Scanning Direction Research Articles

Investigation on cathodic electrochemiluminescence of luminol at cucurbit[8]uril modified electrode and its application in the detection of vecuronium bromide

In the past few decades, anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol attracted many interests in biosensing field. Nevertheless, its cathodic ECL was extremely weak and not suitable for fabricating ECL sensor. In this work, strong and stable cathodic luminol ECL was obtained at a cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) modified electrode under neutral condition. The effects of potential scanning direction, switch potential, and scanning laps on ECL emission were investigated to elucidate the possible ECL mechanism. The larger cavity of Q[8] is facile for the immobilization of oxygen on the electrode surface, as a result, more O2•− were generated during the electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen, which could further react with luminol to generate strong cathodic ECL. Based on the host–guest recognition role of Q[8], a sensor for monitoring small molecule was proposed. Vecuronium bromide (VMBM) can enter the cavity of the Q[8] through host–guest recognition to form an inclusion complex, leading to the decrease of ECL intensity. Under the optimal conditions, the change of its concentration and the ECL intensity showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1–1000 nM, and the detection limit was 0.167 nM. The low detection limit and excellent anti-interference ability proved that Q[8] has great application prospects in the detection of various drugs.

Effects of Thermal Stress on the Formation and Cracking Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloys by Selective Laser Melting Based on a Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Model.

Complex thermal cycles and stress fields commonly occur in the selective laser melting process for nickel-based superalloys, which are prone to generating cracks and decreasing the performance of forming parts. In this paper, the reasons for cracking were analyzed by combining the experiment with the evolution behavior of the temperature field/stress field during the solidification process of a nickel-based superalloy (FGH96) via a three-dimensional finite element thermo-mechanical coupling model. It showed that a radial temperature distribution of the melting pool led to a similar distributed stress; as a result, the value declined slowly along the scanning direction but declined quickly along the direction perpendicular to the scanning direction. A stress concentration with maximum stress up to 339 MPa was found at the center of the molten pool, easily causing a crack in SLM. It was found that both the initiation and propagation of the cracks were along the grain growth direction and were affected by the epitaxial growth of columnar crystals. For the case of process parameters with relatively high power or low scanning speed, the stress value of the molten pool during solidification was more than 370 MPa so as to form a large area of cracks. The adjustment of the rotation angle between the adjacent layers was effective at avoiding stress accumulation in the building direction and prevent the formation of long grain boundaries, thus avoiding crack propagation. The present study lays a foundation for the wide applications of selective laser melting technologies in nickel-based superalloys.

Study of a solid-state vibrating gyroscope in the mode of determining the true azimuth of a given direction and the latitude of the location of the object

The accuracy of determining navigation parameters, the true azimuth of the specified direction, and the latitude of the object's location is being investigated using a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope with a cylindrical metal resonator as a sensitive element of the tactical accuracy class for stabilization systems and control of moving objects. The study used a scheme of a scanning single-component analytical gyroscope compass with the ability to provide vertical direction scanning during the input axis of the angular velocity sensor – the Coriolis vibratory gyroscope. The obtained root-mean-square value of 0,32°·secφ of the error in determining the true azimuth of the specified direction under conditions close to normal confirms the potential possibility of using a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope with a cylindrical metal resonator in orientation and attitude heading reference systems. The average error of 0,34 in determining the latitude of the object's location obtained under the same conditions, with a root-mean-square value of of it is scatter, correlates with the expected result.

Tailoring the superelastic properties of an additively manufactured Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloy via adjusting the scanning strategy

The effects of the scan vector rotation angle in adjacent layers during laser powder bed fusion of a Cu71.6Al17Mn11.4 (at.%) shape memory alloy on the porosity, microstructure, transformation temperatures, as well as superelastic properties, were investigated. To explore the influence of the applied scanning strategy, a bidirectional stripe hatching was employed by utilizing 0°, 25°, 50°, 79° and 90° rotation of the scanning direction in adjacent layers. Changing the scan vector rotation had no apparent effect on the characteristics of porosity. The scan vector rotation allowed a manipulation of the microstructure (grain size, texture) to some extent which was evaluated via electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. While the size and distribution of grains only showed negligible differences, a more pronounced change in the texture as well as in the grain misorientation has been observed. A significant recoverable strain difference for the applied scan vector rotations was observed as a result of compressive loading-unloading tests. The samples produced with 90° scan vector rotation exhibited 6.05% recoverable strain under 8% applied strain, whereas only minor recoverable strain values (around 1.4%) were obtained in the specimens produced without a shift in the scan vector rotation (0°). Other vector rotations (25°, 50°, 79°) resulted in a moderate superelastic performance with respect to the 90°-samples. These findings clearly show that polycrystalline Cu–Al–Mn shape memory parts with high shape-recovery rates can be directly fabricated using laser powder bed fusion and an adjusted scanning strategy. Thus, this approach can serve as a general tool to optimize or control superelasticity in additively manufactured Cu-based SMAs.

Influence of scan direction on subfoveal choroidal vascularity index using optical coherence tomography

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the influence of scan direction on subfoveal choroidal vascularity index (CVI) measurements using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in young healthy subjects.Methods: Seventy‐eight eyes of 41 healthy volunteers were included. Choroidal structures were obtained using SD‐OCT with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) through radial scans at the center of the macula at 30° × 30°. The subfoveal choroidal images in the horizontal (0°), 45°, vertical (90°) and −45° directions were recorded and CVIs were analysed according to their respective directions, using image binarization. Additionally, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and axial eye length were measured.Results: The SFCT and subfoveal CVI showed a negative correlation but were only significant for the 45° scan (Pearson's r = −0.262, p = 0.021). The axial eye length and subfoveal CVI had no significant correlation in any direction (all p > 0.05). In the Bland–Altman plot, the subfoveal CVI measurement showed high agreement among the four scan directions. When the SFCT was ≥300 μm, there was no difference in the measured values of the subfoveal CVI among the four scan directions; however, when the SFCT was <300 μm, there was a significant difference in subfoveal CVI among the scan directions (one‐way analysis of variance, F = 4.685, p = 0.004).Conclusions: In subfoveal CVI measurement, it is considered that the horizontal (0°) scan can represent the vertical (90°) or oblique (45°, −45°) scans. However, when the SFCT is thinner, the subfoveal CVI in each direction of radial scan may vary significantly. Hence, caution is required in the interpretation.

High-performance co-continuous Al-Ce-Mg alloy with in-situ nano-network structure fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

A novel Al-Ce-Mg alloy with an in-situ nano-network structure and improved tensile properties was fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The microstructure of the as-fabricated alloy exhibited an extremely fine eutectic Al/Al 11 Ce 3 co-continuous structure, i.e., Al 11 Ce 3 intermetallics with an in-situ nano-network surrounding the interconnected Al matrix. It forms an equiaxed grain in the scanning direction (SD) and columnar grain in the building direction (BD). The yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in SD and BD are 300 ± 11.5 MPa, 438 ± 6.9 MPa, and 303 ± 5.0 MP, 442 ± 3.3 MPa, about three times higher than those of as-cast alloy. The elongations (El) are 9.3 ± 0.7% and 6.2 ± 1.2% in SD and BD, respectively, exhibiting anisotropy. The perfect interfacial bonding between the Al 11 Ce 3 phase and Al matrix combined with nano-scale network structures provided a strong ability to hinder the propagation of microcracks formed within Al 11 Ce 3 particles. Besides, the alloy retained outstanding strength at elevated temperatures with 200 MPa at 300 °C and 100 MPa at 400 °C, which may be attributed to the heat resistance of nano-network Al 11 Ce 3 intermetallics and the extremely low diffusion coefficient of Ce in the Al matrix. This work provides a new idea for developing heat-resistant aluminum alloys with a good combination of strength and ductility via AM processing technique. • Microstructure featured extremely fine eutectic Al/Al 11 Ce 3 co-continuous structure. • Al 11 Ce 3 network is connected by nanocrystalline grains with different orientations. • The as-fabricated Al-Ce-Mg alloy displays superior strength-ductility combination. • The as-fabricated Al-Ce-Mg alloy maintains high strength at elevated temperature.

Innovative Delta Robot Sample Scanner

Synchrotron Endstations typically use a stack of coarse and fine motion stages to position and scan a sample in the beam. The serial nature of this design causes a low resonant frequency and hence limits the position stability. The combination of multiple stages also adds motion control and data analysis complexity. A large range parallel kinematic cartesian sample scanner has been designed, built, tested and installed to address these limitations. The stage combines a 3 mm travel range with < 3 nm RMS position jitter in the scan directions and < 1 nm/minute thermal drift during scanning. This paper describes and demonstrates the mechatronic design process of Dynamic Error Budgeting. The stage is installed and fully operational on beamline I14 at the Diamond Light Source being used for nanoscale XRF mapping, imaging and ptychography.

Effect of Y2O3 dispersoids on microstructure and creep properties of Hastelloy X processed by laser powder-bed fusion

• The effect of Y 2 O 3 dispersoids on microstructure and creep properties of Hastelloy X processed by LPBF is investigated. • Grains are found aligned along build direction, with a strong <001>Ni texture along both build and laser scanning directions. • LPBF Hastelloy X exhibits anisotropic creep response, with elongated grains showing higher creep resistance when aligned along loading direction than when aligned perpendicular to loading direction. • Y 2 O 3 dispersoids improve alloy creep resistance at dislocation-creep regime. • Alloy grain structure remains resistant to recrystallization during high-temperature solutionizing and creeping. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was used to consolidate powders of a Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo alloy (Hastelloy X) blended with 1 wt% Y 2 O 3 nanometric powders. The nearly-dense, crack-free specimens, with and without oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS), exhibit high-aspect ratio grains, aligned in the build direction and with a strong texture: 〈001〉 is aligned along both build direction and laser scanning direction. Creep tests performed at 950 °C, with compressive stresses aligned with the elongated grains (and the build direction), reveal two creep regimes: (i) at stresses below ∼50 MPa, diffusional creep dominates, and the ODS alloy is less creep resistant than the non-ODS alloy, consistent with a somewhat smaller grain size resulting from grain-boundary pinning by the oxide dispersoids; (ii) at stresses above ∼50 MPa, dislocation creep dominates and the ODS alloy is more creep resistant, as expected from oxide dispersoids impeding dislocation motion. When tested perpendicular to the build direction, both alloys have the same creep resistance, which is however much lower than when the stress is aligned with the build direction, reflecting a strong effect of texture and grain shape. After ∼10% compressive creep deformation, grain structure and texture remain largely unchanged as compared to pre-creep structure.

Evaluation of LiDAR-Derived Features Relevance and Training Data Minimization for 3D Point Cloud Classification

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a leading technology in data acquisition for building information modeling (BIM) applications due to its rapid, direct, and accurate scanning of different objects with high point density. Three-dimensional point cloud classification is essential step for Scan-to-BIM applications that requires high accuracy classification methods, running at reasonable processing time. The classification process is divided into three main steps: neighborhood definition, LiDAR-derived features extraction, and machine learning algorithms being applied to label each LiDAR point. However, the extraction of LiDAR-derived features and training data are time consuming. This research aims to minimize the training data, assess the relevance of sixteen LiDAR-derived geometric features, and select the most contributing features to the classification process. A pointwise classification method based on random forests is applied on the 3D point cloud of a university campus building collected by a TLS system. The results demonstrated that the normalized height feature, which represented the absolute height above ground, was the most significant feature in the classification process with overall accuracy more than 99%. The training data were minimized to about 10% of the whole dataset with achieving the same level of accuracy. The findings of this paper open doors for BIM-related applications such as city digital twins, operation and maintenance of existing structures, and structural health monitoring.

Waveform design and signal processing for integrated radar-communication system based on frequency diversity array

Frequency diversity array (FDA) radar can continuously scan the whole airspace within a pulse duration by introducing a stepping frequency increment among each array element. The integrated radar-communication system (IRCS) based on FDA can perform multi-directional communication and target detection in a single pulse. We propose the waveform design and signal processing methods for IRCS based on FDA. Firstly, the transmit signal model adopts the pulse mode, and each pulse is divided into multiple sub-pulses. The communication symbols are embedded into the radar transmit waveform of each sub-pulse through phase-shift keying. Then, the tangent frequency-modulated signal is employed as the baseband waveform with the space coding by the Zadoff-Chu sequence to ensure pulse compression performance. Finally, the signal processing methods of radar and communication are proposed, respectively. The performances are verified in terms of the transmit-receive beampattern, multi-dimensional ambiguity function, and bit error rate. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can perform multi-symbol communication under the premise of satisfying the directional scanning and pulse compression performances.

Digital assessment of the accuracy of implant impression techniques in free end saddle partially edentulous patients. A controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesThis in vivo study aims to assess the accuracy of the digital intraoral implant impression technique, the conventional closed-tray impression technique, and open-tray impression techniques in a standardized method of data segmentation along with the best-fit algorithm to overcome the inconsistency of results of previous studies regarding implant impression techniques.Materials and methodsSixteen implants were placed in eight patients. Each patient has undergone four impression techniques: direct intraoral scanning of the stock abutment, intraoral scanning using a scan body, conventional closed tray impression technique, and the conventional open tray impression technique. The conventional impressions were poured into stone casts with analogues and stock abutments and scanned using a desktop scanner. In intraoral scanning of the scan body, computer-aided design software was used for the replacement of the scan body with a custom-made abutment that is identical to the stock abutment, allowing comparison with the other impression techniques. The deviation in implant position between the groups was measured using special 3D inspection and metrology software. Statistical comparisons were carried out between the studied groups using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.ResultsThe total deviation between groups was compared to the reference group represented by the intraoral scanning of the abutment. The total deviation was statistically significantly different (P = 0.000) among the different studied groups. The mean deviation was recorded as 21.45 ± 3.3 μm, 40.04 ± 4.1 μm, and 47.79 ± 4.6 μm for the intraoral scanning of the scan body, the conventional closed, and open tray, respectively.ConclusionFor implant impressions in partially edentulous patients, intraoral oral scanning using a scan body significantly improves scanning and overall accuracy. Regarding conventional impressions, the closed-tray impression techniques showed more accuracy than conventional open-tray impressions.Clinical relevanceIntraoral digital implant impression using scan body offers more accuracy than conventional implant impression techniques for recording posterior implant position in free-end saddle partially edentulous patients.

Towards 3-D texture control in a β titanium alloy via laser powder bed fusion and its implications on mechanical properties

Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) offers a new opportunity to design metallic materials with complex, direction-dependent mechanical properties by controlling the orientation distribution of the constituent grains—also known as texture. Texture control may be achieved site-specifically by varying the processing variables and tailoring the local melt pool geometry and solidification kinetics. However, the type and direction of textures currently achievable in AM alloys are limited by the melt pool geometry itself. In this work, we advance the capabilities of controlling crystallographic texture in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by producing specimens of β titanium-niobium alloy with textures aligned along three different directions: the laser scan direction (SD), the build direction (BD), and—for the first time—the direction perpendicular to both BD and SD (i.e., PD). We achieve this three-dimensional (3-D) texture control by fine tuning the keyhole melt pool geometry and amount of overlap throughout the build. We test the tensile properties of the three different specimens along their respective texture axes and elucidate the relationships between crystallographic orientation, mesostructure, and mechanical behavior. We find that the novel PD texture exhibits the best combination of strength, strain hardenability, and ductility. We ascribe these results to the unique mesostructure of this specimen. This work opens new opportunities for designing novel materials with directional properties by achieving three-dimensional (3-D) texture control during fusion-based AM.

A new metric for the assessment of spatial resolution in satellite imagers

• Spatial resolution quantifies the smallest scene detail captured by an image. • About thirty spatial resolution metrics have been used for satellite imagers. • Most popular spatial resolution metrics are shown to give biased results. • A new unbiased spatial resolution metric is developed from first principles. • This new metric generates a paradigm shift in spatial resolution assessment. A three-criterion taxonomy of metrics to compute the spatial resolution of satellite imagers is presented and used to classify about thirty spatial resolution metrics found in the literature. A new metric, the “Spatial Resolution Function”, is proposed by applying the two-point source resolution criterion to sampled images. This new metric computes resolution distance as a function of the resolving contrast in the image plane, using the sensor’s Point Spread Function as input, and demanding that the output agrees with the Ground Sampling Distance metric for very low optical factors. Further, the application of the Rose criterion to the Spatial Resolution Function allows the dependence of resolution distance on signal to noise ratio to be considered. The procedure to compute the Spatial Resolution Function is applied to three quality types of generic satellite imaging scanners, computing their resolution distances in the along scan and across scan directions, for a wide range of optical factors encountered in Earth observation satellites. The Spatial Resolution Function is used to assess twelve commonly used spatial resolution metrics, the results indicate that all these metrics are biased, showing significant errors when used to compare different satellite imagers. The overall utility of spatial resolution metrics that use a property of the Point Spread Function to roughly estimate resolution distance is challenged, as by using this same function the Spatial Resolution Function allows its exact calculation.

Imaging features of different defects in metals using laser ultrasonic techniques

Different types of defects such as pores, porosity, cracks in different directions, have various impact on the load bearing capacity and fatigue strength of metal components used in the field of aerospace, rail transportation, electrical equipment, etc. Therefore, feature recognition and classification of defects contribute greatly to the performance evaluation of the metal components. In this paper, the imaging features of six typical defects in metals were obtained by using laser ultrasonic (LU) scan inspection techniques. First, the numerical models of LU inspection of different defects were established based on the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (dG-FEM) in COMSOL/Multiphysics. Then, multiple groups of FE simulations were carried out. The generation and receiving lasers were moved along the scanning direction according to a fixed step during the simulation. All the simulated A-scan signals were stacked up and plotted in the B-scan and D-scan maps. At last, six samples with different artificial defects were manufactured for the LU inspection experiment. The defect imaging features in the experimental B-scan maps are consistent with the numerical results. Besides, the mathematical calculation methods of defect position, dimension and orientation were put forward.

Laser-Induced Crystallization of Copper Oxide Thin Films: A Comparison between Gaussian and Chevron Beam Profiles.

The use of a laser with a Gaussian-beam profile is frequently adopted in attempts of crystallizing nonsingle-crystal thin films; however, it merely results in the formation of polycrystal thin films. In this paper, selective area crystallization of nonsingle-crystal copper(II) oxide (CuO) is described. The crystallization is induced by laser, laser-induced crystallization, with a beam profile in the shape of a chevron. The crystallization is verified by the exhibition of a transition from a nonsingle-crystal phase consisting of small (∼100 nm × 100 nm) grains of CuO to a single-crystal phase of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O). The transition is identified by electron back scattering diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, which clearly suggests that a single-crystal domain of Cu2O with a size as large as 5 μm × 1 mm develops. The transition may embrace several distinctive scenarios such as a large number of crystallites that densely form grow independently and merge, and simultaneously, solid-state growth that takes place as the merging proceeds reduce the number of grain boundaries and/or a small number of selected crystallites that sparsely form grow laterally, naturally limiting the number of grain boundaries. The volume fraction of the single-crystal domain prepared under the optimized conditions─the ratio of the volume of the single-crystal domain to that of the total volume within which energy carried by the laser is deposited─is estimated to be 32%. Provided these experimental findings, a theoretical assessment based on a cellular automaton model, with the behaviors of localized recrystallization and stochastic nucleation, is developed. The theoretical assessment can qualitatively describe the laser beam geometry-dependence of vital observable features (e.g., size and gross geometry of grains) in the laser-induced crystallization. The theoretical assessment predicts that differences in resulting crystallinity, either single-crystal or polycrystal, primarily depend on a geometrical profile with which melting of nonsingle-crystal regions takes place along the laser scan direction; concave-trailing profiles yield larger grains, which lead to a single crystal, while convex-trailing profiles result in smaller grains, which lead to a polycrystal, casting light on the fundamental question Why does a chevron-beam profile succeed in producing a single crystal while a Gaussian-beam profile fails?

Low-temperature laser crystallization of Ge layers grown on MgO substrates

The crystallization of amorphous Ge layers grown at room temperature was investigated using continuous-wave green laser irradiation. The most favorable crystallization conditions for the 40-nm-thick Ge layer were determined by adjusting the laser power density, laser beam shape, and laser scan direction. The optimized laser irradiation crystallizes the amorphous Ge layer in a significantly long-range ordered structure on MgO (001) substrate, whereas that on SiO2/Si substrate becomes polycrystalline. The line-shaped flat-top beam profile of the laser along the MgO [100] scan direction is a decisive factor for uniform crystallization on the MgO substrate. A SiO2 capping layer suppresses heat dissipation from the surface of the amorphous Ge layer and facilitates a lower temperature at the Ge/MgO interface, resulting in the initiation of crystallization from the Ge/MgO interface after laser irradiation. Our analysis indicates that the Ge layer crystallized on MgO (001) substrate exhibits an in-plane epitaxial relationship of Ge [110] // MgO [100] with 45° misorientation.

Reversible Transformation between Isolated Skyrmions and Bimerons.

Skyrmions and bimerons are versatile topological spin textures that can be used as information bits for both classical and quantum computing. The transformation between isolated skyrmions and bimerons is an essential operation for computing architecture based on multiple different topological bits. Here we report the creation of isolated skyrmions and their subsequent transformation to bimerons by harnessing the electric current-induced Oersted field and temperature-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy variation. The transformation between skyrmions and bimerons is reversible, which is controlled by the current amplitude and scanning direction. Both skyrmions and bimerons can be created in the same system through the skyrmion-bimeron transformation and magnetization switching. Deformed skyrmion bubbles and chiral labyrinth domains are found as nontrivial intermediate transition states. Our results may provide a unique way for building advanced information-processing devices using different types of topological spin textures in the same system.

The science behind “values”: Applying moral foundations theory to strategic foresight

Abstract“Values” play an oversized role in strategic foresight: they help define scanning frameworks, direct scanning efforts, inform change driver and scenario development, and underpin change within various systems and domains (e.g., politics, society, etc.). And yet, values are largely understudied within foresight. They are rarely defined consistently or explored with reference to a theoretical model of how values emerge or evolve. Rather, values are researched using dissimilar methods depending on the foresight research at hand, which can lead to gaps in analysis and inconsistency between foresight projects. Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), a social psychological theory that identifies common human moral values, offers a solution. MFT describes six moral values or “foundations”—care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity, and liberty—each explained through the evolutionary development of humanity and detectable across cultures. Within foresight, MFT can be applied to understand and identify shifts in the influence of different values, which can result in more novel and unexpected conclusions. With these potential benefits available, we propose adopting and adapting MFT for use within the foresight to improve the way it approaches, identifies, and utilizes values. Our article unpacks MFT into its core tenets and illustrates how it can be used to inform scanning, change driver development, and scenario construction.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cis-acting DNA sequences curation pipeline (Sc-cADSs-CP): Master transcription factors prediction in yeasts

Designing promoter architectures hinges on genomic and functional annotation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first model yeast whose databases host genomic and functional annotation information. To predict transcription factors (TFs) regulating central pathways in yeasts, we first introduce S. cerevisiae cis-acting DNA sequences/sites (cADSs) curation pipeline (Sc-cADSs-CP). The promoters of the genes involved in the central pathways of S. cerevisiae were retrieved from the genome sequences. We processed the binding frequency matrices of TFs with the following two criteria. First, we extracted cADSs based on the TF motifs in the TRANSFAC database; then, if there were more than one frequency matrix for a TF, the longest one with the maximum sensitivity was used. Next, we developed the direct scanning algorithm ScanAlgo (uses the Biopython-library), scanning DNA motifs for pairing cross-species alignments. We used the tools Sc-cADSs-CP and ScanAlgo to predict master TFs for Pichia pastoris, which lacks extensive functional annotation studies. The phylogenetic footprinting results were obtained by aligning the scanned S. cerevisiae promoters against orthologous P. pastoris promoters. The predicted cADSs were summed into position weight matrices unique to P. pastoris. We annotated 116 TFs based on the phylogenetic footprinting predictions of cADSs regulating the central pathways in P. pastoris. The presented methodology with the tools Sc-cADSs-CP and ScanAlgo enables the prediction of master TFs and cADSs in yeasts.

Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Laser-Shock-Peening-Treated Stainless Steel AISI 304L in VVER Primary Water Environment

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface treatment technique for metallic materials. It induces plastic deformation at the surface of up to around 1 mm in depth. This process introduces residual stresses that lead to strain hardening, and potentially improvements in fatigue, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and general corrosion behaviour in many, but not all, corrosive media. In this paper, two specimens made of AISI 304L stainless steel, one LSP-treated and one un-treated, were tested at 280 °C and 8 MPa in VVER (or PWR) primary circuit water chemistry using in situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This experiment serves to qualify the influence of LSP on the changes in corrosion behaviour in high-temperature, high-density water. The residual stress (RS) measurement of the surface showed a compression RS. Before LSP treatment, RS at the surface was 52.2 MPa in the rolling direction 0°RD and 10.42 MPa in the transverse rolling direction 90°RD. After the treatment, surface RS was −175.27 MPa and −183.51 MPa for Scan and TScan directions, respectively. The effect of compressive RS at the surface was studied and showed an increase in corrosion rate. The analysis of oxide layer by SEM revealed differences between LSP-treated and untreated AISI 304L specimens and their connection to corrosion rates.