Benzophenone Research Articles

Surface molecularly imprinted polymer/covalent organic framework/silica composite material with specific recognition ability and excellent chromatographic performance

Facing with the difficulty of specific chromatographic separation of nucleoside drugs, this study prepared a surface molecularly imprinted polymer (SMIP) modified covalent organic framework (COF) coated silica stationary phase based on the specificity of molecular imprinting technology and the powerful chromatographic separation performance of COF. This novel SMIP-COF@SiO2 stationary phase can not only specifically identify template molecule and structural analogs, but can also be used to separate multiple types of analytes, such as B vitamins, sulfonamides, alkylbenzenes, phenyl ketones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental endocrine disruptors, which satisfies the need for complex sample separation. Various retention mechanisms have been investigated and multiple interactions between the SMIP-COF@SiO2 stationary phase and the analytes are discovered. The chromatographic performance of SMIP-COF@SiO2 is far superior to that of the SMIP@SiO2 and COF@SiO2. Furthermore, the SMIP-COF@SiO2 stationary phase can be successfully used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environmental water sample and detect whitening ingredient in skincare product, indicating its great potential for application in various fields.

Coumarin-based fluorescent probes for colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent detection of sulfite: Structure-activity relationship

Six coumarin-based fluorescent probes were designed and synthesized for the detection of sulfite. The probes were constructed based on “fluorophore-receptor/linker-steric group” mode with N,N-diethyl-7-aminocoumarin (DEA) or 2,3,5,6-1H,4H-tetrahydro-quinolazino-(9,9a,1-gh)coumarin (THQ) as the fluorophore, 2-naphthyl ketone (N) or phenyl ketone (B) as the steric group and vinyl (1) or 1,3-butadienyl (2) as the receptor/linker. The effects of the fluorophore, the linker and the steric group on the photophysical properties and sensing performance were systematically studied. Among all the probes, DEA-N2 exhibited the most excellent spectral responses toward sulfite: upon addition of sulfite, the absorption and emission maxima shifted from 488 nm to 405 nm and–from 684 nm to 484 nm, respectively. I484/I688 displayed good linear relationship with sulfite concentration in the range of 3–50 μM, with a detection limit of 0.31 μM. The experimental results demonstrate that DEA-N2 has potential in ratiometric fluorescent imaging of mitochondrial sulfite in living cells.

Toxicity of UV Filter Benzophenone-3 in Brine Shrimp Nauplii (Artemia salina) and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos.

The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on the LC50 and developmental impacts. Zebrafish embryos (0.100-1.50 mg/L BP-3, 96 h) and A. salina (0.100-5.00 mg/L BP-3, 48 h) were tested with ultrasound-assisted emulsified liquid-phase microextraction (UA-ELPME) used for zebrafish tissue analysis. HPLC-DAD determined BP-3 concentrations (highest: 0.74 ± 0.13 mg/L). Although no significant zebrafish embryo mortality or hatching changes occurred, developmental effects were evident. Lethal concentrations were determined (A. salina LC50 at 24 h = 3.19 ± 2.02 mg/L; D. rerio embryos LC50 at 24 h = 4.19 ± 3.60 mg/L), with malformations indicating potential teratogenic effects. A. salina displayed intestinal tract alterations and D. rerio embryos exhibited pericardial edema and spinal deformities. These findings highlight oxybenzone's environmental risks, posing threats to species and ecosystem health.

High Degree of Chemoselectivities Recorded during the Reformatsky Reaction on Coumarinyl phenyl ketones and Formyl Coumarins

High Degree of Chemoselectivities Recorded during the Reformatsky Reaction on Coumarinyl phenyl ketones and Formyl Coumarins

Occurrence and abundance of microplastics and plasticizers in landfill leachate from open dumpsites in Sri Lanka

This is the first attempt that investigate the abundance of plasticizers in leachate sediment in the scientific literature, alongside the debut effort to explore the abundance of microplastics and plasticizers in landfill leachate and sediment in Sri Lanka. Microplastics in sizes ranging from ≥2.0–5.0, ≥1.0–2.0, and ≥ 0.5–1.0 mm were extracted from the leachate draining from ten municipal solid waste open dump sites and sediment samples covering seven districts. Microplastics were extracted by density separation (Saturated ZnCl2) followed by wet peroxide digestion and the chemical identification was conducted by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Plasticizers were extracted to hexane and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total mean microplastic abundance in leachate was 2.06 ± 0.62 mg/L whereas it was 363 ± 111 mg/kg for leachate sediments. The most frequently found polymer type was polyethylene (>50%), and white color was dominant. The average concentration of bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone (BP) and diethyl-hydrogen phthalate (DHEP) in leachate was 158 ± 84.4, 0.75 ± 0.16 and 170 ± 85.8 μg/L respectively. Furthermore, BP and DHEP in leachate sediment was 100 ± 68.3 and 1034 ± 455 μg/kg respectively. As landfill leachate is directly discharged into nearby surface and groundwater bodies that serve as sources of drinking water, the study highlights the potential concerns of microplastic and plasticizer exposure to the surrounding Sri Lankan community through consumption of contaminated drinking water. Therefore, there is a timely need of develop the effective waste management and pollution control measures to minimize the possible threats to both the environment and human health.

Single-polyp metabolomics for coral health assessment

Coral reef ecosystems supported by environmentally sensitive reef-building corals face serious threats from human activities. Our understanding of these reef threats is hampered by the lack of sufficiently sensitive coral environmental impact assessment systems. In this study, we established a platform for metabolomic analysis at the single-coral-polyp level using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (probe electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry; PESI/MS/MS) capable of fine-scale analysis. We analyzed the impact of the organic UV filter, benzophenone (BP), which has a negative impact on corals. We also analyzed ammonium and nitrate samples, which affect the environmental sensitivity of coral-zooxanthella (Symbiodiniaceae) holobionts, to provide new insights into coral biology with a focus on metabolites. The method established in this study breaks new ground by combining PESI/MS/MS with a technique for coral polyps that can control the presence or absence of zooxanthellae in corals, enabling functions of zooxanthellae to be assessed on a polyp-by-polyp basis for the first time. This system will clarify biological mechanisms of corals and will become an important model system for environmental impact assessment using marine organisms.

Natural Products as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Potential Agents for Neurological Disorders.

The role of medicinal plants has been advantageous due to their manifestation through various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Inhibition of the monoamine oxidase enzyme is suspected to be a highly effective treatment for various neurological illnesses like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, social phobia, and panic disorders. The study of phytochemicals and plant extracts used as a traditional source of medication revealed that they possess the vast potential for monoamine oxidase inhibition. Thus, the article focuses on the potential use of plant extracts and phytochemicals as sources of novel MAO inhibitors for treating neurological disorders. Exhaustive literature search revealed that a variety of phytochemicals from the categories such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, alkyl phenyl ketones, coumarin derivatives and essential oils have displayed potential MAO inhibition. This review highlights the progress made in the discovery and development of plant-based MAO inhibitors and aims to provide medicinal chemists with an overview of this information to aid in the development of clinically viable drugs.

Monitoring of photoinitiators in food products from Turkey

Photoinitiators (PIs) are the potential contaminants that may migrate from the packaging material to the food. These migrants could be a potential risk to human health. A total of 115 samples including 67 snack foods, 3 noodles, 10 milk samples, 8 baby foods, 9 fruit juices, 5 butter samples, and 13 kinds of cereal and their based-foodstuffs were analyzed for screening the occurrence of 15 photoinitiator residues including 4,4′-Dihydroxybenzophenone (44-DHBP), 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (24-DHBP), 2,2′-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHBP), benzophenone (BP), 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (OXBP), 2-Hydroxy-4-n-Octoxybenzophenone (2H4OBP), 2-Hydroxy-4-n-hexyloxybenzophenone (2H4HBP), 4-Isopropylthioxanthone (ITX), 4-Hydroxybenzophenone (4-HBP), 4-Methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 4-Morpholinobenzaldehyde (44-MB), Ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB), 2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX), 4,4′-Bis(diethylamino)-benzophenone (DEAB) and 2-Ethylanthraquinone (EA). BP was the most detected PI in different food categories. The highest BP concentration was 30.2 ppb in snack foods. Seven snack food samples had high concentrations of 44-DHBP, 4-MBP, ITX, and 2-ITX and their concentrations exceeded the relevant specific migration limit (SML) values. The other positive samples did not exceed the SML values recommended by the European Commission. Another predominant PI, namely ITX, was detected in all different food categories except baby foods. The highest ITX concentrations were in snack foods (17.2 ppb) and fruit juices (15 ppb).

Interaction Between Endocrine Disruptors and Polyethylene Nanoplastic by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Nanoplastics (NPs) can come into contact with humans through different means such as ingesting contaminated food or exposure to contaminated air. Recent research indicates that these NPs can act as vectors for other contaminants. Further research is still needed to determine the effects of these interactions and whether they are significant under environmental conditions. Bisphenol A (BPA) and benzophenone (BZP) are possible contaminants that could be cotransported with NPs. Even in low concentrations, BPA and BZP can act as endocrine disruptors and have been linked to several diseases. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations to obtain the potential of mean force (PMF) profile between a polyethylene NP and a BPA/BZP molecule. The PMF shows a minimum of -8.0 kJ mol-1 for the BPA, whereas it is -23.5 kJ mol-1 for the BZP, meaning BZP has a much greater attractive potential to polyethylene than BPA. We can infer that the higher quantity of BPA's hydrogen bonds with the water contributes to the difference between BZP and BPA. The results indicate the need to address the possibility of NPs playing a role in the cotransport and bioaccumulation of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.

Aromatic Ketones as Mild Presodiating Reagents toward Cathodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Chemical presodiation (CP) is an effective strategy to enhance energy density of sodium ion batteries. However, the sodiation reagents reported so far are basically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) wth low reductive potential (~0.1 V vs. Na+ /Na), which could easily cause over-sodiation and structural deterioration of the presodiated cathodes. In this work, Aromatic ketones (AKs) are rationally designed as mild presodiating reagents by introducing a carbonyl group (C=O) into PAHs to balance the conjugated and inductive effect. As the representatives, two compounds 9-Fluorenoneb (9-FN) and Benzophenone (BP) manifest favorable equilibrium potential of 1.55 V and 1.07 V (vs. Na+ /Na), respectively. Note that 9-FN demonstrates versatile presodiating capability toward multiple Na uptake hosts (tunneled Na0.44 MnO2 , layered Na0.67 Ni0.33 Mn0.67 O2 , polyanionic Na4 Fe2.91 (PO4 )2 P2 O7 , Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 and Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 F3 ), enabling greatly improved initial charging capacity of the cathode to balance the irrevisible capacity of the anode. Our results indicate that the Aromatic ketones are competitive presodiating cathodic reagents for high-performance sodium-ion batteries, and will inspire more studies and application attempts in the future.

Aromatic Ketones as Mild Presodiating Reagents toward Cathodes for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractChemical presodiation (CP) is an effective strategy to enhance energy density of sodium ion batteries. However, the sodiation reagents reported so far are basically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) wth low reductive potential (~0.1 V vs. Na+/Na), which could easily cause over‐sodiation and structural deterioration of the presodiated cathodes. In this work, Aromatic ketones (AKs) are rationally designed as mild presodiating reagents by introducing a carbonyl group (C=O) into PAHs to balance the conjugated and inductive effect. As the representatives, two compounds 9‐Fluorenoneb (9‐FN) and Benzophenone (BP) manifest favorable equilibrium potential of 1.55 V and 1.07 V (vs. Na+/Na), respectively. Note that 9‐FN demonstrates versatile presodiating capability toward multiple Na uptake hosts (tunneled Na0.44MnO2, layered Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2, polyanionic Na4Fe2.91(PO4)2P2O7, Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na3V2(PO4)2F3), enabling greatly improved initial charging capacity of the cathode to balance the irrevisible capacity of the anode. Our results indicate that the Aromatic ketones are competitive presodiating cathodic reagents for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries, and will inspire more studies and application attempts in the future.

Development of novel methods based on GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS for the determination of non-phthalate plasticizers in soil

Non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) are a suitable alternative to phthalates, which are harmful compounds for human, animal health, and the environment. In this study, 28 commercial non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) from different families, including adipates, citrates, phosphates, sebacates, trimellitates, benzoates and cyclohexanoates, were determined. Two novel methods for determining these alternative compounds in soil were developed using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS-Q-Orbitrap) and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS-Q-Orbitrap). Solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with ethyl acetate or acetonitrile, along with water as extraction solvents, were employed. In most cases, the GC method exhibited recoveries ranging from 84.9 % to 110.8 % at 20, 40 and 200 μg/kg, while the LC method achieved recoveries between 73.1 % and 115.4 % at 10, 20, 40 and 200 μg/kg. Most of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were below 20 % for both methods. The validated methods were then applied to analyse soil samples collected from four different areas in Almeria. The results indicated that the compounds detected most frequently at high concentrations were 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK) using GC, in the range 29.1–67.4 μg/kg and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) using LC, in the range 39.9–51.5 μg/kg. Additionally, suspect and unknown analysis were carried out, and other plasticizers as phthalates, were also detected, in addition to other substances present in the analysed samples. All the soils exhibited the presence of a few plasticizers, either phthalic and/or non-phthalic.

Brønsted‐Acidic Mesoporous Beta Zeolite H‐MBeta Catalyzes the Conversion of Benzhydrol into Diphenylmethane and Diphenyl Ketone

AbstractDeveloping a highly efficient catalytic system for the transformation of benzhydrol to simultaneously form diphenylmethane and diphenyl ketone is an attractive strategy in modern organic synthesis. In this work, acidic mesoporous Beta (H‐MBeta) zeolite successfully catalyzed the dismutation of the benzhydrol to yield equivalent amounts of diphenylmethane and diphenyl ketone under mild conditions. Combining X‐ray diffraction, N2‐adsorption, ammonia temperature programmed desorption, pyridine‐adsorbed infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that, compared to MBeta, H‐MZSM‐5 and USY zeolite catalysts, the abundant Brønsted acidic sites on the external surface of H‐MBeta are responsible for its superior catalytic performance.

Tissue-specific distributions of organic ultraviolet absorbents in free-range chickens and domestic pigeons from Guangzhou, China

The ecological risks of organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have been of increasing concern. Studies have found that these chemicals could be accumulated in terrestrial animals and pose toxicities. However, tissue distribution of UVAs in terrestrial species was far from well understood. In this study, free-range chickens and domestic pigeons were selected to investigate the occurrence and tissue distribution of UVAs. Total concentrations of eleven UVAs in muscles ranged from 778 to 2874 (mean 1413 ± 666) ng/g lipid weight, which were higher than those in aquatic species worldwide. Since low UVA concentrations in local environment were previously reported, the results implied the strong accumulation of UVAs in studied species. Brain, stomach and kidney were main target organs for studied UVAs, differentiating from the strong liver sequestration in aquatic species. The mean tissue-to-muscle ratios of 1.02–4.23 further indicated the preferential accumulation of target UVAs in these tissues. The tissue-to-blood ratios of benzophenone (BP), 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) and homosalate (HMS) in brain were 370, 1207 and 52.0, respectively, implying their preferential accumulation in brain. More research is needed to characterize the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of UVAs in terrestrial wild species, in order to further understand their potential risks.

Synthesis of Organofluorine Compounds with Acylsilanes†

Comprehensive SummaryOrganofluorine compounds are central in synthetic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and material chemistry. In this review, we summarize the investigations on the synthesis of organofluorine compounds with acylsilanes. For the non‐fluorinated acylsilanes, the in situ generation of difluoroenoxysilanes from the reactions of the acylsilanes with trifluoromethylation reagents is the major pathway, leading to the facile preparation of various α,α‐difluoroketones. For the fluoroalkylacylsilanes, apart from the in situ generation of difluoroenoxysilanes through anion Brook rearrangement, radical Brook rearrangement of the photoexcited acylsilanes and the selective control of reactivities of the biradicals pave the way for the synthesis of a variety of organofluorine compounds. In general, most of these reactions gave racemic products, and the asymmetric synthesis of organofluorine compounds with acylsilanes is still rare, which would be a future direction of this field. Key ScientistsIn 1957, the first acylsilane compound, triphenylsilyl phenyl ketone was reported by Brook group. In 1991, Portella and coworkers reported the reaction of non‐fluorinated acylsilanes and perfluoroorganometallic reagents without Brook rearrangement, resulting in the formation of alcohols as the products. In 1992, Xu and coworkers carried out the first investigation on fluoroalkylacylsilanes for the preparation of difluoroenoxysilanes through anion Brook rearrangement. In 1994, Portella group reported the synthesis of difluoroenoxysilanes with non‐fluorinated acylsilanes and Ruppert‐Prakash reagent. In 2009, Otaka and coworkers reported a NHC‐mediated intramolecular redox reaction to prepare (Z)‐fluoroalkene dipeptide isosteres (FADIs) from γ,γ‐difluoro‐α,β‐ enoylsilane. Until 2022, the application of radical Brook rearrangement of fluoroalkylacylsilanes for the generation of fluoroalkylsiloxycarbenes was achieved by Shen group, enabling the synthesis of fluoroalkylated cyclopropenols. In 2022, Shen and coworkers successfully achieved the trapping of biradical intermediates generated from fluorine‐containing acylsilanes, leading to the facile preparation of fused gem‐difluorooxetanes. In the same year, Shen group reported the first asymetric reactions of fluoroalkylacylsilanes to prepare enantiomerically enriched fluoroalkyl alcohols and difluoroenoxysilanes.

A surface-independent bioglue using photo-crosslinkable benzophenone moiety.

Surface coating technology is broadly demanded across various fields, including marine and biomedical materials; therefore, a facile and versatile approach is desired. This study proposed an attractive surface coating strategy using photo-crosslinkable benzophenone (BP) moiety for biomaterials application. BP-containing "bioglue" polymer can effectively crosslink with all kinds of surfaces and biomolecules. Upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, free radical reaction from the BP glue facilitates the immobilization of diverse molecules onto different substrates in a straightforward and user-friendly manner. Through either one-step, mixing the bioglue with targeted biomolecules, or two-step methods, pre-coating the bioglue and then adding targeted biomolecules, polyacrylic acid (PAA), cyclic RGD-containing peptides, and proteins (gelatin, collagen, and fibronectin) were successfully immobilized on substrates. After drying the bioglue, targeted biomolecules can still be immobilized on the surfaces preserving their bioactivity. Cell culture on biomolecule-immobilized surfaces using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) showed significant improvement of cell adhesion and activity compared to the unmodified control in serum-free media after 24 hours. Furthermore, hBMSCs on the fibronectin-immobilized surface showed an increased calcium deposition after 21 days of osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that the immobilized fibronectin is highly bioactive. Given the straightforward protocol and substrate-independent bioglue, the proposed coating strategy is promising in broad-range fields.

Photolytic splitting of homodimeric quinone-derived oxetanes studied by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemistry.

The photoinduced cycloreversion of oxetane derivatives is of considerable biological interest since these compounds are involved in the photochemical formation and repair of the highly mutagenic pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone DNA photoproducts ((6-4)PPs). Previous reports have dealt with the photoreactivity of heterodimeric oxetanes composed mainly of benzophenone (BP) and thymine (Thy) or uracil (Ura) derivatives. However, these models are far from the non-isolable Thy〈º〉Thy dimers, which are the real precursors of (6-4)PPs. Thus, we have synthesized two chemically stable homodimeric oxetanes through the Paternò-Büchi reaction between two identical enone units, i.e. 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), that led to formation of BQ-Ox and NQ-Ox, respectively. Their photoreactivity has been studied by means of steady-state photolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy from the femtosecond to the microsecond time scale. Thus, photolysis of BQ-Ox and NQ-Ox led to formation of the monomeric BQ or NQ, respectively, through ring opening in a "non-adiabatic" process. Accordingly, the transient absorption spectra of the triplet excited quinones (3BQ* and 3NQ*) were not observed as a result of direct photolysis of the quinone-derived oxetanes. In the case of NQ-Ox, a minor signal corresponding to 3NQ* was detected; its formation was ascribed to minor photodegradation of the oxetane during acquisitions of the spectra during the laser experiments. These results are supported by computational analyses based on density functional theory and multiconfigurational quantum chemistry (CASSCF/CASPT2); here, an accessible conical intersection between the ground and excited singlet states has been characterized as the main structure leading to deactivation of excited BQ-Ox or NQ-Ox. This behavior contrasts with those previously observed for heterodimeric thymine-derived oxetanes, where a certain degree of ring opening into the excited triplet state is observed.

A SOLVENT FREE GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1,3,5-TRIARYLBENZENES UNDER SULPHATED TIN OXIDE(SO4 2-/SnO2) CATALYST

The efficient and promising solvent-free method, catalyzed by Sulphated Tin oxide (SO4 2-/SnO2), has been developed for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triarylbenzene and its derivatives. The Bronsted acidic surfactant catalyst facilitates quick results and high yields, offering additional advantages such as easy separation and reusability with almost the same efficiency for subsequent cycles. This protocol involves the self-condensation of three molecules through cyclotrimerization with high chemo-selectivity. The substrate methyl phenyl ketone contains both electronwithdrawing and electron-donating groups, which assemble the target moiety with high and low yields, respectively. The synthesized compounds are evaluated through in silico studies to assess their drug-likeness properties.

Elucidating metal composition–coking relationships and coke formation pathways during gas-phase oxydehydration of glycerol over clay mineral-supported Mo-V-O catalysts

Catalyst deactivation by carbon deposition (coking) remains a major obstacle in many important industrial processes, such as catalytic gas-phase oxydehydration of glycerol. Understanding the chemical nature and development of coke species during the time-on-stream (TOS) of the catalytic solids is therefore crucial for mitigating the extent of coking and in the design of regeneration process of the coked catalysts. In this study, multiple analytical techniques, including SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, XPS, and 13C solid-state MAS NMR were employed to gain insights into the coking behavior of acid-activated montmorillonite (HMMT) supported Mo-V-O catalysts with modulated metal ratios, along with soluble and insoluble coke compositions and their evolution over time. Insoluble coke was comprised of polycyclic aromatic compounds with 5 or more fused-benzene rings containing different types of oxygen-bonded groups, such as −OCH3, −COOH, −CHO, and −OH. The major chemical constituents of soluble coke were mononuclear aromatic derivatives (i.e., xylenes, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone) and paraffinic hydrocarbons with 12–18 carbon atoms. The latter coke species is thought to be formed via the deoxygenation of linear oligoglycerols. The insights presented in this study may aid in understanding the carbon deposition process during gas-phase oxydehydration of glycerol for improved design of supported Mo-V-O catalyst materials with high coking resistance.

Redox Shuttle Additives for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Redox shuttle additives are already known in the battery field to provide overcharge protection, mainly at high-voltage cathode electrodes. The electroactive species can get either oxidized at the cathode side or reduced at the anode side, preferentially during the battery cycling. The mechanism involves the generation of positively charged radicals during oxidation and the subsequent diffusion and reduction at the anode surface. This shuttling process continues between the electrodes through baseline electrolytes. Redox shuttle additives are extensively studied in Li-ion batteries (LIBs).1–3 Benzophenone (BP) is one of the redox shuttle additives used successfully in lithium-ion batteries.4 No report exists in the literature for BP additives in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).This work investigates BP (an already known overcharge protecting additive) and substituted 4-methyl BP (4-methyl benzophenone) as an electrolyte additive in baseline electrolyte containing NaClO4 in EC/PC solvent on both electrodes. The aim is to investigate BP's SEI-forming properties in sodium-ion batteries. The initial half-cell test with a Hard Carbon anode without and with 0.5 wt% 4-methyl BP as the additive is shown in Fig.1. 4-Methyl BP additive shows a large increase in specific capacity from 337 mAh gm-1 to 438 mAh gm-1 at 0.1C rate in a 5 mV - 1.5 V voltage range. The oral presentation will focus on the effect of additive concentration on the battery performance of HC and polyanionic cathode NVP in half-cell and full-cell configurations in Na-ion batteries.