Direct Compensation Research Articles

Analysis on direct medical costs and compensation for whole course of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Shanghai

Analysis on direct medical costs and compensation for whole course of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Shanghai

Parasitoid‐induced transgenerational fecundity compensation in an aphid

AbstractIncreased reproductive effort by organisms in response to attack by consumers (‘fecundity compensation’) is well documented in both plants and animals, although most examples only involve direct compensation by the individuals exposed to consumers. We used the parasitoid waspLysiphlebus orientalisStarý & Rakhshani (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) and the soybean aphid,Aphis glycinesMatsumura (Hemiptera:Aphididae), to determine whether reproduction by parasitized aphids can lead to fecundity compensation. Although parasitism byL. orientalisstrongly decreased fecundity for parasitized aphids, offspring of parasitized aphids reproduced at a greater rate at maturity than did the offspring of non‐parasitized aphids. Also, parasitized aphids contained fewer but larger embryos developing within them. The presence of these larger embryos may explain how the offspring of parasitized aphids can produce more progeny with no apparent reduction in progeny quality. Mature and nearly mature soybean aphids successfully reproduced after parasitism, a prerequisite for transgenerational fecundity compensation, andL. orientalisshowed a preference for these age classes of aphids as hosts when foraging. Transgenerational fecundity compensation may allow for higher than expected densities of both hosts and consumers to persist and may be adaptive for both the host and consumer in this system. The phenomenon could also reduce the strength of biological control interactions.

Stochastic model to evaluate the fair value of motor third-party liability under the direct reimbursement scheme and quantification of the capital requirement in a Solvency II perspective

As commonly known, to evaluate the claims reserve (otherwise known as the provision for outstanding claims), the loss adjuster uses as a first component the claims reserve given by the sum of the estimated provision for each outstanding claim (known as case reserve). Traditional statistical-actuarial methods are used to control and/or asseverate the evaluation and recent developments have tended to ensure that these enable an independent assessment of the claims reserve. In some European countries, a large subset of motor liability claims is managed within a direct reimbursement (DR) scheme. In Italy, the introduction of the direct compensation CARD system for third-party liability insurance has resulted in greater attention in the use of these traditional methods due to the heterogeneity of the data available for evaluations. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken to define a calculation method that, using the different assumptions that describe the evolution of settlement mechanisms, is able to quantify the claims reserve. The proposed methodology reduces the loss adjuster’s discretion in applying statistical methods since all assumptions must be made explicit and can hence be monitored and controlled. Furthermore, a stress test can be performed on all the parameters that influence the settlement and thus the claims reserve. Finally, in a backtesting perspective, the proposed methodology enables an ex-post analysis of actual cash flow deviations compared to expected values, identifying the variables that lead to these differences. In particular, a calculation method is presented that using the different assumptions describing the evolution of the settlement of different claim handling procedures (Non-Card, Card, Handler Forfait and Debtor Forfait) is able to quantify the claims reserve. Via simulations, future payments, the expected value of the claims reserve and some indicators of variability are also estimated. The numerical application allows comparing the results obtained with those deriving from the application of traditional statistical methods.The problem of aggregating the four claim handling procedures is dealt with by using copulas with the goal of building a single distribution of the aggregate claims reserve. Furthermore, in a Solvency II perspective, the capital requirement is determined against the reserve risk based on the internal model proposed and is compared with the standard formula proposed by EIOPA.

Robust synthesis for directionality compensation

The authors develop new robust synthesis procedures for directionality compensation for linear exponentially stable multivariable plants incorporating both plant uncertainties and input saturations. The control structure is similar to those of anti-windup controls, but requires the online solution of a low-order convex optimisation. The condition for the existence of a compensator can be expressed as a feasibility problem involving a set of linear matrix inequalities. They demonstrate the effectiveness of the design compared to several schemes using a highly ill-conditioned benchmark simulation example.

Technology Transfer in the Market with Heterogeneous Consumers

The paper explains why some firms transfer their technology to competitors without direct compensation. We consider a Hotelling market where duopolists sell products with different qualities. This market consists of heterogeneous consumers, comprising two groups in terms of their valuations of product quality. We show that when consumers’ preferences for product quality are sufficiently heterogeneous, a high-quality firm benefits from quality-enhancing technology transfer without payment. Furthermore, we extend the model to a circular city with four firms and show that a firm can benefit from a technology transfer to direct competitors rather than to an indirect competitor.

The Impact of Teachers Financial Compensation on their Job Satisfaction at Higher Secondary Level

This study was used to find the impact of teachers’ financial compensation on their job satisfaction at higher secondary level in both public and private sectors of Islamabad. All the teachers of Higher Secondary level from private and public sector of Islamabad were randomly taken as sample. Total 30 teachers were conveniently taken as sample. A survey design was selected to be used in this study. The questionnaire which was used in this study consisted of three parts. The first part of questionnaire was about the demographic factors. The second part was about compensation practices which include 12 questions that were used to determine the direct and indirect financial compensation of the teachers at higher secondary level in Islamabad while third part covered the teachers’ job satisfaction. The measurement of variables such as variety, autonomy, task identity and feedback which were collectively used to determine teachers’ job satisfaction. The major findings of this study were that mostly higher secondary schools have fixed pay system while few have variable pay system. Teachers’ salary does not link with their productivity while teachers agree that the attraction and retention of employee depend on the compensation. When teachers feel opportunities for recognition; decision power about their work; planning of task; their contribution to productivity; and especially when teachers receive helpful suggestion and guidance from their supervisor then they will be more satisfied. Similarly, the compensation practices and job satisfaction are highly correlated with each other but compensation practice in itself has no significant impact on the job satisfaction. Male and female teacher have no significant difference as well as there is no significant difference between public and private teachers who have different qualification and age groups in higher secondary of Islamabad while teachers who have different teaching experiences have significant difference towards job satisfaction.

野生动物就地保护与其分布地经济发展的相容性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 野生动物就地保护与其分布地经济发展的相容性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201404080668 作者: 作者单位: 东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,华南濒危动物研究所,东北林业大学野生动物资源学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家林业局野生动物繁育利用监管技术措施研究与成效评价项目 The progress and practice of consistency between in situ wildlife conservation strategies and the economic development of local people Author: Affiliation: Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University,South China institute of endangered animals,Northeast Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态文明建设对野生动物资源保护提出了新的要求。在实践中，需要借鉴国内外研究成果和成功案例，并克服目前我国野生动物保护中存在的问题。综述了国内外相关文献，认为：目前世界上的野生动物就地保护方式主要是建立保护区和国家公园，在发挥保护作用同时，也给周边居民带来负面影响，从而制约了野生动物保护与当地社区经济的协调发展。传统的“命令-控制型”保护政策忽略了当地居民的生活需求，不利于形成居民积极的保护态度；居民的保护态度除了受来自野生动物造成的损害的影响，还和周边居民的年龄、受教育程度、经济收入等密切相关；为提高居民保护积极性，经济激励机制有着重要作用。目前，国内外保护工作中一般应用的经济激励措施主要包括直接经济补偿、生态旅游、现代狩猎、生态补偿等。 Abstract:The world's current in situ wildlife conservation strategies are mainly in the form of nature reserves and national parks. To some extent, these strategies are effective to wildlife conservation, however, which also have negative impacts on the local people. The common conservation policies of command-and-control ignore the basic needs of local people, which is not beneficial to the formation of a positive conservation attitude of the local people. The attitude of local people towards wildlife conservation is not only influenced by the damage caused by wildlife, but is also related to various social and economic factors. So, the mechanism of economic incentive would play an important role in helping to improve the positivity of local people toward wildlife conservation. At present, the common economic incentives in the practice of wildlife conservation include direct financial compensation, ecotourism, modern hunting, ecological compensation and so on. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A Wind-Wave Farm System With Self-Energy Storage and Smoothed Power Output

This paper proposes a wind-wave farm system with a self-energy storage capability and a smoothed total power output. The fluctuating electrical power from wave is smoothed by utilizing the rotor inertias of the wind turbines as short-term energy storage devices, thus without extra energy storage hardware the investment and maintenance cost of the wave energy conversion is reduced. This is achieved based on the fact that the wind power can be viewed as constant during a typical wave period (5~12 s). The proposed integral compensation control of the wind turbines can optimize two conflicting objectives: maximizing wind energy capture at different wind speeds and regulating the rotor speeds of wind turbines as kinetic energy storage devices. It enables the turbine speed to swing around its optimum points at different wind speeds. Consequently, the total power output of the wind-wave farm is well smoothed at a marginal cost of the power take-off efficiency loss. RTDS simulations and quantitative analysis are presented to demonstrate the proposed system. To demonstrate its superiority, the proposed control method is compared with the direct compensation of the wave power based on the existing maximum power point tracking method.

A model of compensatory molecular evolution involving multiple sites in RNA molecules

Consider two sites under compensatory fitness interaction, such as a Watson–Crick base pair in an RNA helix or two interacting residues in a protein. A mutation at any one of these two sites may reduce the fitness of an individual. However, fitness may be restored by the occurrence of a second mutation at the other site. Kimura modeled this process using a two-locus haploid fitness scheme with two alleles at each locus. He predicted that compensatory evolution following this model is very rare unless selection against the deleterious single mutations is weak and linkage between the interacting sites is tight. Here we investigate the question whether the rate of compensatory evolution increases if we take the context of the two directly interacting sites into account. By “context”, we mean the effect of neighboring sites in an RNA helix. Interaction between the focal pair of sites under consideration and the context may lead to so-called indirect compensation. Thus, extending Kimura׳s classical model of compensatory evolution, we study the effects of both direct and indirect compensation on the rate of compensatory evolution. It is shown that the effects of indirect compensation are very strong. We find that recombination does not slow down the rate of compensatory evolution as predicted by the classical model. Instead, compensatory substitutions may be relatively frequent, even if linkage between the focal interacting sites is loose, selection against deleterious mutations is strong, and mutation rate is low. We compare our theoretical results with data on RNA secondary structures from vertebrate introns.

Nonlinear Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Salient Poles

This paper presents the speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor with salient poles based on two-step linearization method. In the first step, the direct compensation of the nonlinearities in the equations of current is used. In the second step, the input-output linearization in the state space is used for the decoupling of flux and torque axis. Simulated results are compared to the field oriented vector control structure with PI controllers in order to show differences in the performance of both approaches. ��Keywords:nonlinear control, permanent magnet synchronous machine, feedback linearization, transformation matrix, nonlinear canonical form

Envisioning a Future Governance and Funding System for Undergraduate and Graduate Medical Education.

Funding for graduate medical education (GME) and undergraduate medical education (UME) in the United States is being debated and challenged at the national and state levels as policy makers and educators question whether the multibillion dollar investment in medical education is succeeding in meeting the nation's health care needs. To address these concerns, the authors propose a novel all-payer system for GME and UME funding that equitably distributes medical education costs among all stakeholders, including those who benefit most from medical education. Through a "Medical Education Workforce (MEW) trust fund," indirect and direct GME dollars would be replaced with a funds-flow mechanism using fees paid for services by all payers (Medicaid, Medicare, private insurers, others) while providing direct compensation to physicians and institutions that actively engage medical learners in providing clinical care. The accountability of those receiving MEW funds would be improved by linking their funding levels to their ability to meet predetermined institutional, program, faculty, and learner benchmarks. Additionally, the MEW fund would cover learners' UME tuition, potentially eliminating their UME debt, in return for their provision of health care services (after completing GME training) in an underserved area or specialty. This proposed model attempts to increase transparency and enhance accountability in medical education by linking funding to the development of a physician workforce that is able to excel in the evolving health delivery system. Achieving this vision requires physician educators, leaders of academic health centers, policy makers, insurers, and patients to muster the courage to embrace transformational change.

The direct cost burden of 13 years of disabling workplace injuries in the U.S. (1998–2010): Findings from the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index

Introduction: Although occupational injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability around the world, the burden due to occupational injuries has historically been under-recognized, obscuring the need to address a major public health problem. Methods: We established the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index (LMWSI) to provide a reliable annual metric of the leading causes of the most serious workplace injuries in the United States based on direct workers compensation (WC) costs. Results: More than $600 billion in direct WC costs were spent on the most disabling compensable non-fatal injuries and illnesses in the United States from 1998 to 2010. The burden in 2010 remained similar to the burden in 1998 in real terms. The categories of overexertion ($13.6B, 2010) and fall on same level ($8.6B, 2010) were consistently ranked 1st and 2nd. Practical application: The LMWSI was created to establish the relative burdens of events leading to work-related injury so they could be better recognized and prioritized. Such a ranking might be used to develop research goals and interventions to reduce the burden of workplace injury in the United States.

Optimized Sensorless Antivibration Control for Semiactive Suspensions With Cosimulation Analysis

This paper proposes an optimized sensorless control methodology to design semiactive controllers for vehicle vibration control. The semiactive suspension model including filtered feedback scheme and actuator dynamics is first investigated. Furthermore, to estimate the immeasurable states for feedback control, an observer considering practical applications is introduced, while the exponential convergence and the stability of the overall system are guaranteed. A direct fuzzy compensation scheme with genetic optimization is used to release the constraint requiring, in advance, the precise upper bound of system uncertainties in the control gain design. With the cosimulation approach, the multibody virtual prototype of a sedan with the proposed system is tested under various road conditions in a near real environment. The cosimulation data and results for a full-car semiactive suspension system are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.

Fault-Tolerant Control of Paralleled-Voltage-Source-Inverter-Fed PMSM Drives

The aim of this paper is to study the fault-tolerant control strategies when faults occur in paralleled-inverter-fed permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor drives. Different from removing the faulty inverter channels completely, this paper proposes and compares three fault-tolerant control strategies, which fully use all the healthy phase legs, including those in faulty inverters. The three schemes are called “normal channel direct compensation,” “normal channel asymmetric currents,” and “equivalent current value compensation,” respectively. The proposed control schemes not only provide smooth torque but also have smaller copper loss under open-circuit faults. The corresponding principles and design criteria of control are given. Moreover, the proportional-resonant current controller is designed to track the asymmetrical current references of fault-tolerant control and avoid the possible circulating currents among paralleled inverter channels. The experiments are given to verify and compare the performance of the proposed fault-tolerant control schemes.

Holographic fluorescence microscopy with incoherent digital holographic adaptive optics.

Introduction of adaptive optics technology into astronomy and ophthalmology has made great contributions in these fields, allowing one to recover images blurred by atmospheric turbulence or aberrations of the eye. Similar adaptive optics improvement in microscopic imaging is also of interest to researchers using various techniques. Current technology of adaptive optics typically contains three key elements: a wavefront sensor, wavefront corrector, and controller. These hardware elements tend to be bulky, expensive, and limited in resolution, involving, for example, lenslet arrays for sensing or multiactuator deformable mirrors for correcting. We have previously introduced an alternate approach based on unique capabilities of digital holography, namely direct access to the phase profile of an optical field and the ability to numerically manipulate the phase profile. We have also demonstrated that direct access and compensation of the phase profile are possible not only with conventional coherent digital holography, but also with a new type of digital holography using incoherent light: selfinterference incoherent digital holography (SIDH). The SIDH generates a complex—i.e., amplitude plus phase—hologram from one or several interferograms acquired with incoherent light, such as LEDs, lamps, sunlight, or fluorescence. The complex point spread function can be measured using guide star illumination and it allows deterministic deconvolution of the full-field image. We present experimental demonstration of aberration compensation in holographic fluorescence microscopy using SIDH. Adaptive optics by SIDH provides new tools for improved cellular fluorescence microscopy through intact tissue layers or other types of aberrant media.

Directionality compensation for linear multivariable anti-windup synthesis

We develop new synthesis procedures for optimising anti-windup control applicable to open-loop exponentially stable multivariable plants subject to hard bounds on the inputs. The optimising anti-windup control falls into a class of compensator commonly termed directionality compensation. The computation of the control involves the online solution of a low-order quadratic programme in place of simple saturation. We exploit the structure of the quadratic programme to incorporate directionality information into the offline anti-windup synthesis using a decoupled architecture similar to that proposed in the literature for anti-windup schemes with simple saturation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the design compared to several schemes using a simulated example.

A Nonlinear Compensator of the Magnetic Interference of an Aviation Magnetometer System. Algorithm ANN-2

A simplified algorithm for the nonlinear tuning of a compensator of the magnetic interference produced by the scalar magnetometer of an aircraft is investigated. It is shown that the nonlinear problem can be reduced to a linear problem by also considering the direct compensation of the nonlinear component.

The political logic of dispute settlement: Introduction to the special issue

In the absence of centralized enforcement authority, international institutions have devised a wide range of measures to enforce agreements. At one extreme, states have delegated authority to third party legal bodies to interpret and rule on compliance with authorization of sanctions to punish violations. At the other end of the spectrum, states rely upon peer pressure to encourage compliance and agree to negotiate over any differences of interpretation. Researchers have broadly explored two dimensions of dispute settlement: the variation in design of dispute settlement provisions within institutions and the pattern of state behavior within established dispute processes. This special issue pushes forward research on both dimensions while raising new agenda for probing the political determinants of institutional design and state behavior in dispute settlement. Are judges immune from the influence of power considerations in their rulings? Why do we observe electoral cycles in the pattern of case filings in the WTO? How does sensitivity to interest group pressure shape the structure of dispute settlement? In addition, the articles bring new insights from comparison across issue areas. What explains the variation of dispute design across issue areas? Does legalization of one issue area generate ripple effects that shape behavior for other issue areas? Finally, the articles hone in on critical micro-level differences within dispute settlement. Stepping beyond the issue of why states establish enforcement measures and description of the initiation and disposition of cases, the articles consider details such as the economic stakes at hand and conditions that favor resolving disputes with direct compensation. The challenge to cooperation arises from uncertainty over compliance given incentives for others to cheat or free ride in the face of mixed incentives and collective action problems. This places dispute settlement at the heart of any theory of cooperation. Institutions work to the extent they can provide information that lowers

Compensation and benefits: Opinions and reflections on current practices in the Universities of Punjab, Pakistan

This study covers the various forms of direct compensation—i.e. employee’s pay, short and long term incentives, organizational performance awards etc. It also deals with indirect compensation such as paid leave, insurance, retirement income and various employee benefits. Present study was conducted in the selected five old and five new public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The main objectives of the study was to analyze the old and new universities teachers’ opinions on compensation and employee benefits and to investigate about the planning of universities to make incentive system more attractive. Research indicated that compensation and employee benefits motivate teachers to show good performance and productivity of the teachers increases by linking compensation to performance.

Uneven compensation and relocation for displaced residents: The case of Nanjing

Land marketization and housing commodification have stimulated inner-city restructuring and urban expansion in China and have also induced a large amount of population displacement. Affordable housing, as part of compensation, tends to be the most common relocation housing for displaced households. It is allocated through two approaches: in-kind compensation and monetary compensation. Local government provides in-kind compensation to displaced households in the form of affordable housing, as direct compensation for demolished houses, and gives priority to those who have received monetary compensation to enable them to purchase affordable housing at a discount from the market price. The process of negotiation between local government and displaced households is complicated. As a result, uneven compensation occurs in terms of compensation approaches, as well as in how much displaced households are paid for similar new affordable houses. This study conducts a detailed analysis of the uneven displacement compensation and relocation process. It uses residential surveys conducted in Nanjing to examine uneven compensation along two dimensions: compensation approaches and the purchasing discount on new, compensated affordable housing.