Direct Contact Method Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity and Sustained Effectiveness of Calcium Silicate-Based Cement as a Root-End Filling Material against Enterococcus faecalis.

Several calcium silicate cement (CSC) types with improved handling properties have been developed lately for root-end filling applications. While sealing ability is important, a high biocompatibility and antimicrobial effects are critical. This study aimed to conduct a comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy and sustained antibacterial effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) of commercially available CSCs mixed with distilled water (DW) and chlorhexidine (CHX). Various products, viz., ProRoot mixed with DW (PRW) or with CHX (PRC), Endocem mixed with DW (EW) or with CHX (EC), and Endocem premixed (EP) syringe type, were used. While antibacterial activity against E. faecalis was evaluated using a direct contact method, the specimens were stored in a shaking incubator for 30 d for antibacterial sustainability. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay in human periodontal ligament stem cells. The antibacterial activities of EP, EW, and EC were greater than those of PRC and PRW (p < 0.05). The antibacterial sustainability of EP was the highest without cytotoxicity for up to 30 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the pre-mixed injectable type EP was most effective in terms of antibacterial activity and sustained antibacterial effectiveness without cytotoxicity.

Improving the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion battery using silica/carbon anode through prelithiation techniques

AbstractThis work focuses on the two most common techniques, including the direct contact method (CM) and the electrochemical method (EM) in the half‐cell applied for the SiO2/C anode. After the prelithiation process, the anodes would be assembled in the coin cells paired with NMC622 cathode. According to electrochemical performance, prelithiation techniques could strengthen the initial discharged capacity and Coulombic efficiency. While the nonprelithiated sample exhibits a poor discharged capacity of 48.43 mAh·g−1 and low Coulombic efficiency of 87.41% in the first cycle, the CM and EM methods illustrated a better battery performance. Specifically, the EM4C exhibited a higher initial discharged capacity and Coulombic efficiency (137.06 mAh·g−1 and 95.82%, respectively) compared to the CM30 (99.08 mAh·g−1 and 93.23%, respectively). As a result, this research hopes to bring some remarkable information to improve full‐cell properties using SiO2/C as an anode material by the prelithiation method.

Evaporative and non-evaporative droplet impact on a heated phase change material pool: A comparison between ethanol, acetone, and distilled water

The interaction between liquid droplet and phase change material (PCM) underlies the direct contact approach, which is an efficient way for precipitating the melting and solidification processes of PCMs. In this experimental research, to comprehend the direct contact method more profoundly, the impingement of a single droplet on the heated paraffin pool, having a temperature of 70–95 °C, is scrutinized systematically for the first time. Droplet impact solidifies a portion of the pool and may lead to droplet evaporation. Acetone, ethanol, and distilled water are exploited as droplet liquids, whose diameter and impact velocity range from 2.32 to 3.36 mm and from 1.70 to 2.28 m/s, respectively. Through impact visualizations, six distinct regimes are observed, whose regime maps are constructed. Moreover, the effects of fluid properties, pool temperature, and the Weber number on the evolution of crater and jet, crater depth, crater shape, and solidified PCM area (A) generated after the impingement are investigated. It is ascertained that the low PCM temperature instigates the coalescence phenomenon regardless of the Weber number. Additionally, the crater depth is a function of the PCM temperature, Weber number, and Ohnesorge number; thus, a dimensionless correlation is proposed for the maximum crater depth. Furthermore, droplet evaporation augments the extracted heat from the paraffin, provoking a more sizeable solidified area. Interestingly, though absorbing the greatest amount of heat from the PCM, ethanol droplet generates a smaller solidified area than acetone since acetone favorably spreads on the pool surface, enhancing the effective heat exchange area.

Multi-objective optimization of multiple droplet impacts on a molten PCM using NSGA-II optimizer and artificial neural network

Embracing an interaction between the phase change material (PCM) and the droplets of a heat transfer fluid, the direct contact (DC) method suggests a cutting-edge solution for expediting the phase change rates of PCMs in thermal energy storage (TES) units. In the direct contact TES configuration, when impacting the molten PCM pool, droplets evaporate, provoking the formation of a solidified PCM area (A). Then, they reduce the created solid temperature, leading to a minimum temperature value (Tmin). As a novelty, this research intends to maximize A and minimize Tmin since augmenting A expedites the discharge rate, and by lowering Tmin, the generated solid is preserved longer, resulting in a higher storage efficacy. To take the influences of interaction between droplets into account, the simultaneous impingement of two ethanol droplets on a molten paraffin wax is surveyed. Impact parameters (Weber number, impact spacing, and the pool temperature) govern the objective functions (A and Tmin). Initially, through high-speed and IR thermal imaging, the experimental values of objective functions are achieved for a wide range of impact parameters. Afterward, exploiting an artificial neural network (ANN), two models are fitted to A and Tmin, respectively. Subsequently, the models are provided for the NSGA-II algorithm to implement multi-objective optimization (MOO). Eventually, utilizing two different final decision-making (FDM) approaches (LINMAP and TOPSIS), optimized impact parameters are attained from the Pareto front. Regarding the results, the optimum amount of Weber number, impact spacing, and pool temperature accomplished by LINMAP and TOPSIS procedures are 309.44, 2.84 mm, 66.89 °C, and 294.98, 2.78 mm, 66.89 °C, respectively. This is the first investigation delving into the optimization of multiple droplet impacts for TES applications.

Antibacterial Composite Material Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate and Zn-Doped Brushite Cement.

A composite material based on electrospinning printed polyhydroxybutyrate fibers impregnated with brushite cement containing Zn substitution was developed for bone implant applications. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were applied for materials characterization. Soaking the composite in Ringer's solution led to the transformation of brushite into apatite phase, accompanied by the morphology changes of the material. The bending strength of the composite material was measured to be 3.1 ± 0.5 MPa. NCTC mouse fibroblast cells were used to demonstrate by means of the MTT test that the developed material was not cytotoxic. The behavior of the human dental pulp stem cells on the surface of the composite material investigated by the direct contact method was similar to the control. It was found that the developed Zn containing composite material possessed antibacterial properties, as testified by microbiology investigations against bacteria strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the developed composite material is promising for the treatment of damaged tissues with bacterial infection complications.

Serial sexual murder by juveniles and the role of sexual sadism: An international study.

This is a descriptive study of 21 cases of serial sexual murder by children and adolescents spanning nearly the past century and a half. No earlier cases worldwide were identified. Each of these youth committed two or more sexual homicides prior to age 18. Their psychopathological, psychosocial, crime scene behaviors, and offender-victim relationship characteristics are presented. Additionally, the role of sexual sadism and its measurement using the SADSEX-SH rating scale is addressed. Nearly all of the sample had conduct disorder, a paraphilic disorder, and sadistic fantasies, and two-thirds had sexual sadism disorder. Family dysfunction, serious school problems, and average or above IQ levels were typical. Their modus operandi generally reflected predatory behavior and direct contact methods of killing were most common. Two case reports are provided to illustrate the breadth and complexity of these offenders. Juvenile Serial Sexual Homicide is an extremely rare but persistent phenomenon. Prognostic implications and future research directions are discussed.

Synthesis of coral-like structures of Pr–Yb co-doped YIG: Structural, optical, magnetic and antimicrobial properties

Coral-like structures of the Y3–xPrxFe5–yYbyO12, (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04), (0.00 ≤ y ≤ 0.02) compound were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Structural investigation certified the YIG cubic crystal structure formation, without any secondary phase. It is shown that, the relatively large ionic radius of the dopant cations results in an expansion of the lattice parameter, variations in the Iona‒O‒Iond angle, Iona‒O, Iond‒O and Ionc‒O bond distances and decrease in the average crystallite size. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman measurements are essential to testify the single-phase formation of YIG crystal structure and are observed changes in the stretching and vibrational modes, respectively. The morphological study, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra and textural properties show coral-like structures, peaks associated with Pr3+ and Yb3+ atoms and the effect of dopants on surface area, diameter, and pore volume, respectively. The optical analysis from diffuse reflectance spectra witnessed an increase in the optical gap band, a decrease in Urbach energy and blue shift in the charge transfer, correlated with the expansion of the unit cell due to the dopant's insertion in the YIG structure. A typical ferrimagnetic behavior is exhibited by the Y3–xPrxFe5–yYbyO12 compound. The saturation magnetization (Ms), cubic anisotropy constant (K1) and coercive field (Hc) increase with the Pr3+ cations content, as consequence of their magnetic nature and distribution around of Fe3+ ions due to the coexistence with the Yb3+. Finally, for the first time, antibacterial tests by mean of the direct contact method were performed for YIG co-doped with Pr3+ and Yb3+ and it is shown that, relatively high dosages of Pr3+ cations favored the activity against S. aureus, therefore, a new biological property for YIG doped with rare earths is presented.

Study on Factors Affecting Hemolytic Properties of Cyanoacrylate Glues for Surgical Use

This study aims to discuss the factors affecting the hemolytic properties of α-cyanoacrylate glues for surgical use. The results showed that the different extractions, test methods, pH value, rapid solidification and the extract ratio were the main factors affecting the hemolytic properties. The choose of PBS as the extraction for haemolysis test maybe was more suitable than physiological saline. It was recommended that using both direct contact methods and indirect contact methods should be more comprehensive for hemolytic evaluation.

Antibacterial Power of Nano Brown Anchovy (&lt;i&gt;Stolephorus insularis&lt;/i&gt;) Against Mixed Bacteria in Deep Dentin Caries

Background: Biodentin is a pulp capping material that has perfected the shortcomings of Ca(OH)2, but has low radiopacity and lower washing out resistance, so it is hoped that there will be natural ingredients that can be used as pulp capping materials. The nano brown anchovy has antibacterial content in the form of fluoride. Its nano size can also facilitate penetration better. Purpose: Analyzing the antibacterial potency of nano brown anchovy on mixed bacteria in deep carious dentine. Methods: The research was conducted in an experimental laboratory in vitro with a post-test only control group design. Brown anchovy was converted into nanoparticles then diluted into several concentrations using the broth dilution method. Direct contact method was used between nano anchovy and various concentrations of bacteria. The values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bacterial Concentration) were obtained by counting the number of bacterial colonies growing on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Colony growth was calculated manually in Colony Forming Units (CFU). Data were analysed by One Way Anova test followed by a Tukey HSD test. Results: The MIC value at a concentration of 0.781% and the MBC value at a concentration of 1.56%. In positive control, there was an average bacterial death of 0%, a concentration of 0.781% had an average bacterial death of 91%, and at a concentration of 1.56% the average bacterial death was 100%. The results showed that the greater the concentration of nano anchovy, the stronger the antibacterial power. Conclusion: There is antibacterial potency in nano brown anchovy against Mixed Bacteria in deep dentin caries lesions.

Application Analysis of Dynamic Ice Slurry System in Precooling of Fruit and Vegetable

Ice slurry precooling technology is a preservation technology that has unique advantages in the preservation of fruits and vegetables. It can make fruits and vegetables quickly drop to a suitable storage temperature. This paper summarizes the preparation methods of ice slurry, including the wall scraping method, undercooling method, vacuum method, fluidized bed method, and direct contact method. The wall scraping method, which has been widely used in industry and commerce, is the main method to design the dynamic ice slurry system between the buffer of fruit and vegetable air conditioning storehouse. Finally, this paper summarizes the characteristics and application of ice slurry precooling and makes a summary and prospect.

Post-Harvest Fungi Associated with Cowpea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vigna unguiculata&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L. Walp.) Seeds Produced in Burkina Faso

Cowpea is a very popular foodstuff among people in sub-Saharan Africa. In Burkina Faso, it is the main food legume, especially in rural areas. Its production is facing difficulties including post-harvest losses caused by fungi. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify fungal strains associated with cowpea seeds produced in Burkina Faso. Thus, a total of 108 seed samples were collected in the three agro-ecological zones of Burkina Faso. The sanitary analysis of the seeds was carried out using the direct contact method. The isolation and purification of the isolates were performed on Potato Dextrose Agar medium while their identification was done through macroscopic and microscopic phenotypical characterization using different culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Czapeck Dox Agar (CZA)) and different identification keys. A total of 10 fungal species were isolated, with predominance of Aspergillus flavus, Aspegillus niger, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium and Rhizopus sp. whose infection rates were 70.8% to 100% of seed samples. In addition to being present in all three zones, the infection rates of Aspergillus flavus (56.55%), Aspergillus niger (20.35%) and Rhizopus (32.80%) were higher in the Sahelian zone. In the Sudano-Sahelian zone, Macrophomina (50.66%) and Fusarium (18.88%) presented the highest infection rates, while Penicillium sp. showed the highest infection rate (2.84%) in the Sudanian zone. This finding demonstrated the necessity to improve post-harvest and conservation techniques of cowpea to limit crop losses and preserve the sanitary quality of this important foodstuff.

Financial Management Strategies Adopted by Homemakers in Post-Pandemic Era

This study examined strategies that homemakers adopted in financing family needs in post-pandemic era. The study was carry-out in Aba North Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Abia State, Nigeria. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design. Purposive and simple random sample technique was used to select 240 Homemakers from 6 communities in Aba North L.G.A. The data was obtained using a structured questionnaire . The questionnaire consists of ten-item statements with two clusters. Three experts validated the questionnaire (internal consistency value=0.94). Direct contact method to was used to collect data from the participants. Means and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while hypotheses was tested with t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Some of the findings include that: homemakers prefer buying items in the market, planned spending habit, spent money within the limit of family income, family needs were always arranged according to their priority, and homemakers depended mainly on homemade food. The tested hypotheses indicate that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of homemakers and their husbands in the income and saving management strategies adopted. It was therefore recommended that homemakers should adopt relevant and appropriate financial management strategies suitable for their income levels.

Accurately measuring the ionic conductivity of membranes via the direct contact method

Accurately measuring the ionic conductivity of membranes is important both for assessing the performance of new membranes as well as for advancing the fundamental understanding of electric field-driven ion transport in membranes. Yet, despite a considerable number of reports on the topic, there is no standardized method for ionic conductivity measurements. One of the main challenges with ionic conductivity measurements is isolating the membrane resistance from the other resistances in the electrochemical cell. In this study, we present a detailed discussion of factors that affect ionic conductivity measurements with the commonly used direct contact method, in which the membrane contacts the electrodes. Such factors include external resistances due to imperfect contact between the membrane and electrodes, residual impedances due to the sample holder and wiring, and fringe effects. We also present and validate simple methods for isolating the true membrane ionic conductivity in both the through-plane and in-plane orientations. These methods can be implemented with virtually any membrane to obtain accurate and reproducible ionic conductivity values. Finally, we outline recommendations for performing ionic conductivity measurements with the direct contact method and a set of parameters to verify when reporting these results.

Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Properties of the Cement Mortar with ZnO/Hydroxyapatite Powders

According to literature data, different micro- and nanopowders have been used as a partial substitute for cement mortar due to their small size and large specific surface area. The aim of the work is to develop innovative materials based on cement mortar with antibacterial and self-cleaning properties, which can be used in the long-term maintenance of clean spaces. First, zinc oxide/hydroxyapatite (ZnO/Hap) powder denoted as ZH was synthesized by the hydrothermal method; then it was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and adsorption–desorption isotherms. The second step was the cement mortar preparation: one plain, denoted E, and one with ZH powder inside, denoted MZH. Both mortars were subjected to self-cleaning and antibacterial tests. In the self-cleaning tests, two concentrated solutions of rhodamine B and methylene blue were used. MZH showed a better decolorating after 24 h of UV light than plain cement mortar denoted E for both solutions. In order to highlight the antibacterial effect of cement mortars on some strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the direct contact method was used. The study revealed that, after 24 h of incubation, the planktonic growth of the E. coli strain is significantly inhibited in the presence of the MZH sample, compared to the control strain. MZH cement mortar exhibits a better growth inhibitory property than the plain cement mortar E.

Linear pathway analysis of European botulism poisoning response guidelines

Abstract Background Botulism is a rare illness caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin with a naïve case fatality ratio of 40-50%. There is no coordinated collective worldwide reporting on cases and comparatively few recommendations on case management. This study examined 14 European botulism treatment guidelines. Methods A ten-language search was conducted to examine European botulism guidelines. The guidelines were classified by differential diagnosis advice; expert advice access; mention of causalities; contract tracing; biological sampling method; and treatment access rapidity. The guidelines were linearly represented on a probability pathway. Quantified probabilities were entered into the algorithm. Probabilities for algorithmic delay or deviance were estimated or mathematically modeled against Hamiltonian, Ford- Fulkerson and Kruskal pathways. Case recognition was deemed proportional to the availability of information at point of care and produced a hazard function related to a Bayes’ probability model. Results Two guidelines did not display all diagnostic information in one place, and six European nations had incomplete descriptions of the chain of causality linking botulism cases: factorially reducing the Borel algorithmic likelihood of diagnosis through contact tracing and decreasing the affectable survival chance. Another limitation was specialist advice and treatment availability in a 48-hour window. Survival probability models to the quoted naïve minimum constraint of a 60% survival factor were depicted, with pharmacokinetic tendential to an exponential decay model. This highlighted the importance of well-constructed case management and logistical stockpiling methods. Conclusions In botulism poisoning the 48-hour window is cited as crucial to patient survival chances, to this extent, the availability of clear diagnostic criteria including causation considerations, expert advice access and logistically considered therapeutic stockpiles could improve survival probability. Key messages • An international standard for botulism guidance may further improve botulism case identification and survival rates. • National botulism guidelines with direct contact method to an expert and with strategic positioning of therapeutic stockpiles may reduce time to treatment and improve survival chances.

Precise measurement of sound speed in hydrogel tissue-mimicking material by a through-transmission method

The water immersion through-transmission method is widely used owing to its simplicity and high precision in measuring sound speed. However, when measuring the sound speed of a compound material whose host medium is water, such as hydrogel tissue-mimicking material (TMM), the reproducibility and reliability of the measurements obtained under the state of water immersion method were found to be low. To solve this problem, the application of contact transmission method instead of the water immersion method was examined in this study. Unlike the water immersion method, the direct-contact method requires stability in target stiffness, which is difficult in TMM hydrogels due to their low-stiffness properties. Therefore, it is important to find a material that acts as a propagation medium, maintains thickness, and prevents percentage change of the material component in TMM. As a propagation medium, it is necessary for the material to have a low attenuation coefficient value to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Among the investigated candidate materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected, owing to its lowest signal attenuation value compared to other candidate materials. A measuring jig was designed and manufactured with this material. The sound speeds of agar and gelatin TMMs were measured by the conventional water immersion through-transmission method and the proposed indirect contact-type method for comparison. In the case of the conventional water immersion method, as the measurement was repeated, the measured sound speeds showed a decreasing trend. By contrast, the indirect contact-type measurements using the PMMA jig showed relatively high reproducibility and reliability.

Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Probiotics, Coconut Oil and Clotrimazole on Candida Albicans – An In vitro Study

Background: Oral candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic infection of oral cavity. Candida albicans causes oral lesions in the vast majority of cases. Antifungal regimens such as azoles and polyenes are commonly used to control candida infections. Virgin coconut oil has been proven to have antifungal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Probiotic bacteria have been used to modify microflora ecosystems and also have antifungal activity. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of probiotics, coconut oil, and clotrimazole against oral Candida albicans species. Materials and Methods: Coconut oil and probiotics were tested against clotrimazole, a positive control. Candida albicans were isolated and incubated in Rose Bengal Agar at 30° C for 48 h. The growth inhibitory effect of the test materials was evaluated using the direct contact method by adding 25, 50, and 100 μL of the test material as well as control to candida in a sterile tube and incubated at 37° C aerobically for 24 h. Results: The mean zone of inhibition for clotrimazole was 36 mm, whereas for coconut oil it was 13.6 mm, and for probiotics, it was 11.6 mm. Clotrimazole had the highest inhibitory effect at 100 μL concentration. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P-value 0.002). Conclusion: The antifungal activity of clotrimazole was found to be higher than that of coconut oil and probiotics against C. albicans. Future studies should concentrate on other herbal alternatives which will be as effective as clotrimazole for the management of oral candidiasis.

Synthesis of Fe–Pr co-doped ZnO nanoparticles: Structural, optical and antibacterial properties

In the present work, we studied the role of Fe and Pr addition on the structural, optical and antibacterial properties of spherical ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via sol gel method. The lattice constants values increased, while the average crystallite size decreases as the Pr concentration varies from 0.00 to 0.04. The Fe and Pr cations insertion in the Wurtzite structure were also confirmed by the changes in Zn–O bond length (1.9763 Å to 1.9793 Å for 0.00 ≤ y ≤ 0.04). Raman and FTIR spectroscopies validated the ZnO single-phase formation, and the analysis suggests the existence of oxygen vacancies. The samples showed agglomerated spherical morphology and formation of nanoplate homogeneously organized, while the textural properties were affected by the Fe inclusion. All samples presented band gap values lower than expected for bulk ZnO and the lowest values were obtained for samples containing Fe and Pr. The analysis and deconvolution of photoluminescence spectra confirmed the structural defects formation, caused by the synthesis conditions used and dopants ions inclusion. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the direct contact method showed superior activity for S. aureus due to the nanoparticles-bacteria interactions. The synergistic effect of dopants may have contributed to the better performance observed against S. aureus, while the Pr concentration directly influenced the inhibitory effect of E. coli. Therefore, the synthesized materials are promising to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms.

​Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome against Fungal Phytopathogens

Background: Fungal phytopathogens are one of the main causes of deterioration of plant growth and productivity. Reliability of farmers on chemical fungicides poses a threat to humans and the environment. Therefore, exploration and uses of green and biological alternatives should be encouraged in the field of agriculture in order to maintain the overall health of a country. Plant essential oil is one such alternative that is currently researched and holds promises in unlocking the solution to this problem. Methods: Effect of the oil extracted from K. galanga by hydro-distillation against fungal phytopathogens isolated from different plant parts were tested using two different methods of inhibition viz., by direct contact method (M1) and volatile/fumigation method (M2). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for both methods were also determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to show the effect of oil on the physiology of the pathogens. Result: MIC was in the range 1.5-6 µl mL-1 for M1, whereas for M2 the MIC was in the range 2-10 µl mL-1 air. The MFC for M1 ranges from 2-6 µl mL-1, with the exception of Fusarium sp. and Cercospora sp. However for volatile/ fumigation assay, the MFC could not be determined. Thus the effectiveness of the oil for inhibiting the phytopathogens differ for different fungi and the methods used.

Assessment of The Antibacterial Susceptibility of Ocimum basilicum.

The current study was designed to assess the antibacterial activities of an ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum). Using disc diffusion and direct contact methods, the extracts were tested in vitro against three bacterial strains. The direct contact test was used and compared with the agar diffusion test. The optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer to collect data. The results showed that methanol extracts of plant parts of O. basilcum leaves contained tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids, whereas alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. In contrast, O. basilcum seeds contained saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. The O. basilicum stems contained saponins and flavonoids, O. basilucum had antibacterial activity against the identified bacteria. The plant extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The result revealed that the Ocimum basilicum leaves were more potent than seeds and stems. Ocimum basilicum ethanol extract combined with established conventional antibiotics may enhance their antimicrobial properties, giving rise to synergistic effects against clinically important bacterial species.