Dirac Sea Research Articles

Wildfire suppression technology: Exploration for a directed energy beam (DEB) attenuating electron transfer by cyclical vacuum subduction of dioxygen dication species, O22+

Modeling wildfire suppression technology, inspired by Einstein’s long quest for a final theory, is based on a Unified Field Mechanical (UFM) Ontological-Phase Topological Field Theory (OPTFT) derived from modified M-theory, parameters of the Wheeler-Feynman-Cramer Transactional Interpretation, with combined extensions of a de Broglie-Bohm Implicate Order super-quantum potential as a unified field force of coherence control factor. The device is multiphasic. Operationally, O2 electron transfer attenuation occurs by nonlocal matter-wave phase adduction/subduction interference nodes in dynamic-static Casimir-Polder resonant interactions pertinent to bumps and holes within a covariant polarized Dirac vacuum as the most salient feature of dioxygen dication, O22+ coupling to mirror symmetric nonlocal antispace (vacuum), rather than neutral molecular species in local 3-space as demonstrated in experimental studies of dioxygen dication, O22+. Additionally, beam emission requires a new dual class of nonlocal OCHRE (Oscillation Coupled Helicoid Resonance Emission) in tandem with localized OCRET (Optically Controlled Resonance Energy Transfer) to produce ballistic-like conduction of vacuum energy by the summation of cyclical resonant incursive oscillations within the structure of cellular Least Units tessellating spacetime as a means of mediating the additional dimensionality (XD) of brane topological phase transitions in the Bulk. Finally, device operation requires an M-theoretic form of scalable universal quantum computing (UQC), a paradigm shift beyond confines of the locality-unitarity basis of presently standard Copenhagen quantum theory.

Dirac Vacuum as a Transport Medium for Information.

Usually, the transport of information requires either an electromagnetic field or matter as a carrier. It turns out that the Dirac vacuum modes could be exploited as a potentially loss-free carrier of information between two distant locations in space. At the first location, a spatially localized electric field is placed, whose temporal shape is modulated, for example, as a binary sequence of distinguishable high and low values of the amplitude. The resulting distortion of the vacuum state reflecting this information propagates then to a second location, where this digital signal can be read off sequentially by a static electric field pulse. If this second field is supercritical, it can create electron-positron pairs from the manipulated vacuum state. The original information transported by the vacuum mode is then imprinted on the temporal behavior of the created particle yield for a selected energy.

Circuit complexity for fermionic thermofield double states

Motivated by the holographic complexity proposals, in this paper, we investigate the time dependence of the complexity for the Fermionic thermofield double state (TFD) using the Nielsen approach and Fubini-Study (FS) approach separately. In both two approaches, we discuss the results for different reference states: the Dirac vacuum state and the Gaussian state which has no spatial entanglement (NSE). For Dirac vacuum reference state, we find that the complexity by both two approaches is time independent and the circuit complexity shares the same expression for both methods with the $L^2$ norm. For the NSE reference state, the complexity by the Nielsen approach is time-dependent while it by the FS approach is time-independent. Further, we find our dynamical results are in good agreement with the bosonic case, where the complexity evolves in time and saturates after a time at the order of the inverse temperature. And we show that the complexity of formation is also shared same similar behaviors with the holographic complexity.

How the Dirac Sea Idea May Apply to a Spatially-Flat Universe Model (A Brief Review)

The famous Dirac sea idea can be resurrected if one replaces the concept of positive and negative matter mass with positive and negative energy. Utilizing this concept, the perpetually spatially-flat matter-generating FSC model can be shown to be a realistic Milne “empty universe” model. Furthermore, this may be why Rh = ct cosmological models like FSC show an excellent statistical fit with the accumulated data of the Supernova Cosmology Project.

Relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation no longer requiring the “Dirac sea”

Relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation no longer requiring the “Dirac sea”

Multiphoton excitation and harmonic generation from the quantum electrodynamic vacuum

The microscopic theory of the nonlinear interaction of coherent radiation with the quantum electrodynamic vacuum is developed. The evolution equation for a single-particle density matrix is solved in the multiphoton resonant approximation. The obtained solutions disclose Rabi oscillations and resonant multiphoton excitations of the Dirac sea. On the basis of the numerical simulations, we examine the rates of harmonics radiation at the electron–positron annihilation in the field of a strong pump wave.

Particle Creation and Annihilation: Two Bohmian Approaches

This paper reviews and discusses two extensions of Bohmian Mechanics to the phenomena of particle creation and annihilation typically observed in Quantum Field Theory (QFT): the so-called Bell-type Quantum Field Theory and the Dirac Sea representation. These theories have a secure metaphysical basis as they postulate a particle ontology while satisfying the requirements imposed by the Primitive Ontology approach to quantum physics. Furthermore, their methodological perspective intentionally provides a set of rules to immunize physical theories to the conceptual and technical problems plaguing the standard formulation of Quantum Mechanics and QFT. A metaphysical analysis of both theories will be given, emphasizing the relevant features of each proposal. Finally, it will be acknowledged that, despite the metaphysical virtues and niceties of these frameworks, ultimately they do not provide definitive answers to other cogent foundational issues in QFT. Thus, these theories (as well as the other Bohmian extensions to QFT) should be considered as partial solutions to the problems raised by the quantum theory of fields. This situation can be considered incentive for further research.

Entanglement Hamiltonians and entropy in (1+1)-dimensional chiral fermion systems

In past work we introduced a method which allows for exact computations of entanglement Hamiltonians. The method relies on computing the resolvent for the projected (on the entangling region) Green's function using a solution to the Riemann-Hilbert problem combined with finite rank perturbation theory. Here we analyze in detail several examples involving excited states of chiral fermions (Dirac and Majorana) on a spatial circle. We compute the exact entanglement Hamiltonians and an exact formula for the change in entanglement entropy due to the introduction of a particle above the Dirac sea. For Dirac fermions, we give the first-order temperature correction to the entanglement entropy in the case of a multiple interval entangling region.

Rotating Dirac fermions in a magnetic field in 1+2 and 1+3 dimensions

We consider the effects of an external magnetic field on rotating fermions in $1+2$ and $1+3$ dimensions. The dual effect of a rotation parallel to the magnetic field causes a net increase in the fermionic density by centrifugation, which follows from the sinking of the particle lowest Landau level in the Dirac sea for free Dirac fermions. In $1+d=2n$ dimensions, this effect is related to the chiral magnetic effect in $2n\ensuremath{-}2$ dimensions. This phenomenon is discussed specifically for both weak and strong interfermion interactions in $1+2$ dimensions. For QCD in $1+3$ dimensions with Dirac quarks, we show that in the strongly coupled phase with spontaneously broken chiral symmetry, this mechanism reveals itself in the form of an induced pion condensation by centrifugation. We use this observation to show that this effect causes a shift in the chiral condensate at leading order in the pion interaction, and to discuss the possibility for the formation of a novel pion superfluid phase in off-central heavy-ion collisions at collider energies.

Phenomenology of cosmological particle creation, Dirac sea and all that

We constructed the conformally invariant model for scalar particle creation induced by strong gravitational fields. Starting from the “usual” hydrodynamical description of the particle motion written in the Eulerian coordinates we substituted the particle number conservation law (which enters the formalism) by “the particle creation law”, proportional to the square of the Weyl tensor (following the famous result by Ya.B. Zel’dovich and A.A. Starobinsky). Then, demanding the conformal invariance of the whole dynamical system, we have got both the (Weyl)-conformal gravity and the Einstein-Hilbert gravity action integral with dilaton field. Thus, we obtained something like the induced gravity suggested first by A.D. Sakharov. It is shown that the resulting system is self-consistent. We considered also the vacuum equations. It is shown that, beside the “empty vacuum”, there may exist the “dynamical vacuum”, which is nothing more but the Dirac sea. The latter is described by the unexpectedly elegant equation which includes both the Bach and Einstein tensors and the cosmological terms. All the vacuum solutions violate the local conformal invariance.

Multiphoton excitation and high-harmonics generation in topological insulator

Multiphoton interaction of coherent electromagnetic radiation with 2D metallic carriers confined on the surface of the 3D topological insulator is considered. A microscopic theory describing the nonlinear interaction of a strong wave and metallic carriers with many-body Coulomb interaction is developed. The set of integrodifferential equations for the interband polarization and carrier occupation distribution is solved numerically. Multiphoton excitation of Fermi–Dirac sea of 2D massless carriers is considered for a THz pump wave. It is shown that in the moderately strong pump wave field along with multiphoton interband/intraband transitions the intense radiation of high harmonics takes place.

Spin symmetry in the Dirac sea derived from the bare nucleon–nucleon interaction

The spin symmetry in the Dirac sea has been investigated with relativistic Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theory using the bare nucleon–nucleon interaction. Taking the nucleus 16O as an example and comparing the theoretical results with the data, the definition of the single-particle potential in the Dirac sea is studied in detail. It is found that if the single-particle states in the Dirac sea are treated as occupied states, the ground state properties are in better agreement with experimental data. Moreover, in this case, the spin symmetry in the Dirac sea is better conserved and it is more consistent with the findings using phenomenological relativistic density functionals.

3a-C-1 Induced Chem-Simons term and intrinsic polarization of Dirac sea

3a-C-1 Induced Chem-Simons term and intrinsic polarization of Dirac sea

Fermion number of twisted kinks in the NJL2 model revisited

As a consequence of axial current conservation, fermions cannot be bound in localized lumps in the massless Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. In the case of twisted kinks, this manifests itself in a cancellation between the valence fermion density and the fermion density induced in the Dirac sea. To attribute the correct fermion number to these bound states requires an infrared regularization. Recently, this has been achieved by introducing a bare fermion mass, at least in the nonrelativistic regime of small twist angles and fermion numbers. Here, we propose a simpler regularization using a finite box which preserves integrability and can be applied at any twist angle. A consistent and physically plausible assignment of fermion number to all twisted kinks emerges.

Characteristics of chiral anomaly in view of various applications

In view of the recent applications of chiral anomaly to various fields beyond particle physics, we discuss some basic aspects of chiral anomaly which may help deepen our understanding of chiral anomaly in particle physics also. It is first shown that Berry's phase (and its generalization) for the Weyl model $H =v_{F} \vec{\sigma}\cdot \vec{p}(t)$ assumes a monopole form at the exact adiabatic limit but deviates from it off the adiabatic limit and vanishes in the high frequency limit of the Fourier transform of $\vec{p}(t)$ for bounded $|\vec{p}(t)|$. An effective action, which is consistent with the non-adiabatic limit of Berry's phase, combined with the Bjorken-Johnson-Low prescription gives normal equal-time space-time commutators and no chiral anomaly. In contrast, an effective action with a monopole at the origin of the momentum space, which describes Berry's phase in the precise adiabatic limit but fails off the adiabatic limit, gives anomalous space-time commutators and a covariant anomaly to the gauge current. We regard this anomaly as an artifact of the postulated monopole and not a consequence of Berry's phase. As for the recent application of the chiral anomaly to the description of effective Weyl fermions in condensed matter and nuclear physics, which is closely related to the formulation of lattice chiral fermions, we point out that the chiral anomaly for each species doubler separately vanishes for a finite lattice spacing, contrary to the common assumption. Instead a general form of pair creation associated with the spectral flow for the Dirac sea with finite depth takes place. This view is supported by the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion, which defines a single Weyl fermion without doublers on the lattice and gives a well-defined index (anomaly) even for a finite lattice spacing.

A Persistent Particle Ontology for Quantum Field Theory in Terms of the Dirac Sea

We show that the Bohmian approach in terms of persisting particles that move on continuous trajectories following a deterministic law can be literally applied to QFT. By means of the Dirac sea model – exemplified in the electron sector of the standard model neglecting radiation – we explain how starting from persisting particles, one is led to standard QFT employing creation and annihilation operators when tracking the dynamics with respect to a reference state, the so-called vacuum. Since on the level of wave functions, both formalisms are mathematically equivalent, this proposal provides for an ontology of QFT that includes a dynamics of individual processes, solves the measurement problem and explains the appearance of creation and annihilation events.

Time- and space-resolved selective multipair creation

The simultaneous creation of multiple electron-positron pairs by localized strong electric fields is studied by utilizing a time- and space-resolved quantum field theory approach. It is demonstrated that the number of simultaneously created pairs equals the number of the potential's supercritical quasibound states in the Dirac sea. This means it can be controlled by tuning the potential parameters. Furthermore, the energy of the created particles corresponds to the energy of the supercritical quasibound states. The simultaneously created electrons and positrons are statistically correlated, which is reflected in the spatial distribution and the momentum distribution of these particles and antiparticles.

Dyons and Certain Symmetries in Maxwell’s Equations

AbstractWe developed certain symmetries in Maxwell’s equations by incorporating (independent) dynamical degrees of freedom. Once magnetic monopoles are included, it was assessed whether this system can admit electromagnetic-like scalar and pseudo-scalar fields so that a full symmetry may be accomplished. The result is restated in differential forms. The subsequent generalised classical equations of motion for dyons are displayed. In quantum mechanics, we find that, for a given scalar potential, a critical behaviour does not occur and the Dirac vacuum remains stable: the scalar coupling cannot create spontaneous electron-positron pairs.

Suppressed pair creation due to electron-positron attraction

We propose a coupled Dirac sea approach to examine numerically the electron-positron pair creation process with interfermionic interactions in a supercritical background field. In this approach the Hilbert space is doubled, leading to two separate Dirac equations for the dynamics of the electrons and the positrons. It permits us to remove the unphysical self-repulsion while the internal electric fields that couple different fermions are determined from the Maxwell equations. The time evolution of the yield and the spatial distribution, as well as the energy spectra of the particles, show that the attractive force between the created particles decreases the pair creation probability, independent of the spatial characteristics of the force-intermediating internal fields. This decrease is accompanied by shifts in the kinetic energy spectrum of the emitted particles. These findings are supported by an independent model that predicts the creation rate based on the quantum mechanical transmission coefficient.

A practical method in calculating one loop quantum fluctuations to the energy of the non-topological soliton

I have used a practical method to calculate the one-loop quantum correction to the energy of the non-topological soliton in Friedberg-Lee model. The quantum effects which come from the quarks of the Dirac sea scattering with the soliton bag are calculated by a summation of the discrete and continuum energy spectrum of the Dirac equation in the background field of soliton. The phase shift of the continuum spectrum is numerically calculated in an efficient way and all the divergences are removed by the same renormalization procedure.