Non-monetary losses, often overlooked or omitted, were estimated at AUD103 million per year, accounting for two-thirds of total disaster-related losses. Marketable losses, estimated at AUD 53 million per year, were inferred, using standard and non-standard datasets, from the Australian Government’s Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements, insurance costs (Insurance Council of Australia database), and other relevant sources. Non-monetary losses were accounted for by the loss of ecosystem services from natural systems caused by cyclones and bushfires only, applying ecological economics approaches, but without considering long-term losses over the duration of recovery. This study informs disaster management policies to invest in collective emergency and environmental management planning for reducing NHD risk and building resilience of local communities to manage and prepare for rapidly changing climates. Such an accounting approach is essential in contexts where NHDs disproportionately affect the lives and well-being of disadvantaged remote communities.

Effects of social support on mental health outcomes in disasters: A cross-sectional study.

This study examined the mediating effects of social support on the association between disaster distress and mental health outcomes. We analyzed the data of 1006 participants with either direct or indirect exposure to one or more disasters. Disaster distress, social support, depression, and anxiety were significantly correlated. Multiple regression and mediation analyses with bootstrapping showed that social support was a partial mediator between disaster distress and depression, and between disaster distress and trait anxiety. It was a complete mediator between disaster distress and state anxiety. The results suggest that enhancing social support may reduce the negative effects of disaster distress on depression and anxiety. Therefore, comprehensive interventions incorporating disaster distress management and enhanced social support are essential in national disaster management policies and psychiatric and mental health nursing services for individuals who have experienced disasters.

Kapabalitas Kelembagaan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bima Dalam Penanggulangan Bencana

Kapabilitas kelembagaan menjadi sebuah tolok ukur pemahaman dan kemampuan yang dimiliki Pemerintah Daerah dalam upaya penanggulangan bencana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan kapabilitas kelembagaan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bima dalam penanggulangan bencana. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penanggulangan Bencana belum menjadi prioritas kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah, sumber daya keuangan yang masih minim dimana pagu anggaran dalam penanggulangan bencana daerah belum memenuhi angka 1 persen, padahal menurut Undang-Undang mewajibkan minimal 1 persen dari APBD, sehingga menyebabkan keterpaduan dan koordinasi kelembagaan tidak efektif, demikian upaya kolektif untuk mencapai tujuan penanggulangan bencana juga tidak maksimal. Selain itu rendahnya Indeks ketahanan bencana Kabupaten Bima dimana masih berada pada level 3 berdasarkan indikator Hyogo Frameworks for Actions (HFA). Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bima telah melaksanakan upaya pengurangan risiko bencana, namun dengan pencapaian-pencapaian yang masih bersifat sporadis karena disebabkan belum adanya komitmen kelembagaan dan/atau kebijakan sistematis serta lemahnya daya dukung anggaran. Selain itu, data tingkat kesiapsiagaan dan kapasitas Daerah Kabupaten Bima dalam menghadapi berbagai jenis bencana berada pada level rendah dan sangat berisiko. Untuk itu, menjadi sangat penting pelibatan seluruh SKPD untuk pengarusutamaan penanggulangan bencana dalam setiap kebijakan di daerah. Juga pelibatan peneliti, NGO, dunia usaha, serta peningkatan kapasitas dan partisipasi masyarakat sebagai upaya merubah paradigma penanggulangan bencana di Kabupaten Bima. Selain itu perlunya penerapan mekanisme penanggulangan bencana yang kuat dengan perspektif pengurangan risiko bencana