Direct Compensation Research Articles

High‐efficiency three‐phase bidirectional dc–ac converter for energy storage systems

This study presents a high-efficiency three-phase bidirectional dc–ac converter for use in energy storage systems (ESSs). The proposed converter comprises a modified three-level T-type converter (M3LT2C) and a three-level bidirectional dc–dc converter. The M3LT2C comprises two T-type cells to interface with a three-phase grid. By directly connecting the S-phase of the grid to a neutral point on the dc link, the active and passive components are required for only two grid phases, which reduces power losses, system volume, and production cost. A direct nominal voltage compensation control algorithm enables the converter to obtain high grid power quality. Also, the three-level bidirectional dc–dc converter enables low switching and conduction losses with reduced voltage stress across the switches. In addition, a simple dc-link voltage-balancing algorithm enables the balancing of two split dc-link capacitor voltages. To confirm the theoretical analysis of the proposed converter and assess its validity, a 10-kW prototype was implemented and tested.

Spectral width reduction of a laser source by external phase noise compensation

A method to reduce the spectral linewidth of a laser source by direct phase noise compensation is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. To extract the phase noise information, the laser output is phase modulated and the in- and quadrature-phases are detected by homodyne mixing. Phase noise compensation is achieved by simply applying an error signal to an external phase modulator, where the error signal is generated to keep the same power level for the detected in- and quadrature-signals. The spectral linewidth of the laser is reduced significantly from 450 to 60 kHz.

EFFECT OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE, COMPENSATION AND MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN PT. BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA (PERSERO), Tbk. KEDIRI BRANCH

This research was conducted at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) KCP Ringinrejo Tbk. Branch Kediri This study uses Styles Situational Leadership and Compensation Committee as an independent variable, motivation as an intervening variable and performance as the dependent variable. The purpose of this study to analyze and determine the influence of leadership style and Compensation for performance through motivation as an intervening variable. The samples used were employees of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. Branch Kediri with a total sample of 52 respondents using simple random sampling method. The analysis includes the validity, reliability, classic assumption test, test models, linear regression analysis and intervening. Based on the above results it can be seen that the Situational Leadership Styles and Compensation positive and significant impact on motivation, Situational Leadership Style and Compensation positive and significant impact on performance. Based on the two above analysis can be tested mediating (intervening) so that it is known that the variables of motivation to become an intervening variable because the calculation of standardized coefficients for the indirect effect of leadership style Situational and Compensation for Performance through work motivation is greater than the direct influence Styles Situational Leadership and Compensation on performance

Whether Section 143-A Introduced by the Amendment Act No. 20 of 2018 in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Has Retrospective Application or Not?

The party who commits default in payment can be sued by a payee in the civil court by filing suit for recovery of money. However, the special provision of Section 138 under the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter referred to as the NIA) was inserted with effect from 01.04.1989 vide the Banking Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988. The object of the NIA is to enhance the acceptability of the cheques in settlement of liabilities by making the drawer liable for penalties in case of bouncing of cheques due to insufficiency of funds in the accounts. That by virtue of the Amendment Act No. 20 of 2018 in the NIA, the legislature introduced. Section 143-A and Section 148 providing for “Power to direct interim compensation” and “Power of Appellate Court to order payment pending appeal against conviction” respectively.

Current state of educational compensation in academic neurology: Results of a US national survey.

In the current medical climate, medical education is at risk of being de-emphasized, leading to less financial support and compensation for faculty. A rise in compensation plans that reward clinical or research productivity fails to incentivize and threatens to erode the educational missions of our academic institutions. Aligning compensation with the all-encompassing mission of academic centers can lead to increased faculty well-being, clinical productivity, and scholarship. An anonymous survey developed by members of the A.B. Baker Section on Neurologic Education was sent to the 133 chairs of neurology to assess the type of compensation faculty receive for teaching efforts. Seventy responses were received, with 59 being from chairs. Key results include the following: 36% of departments offered direct compensation; 36% did not; residency program directors received the most salary support at 36.5% full-time equivalent; and administrative roles had greatest weight in determining academic compensation. We believe a more effective, transparent system of recording and rewarding faculty for their educational efforts would encourage faculty to teach, streamline promotions for clinical educators, and strengthen undergraduate and graduate education in neurology.

PENGARUH KOMPENSASI LANGSUNG DAN KOMPENSASI TIDAK LANGSUNG TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA KARYAWAN PT. MITRA OGAN KABUPATEN OGAN KOMERING ULU

The study aims to determine the effect of direct compensation and indirect compensation on employee motivation PT. Mitra Ogan Plantation Kab OKU. Data analysis was done by using multiple linear regression. After the research obtained partial results proved that direct compensation does not affect the employee's motivation at PT. Mitra Ogan Plantation Kab OKU which can be seen from t count less than t table and indirect compensation have an effect on to employee work motivation at PT. Mitra Ogan Plantation Kab OKU which can be seen from t count result is bigger than t table. Simultaneously direct compensation and indirect compensation have a affect to the employee's motivation at PT. Mitra Ogan Plantation Kab OKU that can be seen from the results f count is greater than f table. The result of coefficient of determination analysis (R Squere) is 0,327. It shows that 32,7% variation from work motivation (Y) can be explained by direct compensation variable (X1) and indirect compensation indirect compensation (X2) while the rest equal to 67.3% influenced by other variables in addition to variables in this study such as the ability / competence of employees.

Fault ride through strategy of DFIG using rotor voltage direct compensation control under voltage phase angle jump

Wind power has developed rapidly in recent years, and large-scale wind power facilities connected to power grids will bring many new challenges. Some new operation characteristics of power grids with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) may exhibit, for example voltage phase angle jumps (VPAJ). VPAJ can negatively impact the fault ride through (FRT) performance of DFIG. This paper firstly investigates the physical mechanism and the operation characteristics of DFIG with VPAJ. It is noted that the current control strategies designed for voltage amplitude changes are not suitable for VPAJ. Secondly, the paper develops an FRT optimization control strategy under VPAJ which optimizes the DFIG operation characteristics. Finally, simulations of a 250 MW wind farm are presented which validate the proposed FRT strategy.

Objective measurement of forward-scattered light in the human eye: An electrophysiological approach.

PurposePsychophysical measurements are used to examine the perception of ocular stray light, for example, with C-Quant. These measurements are subjective due to their principles. This work aims to determine ocular stray light objectively; thus, a psychophysical method is transferred into an electrophysiological setup.MethodsStray light perception was measured using steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in 10 healthy subjects (7 males, 3 females, mean age ± SD: 29.6 ± 4.1 years). Stray light emulating filters (Tiffen Black Pro Mist 2) were used for simulating the effect of cataracts to validate the results for increased scattered light conditions. Based on the direct compensation method, the stimulus consisted of a central test field (radius = 2°) with a luminance adjustable compensation light and surrounding ring-shaped stray light source (radius = 5 to 10°). Both flickered in the counter phase at a frequency of 7.5 Hz. The stimuli were presented for 15 luminance levels of the compensation light. The recorded steady-state VEPs at Oz channel were transformed by means of Fourier analysis. The magnitudes at the evoked frequency were plotted against the measured brightness levels of the compensation light. By fitting two linear functions to the resulting data points, a robust minimum log(Leq) was determined, which was correlated with the amount of stray light perception. We measured the stray light parameter log(sc) using C-Quant. For comparison, our results were converted into the C-Quant equivalent parameter log(sepm) and paired t-tests were performed for normal distributed results.ResultsA significant difference is observed between log(sepm) (without filter) and log(sepm) (with BPM 2 Filter) (p>0.05). No significant difference is observed between log(sepm) (without filter) and log(sc) (without filter) (p > 0.05) and between log(sepm) (with BPM 2 filter) and log(sc) (with BPM 2 filter) (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe electrophysiological approach offers the ability to measure stray light perception in an objective manner.

A Second-Order Bandpass <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta\Sigma$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Time-to-Digital Converter With Negative Time-Mode Feedback

This paper presents an all-digital bandpass $\Delta\Sigma $ time-to-digital converter (BP) $\Delta \Sigma $ TDC) for IF data conversion. The proposed TDC is based on a second-order resonator implemented by a cascade of two time-mode lossless discrete integrators (LDI), and a digital-to-time converter (DTC) in a feedback loop. The DTC is based on a new topology of double-edge voltage-controlled delay unit. The proposed TDC achieves bandpass quantization noise shaping and it does not require any complex calibration circuit to compensate for timing errors. To realize the time-mode LDI-based resonator, time-latches with some digital gates are employed. Moreover, a direct feed-forward compensation is utilized in the TDC to attain high signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) by reducing the internal time-mode swing, thus relaxing the speed and area requirements on digital circuits leading to low-voltage operation. The prototype BP $\Delta \Sigma $ TDC achieves a 39.5-dB peak SNDR over a 0.2 MHz signal bandwidth at 42.8 MS/s while consuming less than 5 mW in a 1.2 V IBM 130-nm CMOS process. The proposed TDC is highly digital and occupies a core area of only 0.048 mm2.

Pengaruh Kompensasi Finansial terhadap Turnover Intention dengan Affective Organizational Commitment sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Karyawan Ayam Bakar Pak “D” Kota Surabaya

Introduction_Financial compensation has an important impact for the company and employees, which in this case is the employees of the Surabaya branch of Ayam Bakar Pak D. However, the problem is whether Financial Compensation has optimally contributed so that it can support the achievement of company goals.
 Purpose_This research focuses on how Financial Compensation is able to improve employee’s Affective Organizational Commitments so that employee’s Turnover Intention rates can be lower. The variables used in this study are Direct Financial Compensation, Indirect Financial Compensation, Affective Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention.
 Design/Method_This study uses quantitative approach by using questionnaire and Path Analysis method. Respondents of this study are 94 employees in each outlet of the Surabaya branch of Ayam Bakar Pak D.
 Result_The results of this study indicate that Direct Financial Compensation and Indirect Financial Compensation will increase if Affective Organizational Commitment also increase and Turnover Intention will decrease if Direct Financial Compensation and Affective Organizational Commitment also increase. However, an increase of Indirect Financial Compensation does not impact the increase/decrease of Turnover Intention. Whereas Affective Organizational Commitment mediates the impact of Direct Financial Compensation on Turnover Intention. However, Affective Organizational Commitment does not mediate the impact of Indirect Financial Compensation on Turnover Intention.

The Effect Of Compensation On Employee Work Motivation Of Koperasi Karyawan PDAM Sidoarjo

The object of research is Koperasi Karyawan PDAM (Drinking Water Company) Sidoarjo. This type of research is quantitative, the objective of this research is to measure the influence of independent variables and their contribution to the dependent variable, the independent variable is compensation which consist of direct compensation and indirect compensation and the dependent variable is employee motivation. Among the two independent variables, it turns out that both of them have a significant effect on employee work motivation of Koperasi Karyawan PDAM Sidoarjo. Both simultaneously and partially proved to be significant, meaning that both independent variables contributed to employee motivation.

A stochastic model to evaluate pricing distortions in indemnity insurance methods for MTPL insurance

Direct compensation or the direct reimbursement scheme is an indemnity insurance method that many European and American countries use to manage motor liability claims in which the driver that suffers an accident is paid by his/her insurance company that possibly later receives a flat-rate reimbursement (known as forfeit). Using non-life actuarial methodologies, this article analyses the distortion effects due to the direct compensation mechanisms and the effects of different forfeit reimbursement systems on policyholder tariffs in the management of motor liability claims involving vehicles in two different sectors, i.e. automobile and motorcycle. We empirically analyse and formalize the distortion effects resulting from the mechanism that different direct reimbursement systems produce, and explore the correlation between increasing tariffs for motorcycle policyholders and decreasing tariffs for other vehicle policyholders. We propose some alternative methods to overcome these distortion effects, evaluating their pricing impact through a stochastic model applied to a case study.

Early Patterns of Faculty Compensation for Developing and Teaching Distance Learning Courses

This paper is an investigation into compensation practices for faculty developing and teaching distance learning courses. The research divides itself into two basic lines of inquiry: direct and indirect compensation (including royalties, training, and professional recognition). Also, economic models for distance learning are examined with a view towards understanding faculty compensation within attempts to reduce labor costs. The primary questions this research attempts to answer are: What are the current policies and practices in higher education for compensating faculty who develop and teach distance learning format courses? Will the increased use of distance learning format courses alter overall labor conditions for American faculty? If so, how? Although information is limited, it is found that faculty work in both developing and teaching distance learning format courses tends thus far in this early stage to be seen as work-for-hire under regular load with little additional indirect compensation or royalty arrangements.

Dynamic Alterations of Retinal EphA5 Expression in Retinocollicular Map Plasticity.

The topographically ordered retinocollicular projection is an excellent system for studying the mechanism of axon guidance. Gradients of EphA receptors in the retina and ephrin-As in the superior colliculus (SC) pattern the anteroposterior axis of the retinocollicular map, but whether they are involved in map plasticity after injury is unknown. Partial damage to the caudal SC at birth creates a compressed, complete retinotopic map in the remaining SC without affecting visual response properties. Previously, we found that the gradient of ephrin-A expression in compressed maps is steeper than normal, suggesting an instructive role in compression. Here we measured EphA5 mRNA and protein levels after caudal SC damage in order to test the hypothesis that changes in retinal EphA5 expression occur that are complementary to the changes in collicular ephrin-A expression. We find that the nasotemporal gradient of EphA5 receptor expression steepens in the retina and overall expression levels change dynamically, especially in temporal retina, supporting the hypothesis. This change in receptor expression occurs after the change in ephrin-A ligand expression. We propose that changes in the retinal EphA5 gradient guide recovery of the retinocollicular projection from early injury. This could occur directly through the change in EphA5 expression instructing retino-SC map compression, or through ephrin-A ligand signaling instructing a change in EphA5 receptor expression that in turn signals the retinocollicular map to compress. Understanding what molecular signals direct compensation for injury is essential to developing rehabilitative strategies and maximizing the potential for recovery.

How do incentives influence local public support for the siting of shale gas projects in China?

In 2016, China became the third largest producer of shale gas in the world. The Chinese central government has been supporting shale gas development since 2011. There are hopes that shale gas development, along with major efforts in renewable energy systems, can bring a fundamental change in the nation’s current coal-dependent energy system. Numerous challenges have slowed implementation including resistance to development of the industry by local residents living near shale gas sites. A significant body of research has examined the effectiveness of incentives in changing risk perceptions and attitudes toward the siting of industrial projects in the Western context. The present research identifies whether governmental incentives increase the extent of local support for shale gas projects in the Chinese context. Specifically, this paper strives to study two types of incentives: direct compensation to households bearing the potential negative impacts of shale gas projects and, household compensation accompanied by allocation of a portion of the shale tax revenues to local communities where the development occurs. An online survey with an embedded experiment was designed and conducted in August 2016 in five Chinese provinces where there are current or future shale gas projects. The experiment shows that household compensation alone or in combination with community reinvestment significantly increases local support of shale gas projects. Further, we found that the respondents most likely to be supportive after the experimental treatments are those who are young, more highly educated, have higher income, and perceive themselves as living close to a project. This research sheds light on how incentives might help contribute to resolution of siting controversies or prevent the onset of such controversies.

Open Principles in New Business Models for Information Systems

Open source software and open innovation are an important resource for today’s industries. Communities collaboratively create different kind of publicly available value, boosting innovation and also technology. However, whereas this value is generated and captured by various involved parties, the outcomes are, in many cases, commercialized by companies who build their business models on this openness. Thus, current business model representations used for these open systems mainly focus on the commercial side of companies, not directly regarding the value creation and distribution by the underlying communities. This results in a lack of potential representation of alternative value created by individuals and communities that are not necessarily aiming for direct monetary compensation. In this work, we show, by the example of open source projects, how communities create value and their potential to be represented by the upcoming domain of new business models. The emerging idea of new business models, based on sharing, collaboration, and the circular economy, not only considers economical viewpoints, but also social and ecological. New trends in research are intensively starting to investigate these models and how they can be brought to practice. The co-creation of value, collaboration of various actors, and following a shared vision are just some of the identified overlaps that are also essential for a potential representation of open communities. This first review unveils that new business models and open source software projects have a variety of aspects in common. We highlight the potential of open communities to be seen as new business models themselves, instead of just being a pure enabler for firms’ business models. This approach is leaving room to explore new organizational and economical aspects of open ecosystems, enhancing the understanding of co-creative communities and the definition of collaborative value.

High-Precision Tracking Control of a Soft Dielectric Elastomer Actuator With Inverse Viscoelastic Hysteresis Compensation

In this paper, we present a new control approach for high-precision tracking control of a soft dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) with inverse viscoelastic hysteresis compensation. To this end, we first investigate the viscoelastic response of the DEA and divide it into transition region and stable region. Then, the viscoelastic response is characterized by creep and hysteresis effects according to the different features of the two regions. Finally, a two-level tracking control approach is developed as follows: a direct inverse hysteresis compensation controller with a phenomenological hysteresis model is designed for the viscoelastic hysteresis description and compensation, and a conventional proportional-integral feedback controller is combined to compensate for the model uncertainty and creep effect. To verify the effectiveness of the developed tracking control approach, several experiments are conducted with various reference sinusoidal trajectories. Experimental results show that: when the frequency of the trajectory is within the range of 0.1 to 1 Hz, the maximum tracking error and the root-mean-square error decrease from 40.63% to 3.95% and 28.38% to 1.86%, respectively. This paper is the first attempt to achieve high-precision tracking control of soft DEAs by combining a phenomenological-model feedforward compensator and a feedback control law for the viscoelastic compensation, which may accelerate the practical applications of DEAs to soft robots.

Exploring landowners’ post-construction changes in perceptions of wind energy in Michigan

Researchers have suggested that residents’ acceptance of wind turbines follow a U-shaped curve over time, starting with generally positive attitudes about wind energy, dipping once a project is proposed, and then rebounding after construction. This research considers how residents’ perceptions of the benefits and negative impacts of wind turbines shift post-construction by surveying the same individuals (n = 520) at two time periods after a nearby wind project became operational. We find that residents’ perceptions follow two separate trajectories based on their perception of the fairness of the wind siting planning process and—to a lesser extent—whether they have a direct financial stake in the wind project. Residents who perceived a fair planning process tended to perceive greater benefits of wind turbines, job creation, and revenues for landowners specifically, while residents who perceived an unfair process perceived significantly greater negative impacts, including visual and noise problems, reduction of nearby property values, and human health problems. These results suggest that while energy business models that extent direct financial compensation to more landowners impact the attitudes of residents in the short-term, resident attitudes about procedural justice may have implications that extend well beyond the project planning stage, impacting long-term support for adding new and repowering old turbines.

High-Precision Tracking of Piezoelectric Actuator Using Iterative Learning Control and Direct Inverse Compensation of Hysteresis

Rate-dependent hysteretic nonlinearity, which is an inherent characteristic of piezoelectric actuators (PEAs), causes a significant challenge in precise motion control of piezoelectric nanopositioning stages. In this paper, by assuming that the model of PEA takes a Hammerstein structure, a novel control strategy that combines iterative learning control (ILC) and the direct inverse of hysteresis is proposed to compensate for both nonlinearities and uncertainties of system simultaneously. Different from those existing direct inverse compensation methods whose control performance highly relies on the accuracy of the hysteresis model, the proposed control strategy is more robust by adding an additional ILC loop. Since ILC is essentially a feedforward control scheme that fully utilizes the input and output information in previous iterations, the tracking precision can be improved promptly in the iteration domain. Comparative experiments are performed to test the efficacy of the proposed algorithm for polynomial, triangular, and step signals. Results show that it is superior to pure proportional–integral (PI) controller and even PI controller combined with inverse compensator in the sense that the root mean square, relative, as well as maximal absolute errors of output tracking have been decreased remarkably within five iterations.

A Stochastic Model to Evaluate Pricing Distortions in Indemnity Insurance Methods for MTPL Insurance

Direct compensation or the direct reimbursement scheme is an indemnity insurance method that many European and American countries use to manage motor liability claims in which the driver that suffers an accident is paid by his/her insurance company that possibly later receives a flat-rate reimbursement (known as forfeit). Using non-life actuarial methodologies, this article analyses the distortion effects due to the direct compensation mechanisms and the effects of different forfeit reimbursement systems on policyholder tariffs in the management of motor liability claims involving vehicles in two different sectors, i.e. automobile and motorcycle. We empirically analyse and formalize the distortion effects resulting from the mechanism that different direct reimbursement systems produce, and explore the correlation between increasing tariffs for motorcycle policyholders and decreasing tariffs for other vehicle policyholders. We propose some alternative methods to overcome these distortion effects, evaluating their pricing impact through a stochastic model applied to a case study.