Diplomatic Texts Research Articles

Translation and Diplomacy : The Role of Translators in International Relations

This study sheds lights on the role of translators in international relations . It aims to study the translation strategies used in translating the diplomatic texts , to identify the difficulties faced by translators in translating the texts in the diplomatic field . It hypothesizes that the translators have a limit knowledge of such terms used in diplomatic context . In the present study , four samples contained diplomatic terms were taken and rendered by translators adopted Vinay and Darblent strategies (1995) of direct translation and oblique translation to know how the meaning is conveyed from the source text into the target text.

Speaking of dialogue: Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin reconsidered

abstract: The first poem in the Black Book of Carmarthen (NLW Peniarth MS 1) is known as Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin 'The dialogue between Merlin and Taliesin'; YMTh), a title which appears neither in the manuscript nor in later medieval copies of the poem. Nevertheless, YMTh is consistently treated as a dialogue poem and is frequently invoked as exemplifying the genre of medieval Welsh dialogue poetry. Resting on an analysis of that poetry presented in a sister article, this paper re-evaluates YMTh and argues that it is not a dialogue poem at all. The rubrication of YMTh in the manuscript gives the work the façade of a dialogue which, once dismantled, reveals the text to be a composite comprised of two distinct poems. These are edited separately at the end of the paper, following a diplomatic text. Neither poem was a dialogue, but the naming of Myrddin and Taliesin in the final lines of the second either inspired the conversion of the composite text into a dialogue or reinforced the belief that it was one, probably under the influence of the conversation between these characters in the Vita Merlini . The evidence of a composite poem converted into an ymryson in the Hendregadredd Manuscript (NLW MS 6680B) supports the argument presented here, demonstrating that this type of scribal editorial activity is not unique to YMTh. The later copies and afterlife of YMTh are briefly discussed in an .

Some peculiarities of using information and digital technologies when translating diplomatic materials

Digitization is being actively established in all spheres of social activity, transforming traditional ways of creating, distributing and analyzing information. Diplomatic activity has not become an exception in the processes of actualization of the digital space, gradually involving ICT tools in its practice. The study is focused on highlighting the implementation of digital innovations in diplomacy under the conditions of permanent influence of socio-cultural factors. The modern world is dynamic and developing at a high speed; therefore the trends of promotion or hindrance to digitization, which is used directly in the translation of diplomatic texts, change rapidly depending on many factors (socio-political, socio -economic, cultural, etc.). The purpose of the study is to understand the effectiveness of the use of information and digital technologies in the translation of diplomatic texts. The need for new media, translators and means of translation is noted, which will be in demand under the conditions of total globalization and informatization of the current socio-cultural space. Digitization has demonstrated the expediency of its use in diplomatic activity in general, so it is evident that this process will be extended to highly specialized clusters, including the translation of diplomatic texts. The research methodology is based on a combination of the use of general scientific and scientific-linguistic methods, due to which a comprehensive study of digitization algorithms in diplomatic translation was carried out. In addition, a scientific-synergistic approach is actively used, which ensures interaction between digital, linguistic, diplomatic and cultural-historical dimensions, which are actualized in scientific intelligence. Elements of novelty of the research focus on the interpretation of information and digital technologies in the context of their involvement in the process of diplomatic translation. Conclusion. Therefore, the ICT segment is actively gaining positions in diplomatic activity, fully meeting the trends of modern socio-cultural development. In a practice-oriented environment, diplomatic translation activities successfully use online resources to improve the quality and availability of translated materials. However, the digital segment is positioned as an auxiliary element or an alternative to traditional translation models, using a wide range of digital tools: online translators, artificial intelligence, interactive dictionaries, etc

Professional diplomatic language in the Ukrainian-British and Ukrainian-German international agreements at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries

The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the use of the professional language of diplomacy in the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. International relations is a sphere of social activity in which language is formed in the diplomatic professional field. Diplomatic protocol requires compliance with certain rules and regulations. The objective of the study is to highlight the main components of the professional language of diplomacy based on the analysis of diplomatic texts of interstate agreements. An important element is the interpretation of diplomatic ideas through the prism of the linguistic dimension. The paper is not just a linguistic analysis of the text, but a comparative analysis of the key elements of the diplomatic style of speech, typical for the Ukrainian-German and Ukrainian-British agreements. A combination of dialectical and synergetic scientific and philosophical methodology was successfully used to achieve the set tasks. Due to the structural and typological methods of linguistic research, the tasks set for the classification of diplomatic texts have been achieved. Thus, the study of the components of professional diplomatic language is relevant in modern scientific and linguistic discourse, as it enables studying philological aspects and at the same time is useful for understanding the essence of international politics.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЧНОЇ МОВИ У ТЕКСТАХ МІЖНАРОДНИХ УГОД (на матеріалах документів щодо врегулювання Карабахського конфлікту)

The purpose of this work is to study diplomatic Russian language evolution, based on the analysis of documents on settlement of the Karabakh conflict and relations between neighboring countries. The objective of the study is to analyze the process of formation of modern vocabulary, features of morphology and syntax in Russian diplomatic language used in negotiation processes and in the preparation of diplomatic documents in the countries of the region in the period from the 18th to the 21st centuries. Since the negotiation processes and documents related to them, based on relations between Russia and the countries of the region, will be considered, cultural-historical, comparative approaches, as well as methods of linguistic observation, contextual, transformational and quantitative analysis are involved in the study. The evolution of the Russian diplomatic language and style is conditioned by both extralinguistic (political situation, wars, changing social formations and the creation of a new state, economic relations, etc.) and linguistic (interaction with other languages, structural and semantic changes, changes in the stylistic affiliation of words) factors influencing the development of the Russian language as a whole. Nevertheless, a number of trends can be identified which characterize the development of the directly diplomatic language: its vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. Changes at these levels reflect the process of the diplomatic language formation as a sphere of official business style and, at the same time, its formation as a unique and self-sufficient diplomatic discourse. The development of the lexical level was largely associated with a change in the composition of the vocabulary used in diplomatic documents in a particular era. The analysis of diplomatic documents shows that in the 18th–19th centuries, the composition of the vocabulary, firstly, indicates that the official business style was at the initial stage of formation; secondly, it reflects the process of the formation of the Russian literary language, a departure from foreign borrowings that actively replenished the language in the era of Peter the Great. This is evidenced by the fact how often are used expressive and evaluative vocabulary, high bookish vocabulary, common and colloquial vocabulary, etiquette-complimentary vocabulary and low frequency of borrowing terms. The desire for maximum accuracy in the presentation of conditions in international treaties is evidenced by the rather high frequency of full and partial synonyms use. Diplomatic vocabulary of the twentieth century (Soviet period) is characterized by the absence of high book vocabulary, a significant increase of common vocabulary, borrowing terms and a decrease of expressive-evaluative, full and partial synonyms and etiquette-complimentary vocabulary. Neologisms, speech (including ideological) clichés come to replace the new formations associated with the construction of the socialist formation state – abbreviations in the texts of notes and internal documents, which indicates the formation of the lexical composition of the official-business style. The composition of the vocabulary of the modern period (the end of the 20th – the first third of the 21st centuries) is characterized by the almost absence in the analyzed documents of expressive-evaluative and etiquette-complimentary vocabulary (which are incorporated into the composition of cliché speech formulas) and is replenished with euphemisms and contextual synonyms. The frequency of use of certain types of vocabulary is changing – a significant increase in speech clichés, a slight increase in neologisms and a decrease in the level of borrowing terms and abbreviations use. Morphologically the analyzed documents texts cut seems to be the most expressive in terms of the impact intentionality degree on the opponent. An indicative trend is the weakening of the semantics of obligation and the strengthening of semantically neutral forms, expressed in the practical rejection of deontic modality use and the infinitive in the function of the imperative mood, as well as in the increasing activity of performative verbs use in the passive voice and verbal nouns. The use of performative verbs in the passive reflects the desire to level the specifics in indicating the persons or organizations in respect of which obligations are determined and allows to neutralize the general tone of the document. The intensive use of verbal names, which form a significant percentage of speech clichés (chancellery), indicates the closest convergence of the diplomatic style with the official business style in the 21st century. In the development of the syntax of diplomatic texts, there is a tendency to simplify constructions, replacing complex sentences with simple ones, including adverbial/participial phrases. The logical presentation, which concludes the subordination of some facts to others, is supported not by a polypredicative construction, but by the topic deployment of content in several monopredicative sentences. Such changes in syntax are due to the desire for brevity, conciseness and maximum accuracy of presentation in conditions of weak individualization of style.

1320, 1776 and All That: A Tale of Two ‘Declarations’

Founding documents are parsed, revered and preserved but they can also be misread, mythologised and overlooked. This article examines the entangled fates of the Scots Declaration of Arbroath (1320) and the US Declaration of Independence (1776) at a moment between the seven-hundredth anniversary of the one in 2020 and the two-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the other in 2026. It shows that the two ‘declarations’ were both diplomatic texts, rhetorically shaped, and part of sequences of similar documents that have otherwise been largely overlooked. Some recent commentators have suggested that Arbroath influenced the US Declaration; on the contrary, the article argues that the Declaration influenced Arbroath, at least in its reception and its construction as an alleged charter or ‘declaration’ of Scottish ‘independence’. I conclude by presenting fresh evidence for the presence of Arbroath in Philadelphia in 1776, to reflect on the sometimes surprising ways in which documents become, or do not become, foundational.

Diplomatic or eclectic critical editions of the Hebrew Bible? Considering a third alternative

Ever since the publication of the third edition of Rudolph Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica (BHK3) to the present gradual production of the Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ) so-called editiones criticae minores of the Hebrew Bible are diplomatic editions. The Codex Leningradensis, dating from 1008/9 CE, is used as the base text, and the Biblia Hebraica text editors note significant variants in other Hebrew manuscripts and/or the ancient versions in eclectic fashion in a text-critical apparatus. The Hebrew University Bible Project (HUPB) also publishes a diplomatic text based on the Codex Aleppo but with a more detailed text-critical apparatus. The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition (HBCE) follows a different route, traditionally more familiar in the production of critical editions of the Septuagint and New Testament, namely to publish an eclectic edition. The text editors produce a theoretical, reconstructed text of what they regard as the ‘correct’ reading after careful consideration and weighing of variants in all available textual witnesses. I argue that critical editions of the Hebrew at the disposal of Hebrew Bible scholars, whether based on a diplomatic or eclectic text, have two inherent weaknesses, namely eclecticism and lack of context. Taken together, these shortcomings might be classified as subjectivism. I propose at least considering the alternative of a synoptic text-critical approach beyond the diplomatic-eclectic dichotomy.Contribution: This research critically reviews the current diplomatic/eclectic approaches in the production of scholarly Hebrew Bibles and proposes at least considering a third alternative, namely a synoptic approach

Apocrypha Hiberniae II: Apocalyptica 2

Apocrypha Hiberniae II: Apocalyptica 2

La metáfora en los términos políticos y diplomáticos árabes y su traducción al español

Metaphor is one of the tools that describe something by resemblance. It’s used to give more focus to an idea or a feeling. It can be said that metaphor contributes to the building of any kind of discourse, used in the political and diplomatic fields; we find it in political or diplomatic texts, especially in media channels. This work explains some information about political and diplomatic metaphors with examples taken from press. The goal from choosing political metaphors is to explain their role in the structure of the political and diplomatic term. We have chosen seven political metaphors and six diplomatic terminologies from BBC Arabic (an Arabic news channel). For example: the term Arab Spring, a storm in a teacup.

Memoria e identidad de las ciudades andaluzas (S.XIII-XVII)

Diplomatic texts and urban histories were repositories of historical memory through which speeches and images were transmitted, with which the identity of the city was built. Our objective is to show that they were reinterpreted as a guarantee of rights and privileges, of legitimation of urban power and inculcation of behaviors of the city and its elites.

Conceptos generales de la traducción de los textos políticosy diplomáticos del árabe al español

This work presents a general view about political and diplomatic texts with their examples, In addition to some political terms that have a vision with sports terminology, we will learn about the characteristics of translators in political and diplomatic texts. In another part, we note that diplomatic terminology and forms of diplomatic protocols translated from Arabic into Spanish. Finally, we present the important aspects of the use of language in political texts. Key words: Diplomatic text, Political texts, Terms, Diplomatic protocols.

THEME AND RHEME ANALYSIS AND POLITENESS STRATEGY IN DIPLOMATIC WORKPLACE WRITING: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This study explores thematic progression patterns within the systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and the selection of words identified in writing within the diplomatic workplace. Politeness strategy employed between government to government communication through written diplomatic texts and its relationship with theme and rheme progression is the focus of this study. It is also aimed at raising host country EFL diplomat as well as university students’ awareness of progression patterns and the importance of persuasive writing to mitigate confrontational notions. Many researches have been conducted on public diplomacy and international relations on speeches or verbal texts but no studies on written text communication between a diplomatic office in a foreign country with the host country office announcing the arrival or departure of a diplomat from a foreign nation. To fill that gap is the reason of this study is aiming. A descriptive qualitative study was employed to analyze the theme-rheme progression patterns on a third-party-type diplomatic text of the Embassy of the United States of America addressed to the host country diplomatic consular section of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia in Jakarta. SFL theory was applied particularly in analyzing the textual meta-function of the text to find the theme-rheme progression patterns. The result showed that the distribution of themes and rhemes in the text being analyzed follows the simple progression category.

Construing Community with a Shared Future in President Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse (2013–2018): The Role of Personal Pronouns we and they

ABSTRACT This article investigates the role of personal pronouns we and they in building a community with a shared future in President Xi Jinping’s 61 diplomatic texts from 2013 to 2018. Adopting systemic functional linguistics and positive discourse analysis, the complementarity instead of opposition of the two personal pronouns are discussed under a holistic view with diverse category relations generated through ambiguous use (i.e. inclusion and exclusion) to explain how the community is discursively construed. The “Self/Other” dichotomy is replaced by a cline with we and they intertwined. The wandering use within and across each personal pronoun in the discourse contributes to the construction of the community with a shared future on four different levels, i.e. that for Chinese nation, for two countries, for a region and for mankind, with contextual consideration examined.

The Genre Differentiation and Linguistic Peculiarities of English Diplomatic Discourse

This paper deals with English diplomatic discourse as an independent type of discourse, which is characterized by its genre typology. The goals of diplomacy and diplomatic discourse are to protect the national and state interests and to implement norms and values in the context of globalization. For a long time, diplomatic discourse has been a part of political discourse. English diplomatic discourse has its own unique features and parameters that set it apart from other types of institutional discourse. Diplomatic discourse is a complex communicative phenomenon that covers the entire spectrum of diplomatic interactions. There are accurate and regulated standards and requirements for writing diplomatic documents, that depend on and vary according to the genre typology. The research’s relevance is found in the growing interest of contemporary linguistics in the issues of communicative interaction and the study of language in close connection with the practical actions of a person. The paper attempts to systematize knowledge about the texts used in international relations. The fact that English diplomatic documents are widely used determines their genre diversity. Documents of diplomatic discourse are divided into 7 groups: contractual (agreement, treaty, pact), informative (resolution; government statement), instructive (verbal note; circular note), argumentative (diplomatic speech; letter of concern), regulatory (communiqué; verbal note; memorandum), authoritarian (declaration; act), courteous (letter of invitation; letter of condolence). This division of diplomatic texts is performed on the basis of Nataliya Kashchyshyn’s classification of taxonomic units in English diplomatic discourse and makes it possible to consider structural, terminological and pragmatic factors in the formation of diplomatic documents. The purpose of diplomatic discourse is to protect national interests, prevent war and strengthen peace, as well as to implement foreign policy on behalf of the state.

Stylistic Features of Diplomatic Texts in Czech

The current article is devoted to the analysis and description of the language of a modern diplomatic text, which represents a diplomatic substyle of a business style. In the Czech language, which possesses a wide stylistic differentiation, a diplomatic substyle remains insufficiently studied. A diplomatic substyle is an integral part of the language of diplomatic communication, in which the Heads of the State and the Government, the ministers of foreign affairs, and representative institutions are involved. This fact brings it closer to the language of political communication.For this reason, the author aims at characterizing the stylistic features of traditional text types in the diplomatic correspondence between the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation, and highlighting their similarities and differences in form as well as in content. By the example of original texts the structure of a diplomatic document is represented: a form of address, protocol forms of courtesy and compliments, its semantic core and the argumentation part as essential parts of a document.The fore cited analysis of the functional-communicative features of the diplomatic texts lexical composition shows the presence of professional names and terms, idioms and cliché, as well as new lexical units and terms that reflect socio-political changes in the Czech Republic and new geopolitical realities.

The Community Rule: A Critical Edition with Translation by Sarianna Metso

Reviewed by: The Community Rule: A Critical Edition with Translation by Sarianna Metso James M. Tucker sarianna metso, The Community Rule: A Critical Edition with Translation (EJL 51; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2019). Pp. x + 60. $49. In this volume, Sarianna Metso provides a new critical edition of the Qumran Community Rule manuscripts. Under the rubric of the Community Rule, the author includes fourteen manuscripts: 1QS, 1Q29a, 4QpapSa, 4QSb, 4QpapSc, 4QSd, 4QSe, 4QSf, 4QSg, 4QSh, 4QSi, 4QSj, 5QS, and 11QFragment related to Serekh ha-Yaḥad. In addition to new transcriptions of these manuscripts and fragmentary remains, M. provides a textual apparatus, textual notes, and an English translation. The presentation of the manuscripts takes as its starting point the editorial methods of the Hebrew Bible Critical Edition series (HBCE). The volume contains an introduction, bibliography, and Hebrew text with English translation. In the introduction, M. introduces her editorial method and offers a brief history of the discovery and a physical description of the Community Rule manuscripts; theoretical and methodological considerations; and the layout of the volume. As part of a rationale for a new edition, M. draws from the editorial method of the Hebrew Bible Critical Edition series (general editor Ronald Hendel, 2016). She clearly articulates her objective, namely, “to present an archetype” of the Community Rule. An “archetype” is “the latest attainable version of the text behind the existing manuscripts witnesses” (p. 1). The application of the word “critical” modifies the textual presentation, insofar as the Hebrew text is not extant in any single Community Rule manuscript. The reader, however, should be aware that there are equally valid editorial methods apart from the HBCE editorial principles. There have been significant developments, for example, in the fields of digital humanities, scholarly digital editions, and material philology that present significant challenges to the binaries made between a diplomatic text and critical text presentation. Tara L. Andrews, in her essay, “The Third Way: Philology and Critical Edition in the Digital Era” (Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10 [2013] 61–76) highlights how a digital medium circumvents the type of editorial decisions of the traditional methods of an archetype theory (e.g., HBCE) or diplomatic theory (BHS, Biblia Hebraica Quinta, or the Hebrew University Bible Project). In other words, many of the editorial decisions discussed by M. are reflective of the medium of a print edition—along with its limitations. According to the author, the apparatus helps the reader to see the development of the [End Page 128] text, since scribes creatively contributed to the development of the tradition. For M., the manuscript of “1QS alone makes it clear that its text is an amalgamation of disparate passages most likely originating from a variety of sources” (p. 2). The Cave 4, 5, and 11 fragmentary manuscripts further attest to a heterogeneous character of the tradition. In addition to manuscript variants, the apparatus contains brief notes on paleographical issues and/or differences of transcriptions in contrast to the author’s previous work; Elisha Qimron’s editions (The Scrolls of the Judaean Desert [Hebrew] [Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 2010]), and Phillip Alexander and Geza Vermes’s edition of the Cave 4 and 5 manuscripts in Qumran Cave 4.XIX: Serekh Ha-Yaḥad and Two Related Texts (DJD 26; Oxford: Clarendon, 1998). Under the heading of “Theoretical and Methodological Considerations,” M. alerts the reader to some lingering issues pertaining to how previous editors classified some of the Cave 1, 4, and 5 manuscripts (pp. 6–7). The issues revolve around the fragmentary nature of the manuscripts, appropriation of scholarly categories, and matters of presenting the Hebrew text of the Community Rule. Since some of the Cave 4 and 5 manuscripts present “variant editions” (p. 7), M. decided to present the Hebrew text and translation in a column format (see, e.g., pp. 26–37, 42–53). The two-column format presents 1QS adjacent to 4QSb and 4QSd, albeit with a single apparatus for both columns. In addition to an apparatus, M. provides a summary of the extant manuscripts just above the apparatus. The summary provides a list of the extant...

The verbal component of the modern time diplomatic wars (linguostatistical analysis)

A new interpretation of a “diplomatic war” is considered in the context of changed diplomatic communication – a complex organized system consisting of various components: diplomatic, political, economic, historical, legal, linguistic, and other. The article analyzes the examples of the verbal component of diplomatic communication on the basis of the communicative tactics in the process of information and diplomatic war, currently developing in international relations. The research material includes texts of speeches made by the Permanent Representative of Russia to the UN Security Council V.A. Nebenzya and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine P. Klimkin (2014-2019) in a situation of diplomatic confrontation. The strategies of verbal confrontation, and the characteristics of emotivity and clichéd character of a diplomatic text are considered; the concept of implicitly evaluative diplomatic cliché is introduced. UN Security Council speeches are singled out into a separate subgenre of public speeches and verbal and structural characteristics of speeches obtained by quantitative computer tools are analyzed. Based on the results of quantitative linguistic analysis and the analysis of the extralinguistic situation, a linguopragmatic model of the speech situation of a diplomatic confrontation is suggested.

Keeping it Simple

In my current research on the intellectual history of international relations, I aim to use digital methods of text analysis to explore conceptual content and change in diplomatic texts. Specifically, I am interested in the sub-set of bilateral treaties explicitly related to cross-border cultural exchange – cultural treaties – some 2000 of which were signed in the twentieth century. What methods and workflows seem most appropriate for this task? Our answer thus far has been to keep it simple. Inspired by recent work by Franco Moretti, Sarah Allison, and others, we apply a straightforward form of quantitative word trend analysis, integrated with analysis of metadata about the corpus and tested (and expanded) through full-text searching. By formulating this approach in a specific relationship to the nature of the corpus and the historical questions I want to ask of it, we are able to get quite a lot out of this simple method. In this paper, I describe this approach, share some provisional findings, and offer some methodological reflections.

Diplomacy language and translation

Farklı toplumlar arasında ilişki kurmaya yarayan diplomasi, Devletlerin dış politika araçlardan biri olarak tanımlanır. Eski ve yeni olmak üzere, ad hoc, sürekli, gizli, kapalı, açık vb. pek çok türü vardır. Günümüzde diplomasi diplomatlar aracılığıyla yürütülür. Diplomasi dili biçimsel bir dildir, belli kalıpları vardır. Siyaset dilinin bir parçasıdır. Diplomasi dili uzmanlık dili; teknik terim ve ifadeler; müzakere dili olmak üzere üçe ayrılır. Yazılı ve sözlü pek çok metin türü bulunur. Diplomasi ikna etme sanatı olduğu için dilin çağrı işlevine başvurur. Diplomasi dilinde eğretileme, düzdeğişmece, kapsamlayış, dolaylama, benzetme, arıksayış, örtmece, kişileştirme, üçlü dizem vb. söz sanatlarına rastlanır. Bu çalışmanın amacını, diplomasi dilinin biçimsel, anlamsal ve kültürel özelliklerini incelemek, diplomasi çevirisinde karşılaşılan sorunları ve çeviri stratejilerini belirlemek oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın yöntemi betimsel bir nitelik taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda, T. C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın basın bildirilerinden alınan metinler erek dilde çevirmen kararları doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. İnceleme metinleri “saldırı, kaza, vefat bağlamında yazılan taziye mektuplarıyla ateşkes çağrı mektubunu” içermektedir. Buna göre, diplomasi çevirisinde dilsel, kültürel, metinsel, ortam ve çevirmen açısından pek çok zorluk olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Diplomatik metinlerin çevirisinde işlevsel çeviri yaklaşım benimsenip erek dil ve kültür odaklı çeviri yapılması, çevirmenin metin dili ve geleneklerine hâkim olarak diplomasinin her alanında çeviri yapabilme yeteneğine sahip olması beklenmektedir.

Retrieving how diplomacy writes subjects, space and time: a methodological contribution

How does diplomacy describe international actors? Diplomatic practices observe, analyse, prioritise and constitute information that is ultimately committed to text. Drawing on post-structuralist approaches to identity, diplomacy and textuality, this paper argues for consideration of the unique role of diplomatic text in constituting the state and especially its representation and understanding of Self and Other. It consequently develops a methodology to empirically analyse how the text of diplomatic communication describes people, places, time, politics, and informs policy. The analytical method proposed adjusts and expands post-structuralist discourse analysis, adapting it to the intertextual study of large collections of diplomatic knowledge production documents. It firstly determines data selection in relation to diplomacy’s own theory. Secondly, it develops an approach to retrieve how any diplomatic text constitutes representations of subjects and their contexts. Thirdly, it follows the development of representations across diplomatic knowledge production, identifying when they come to influence other international actors. This approach is demonstrated in the analysis of America’s 1945–1948 diplomatic road to involvement in Vietnam, showing how diplomacy’s representation of actors were vital to US involvement, and identifying hitherto unconsidered events, descriptions and actors. These analytics contribute to and empirically substantiate understanding of how diplomacy constitutes Self and Other, informs policy and shapes world politics.