Dilution Research Articles

Exploitation of olive mill wastewater in sorghum irrigation

Purpose In Morocco, the olive industry has made remarkable progress thanks to the "Green Morocco Plan" adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2018, the total production was around 2,000,000 tons of olives, with a growth of 11.93% compared to the previous years. However, each year this activity generates millions of tons of liquid and solid pollutants "olive mill wastewater (OMW)" and "pomace", discharged directly into water streams without prior treatment, which creates serious ecological problems. Method This study focuses on the use of raw and diluted OMW for the fertilization of sorghum. The OMW were characterized, diluted (½ and ¼), and applied at a rate of 5 L /week /m2. Sorghum growth was monitored by studying physiological performance (transpiration, stomatal conductance, the intensity of photosynthesis, and the performance of photosystem II). Results The raw OMW is acidic, salty, highly loaded with organic (COD / BOD5 = 7.1> 3), and inorganic matter and polyphenol content of 9 g/L. All the parameters for monitoring the growth of sorghum are lower for plants irrigated by raw OMW, which are symptoms of water stress. Using the T-test, the plants irrigated by half-diluted OMW have yielded the same results as those of the control. Conclusion Despite the fact that the half dilution of OMW has proved promising results, we suggest that it should be pretreated before its use in sorghum irrigation to reduce its organic loads and acidity.

Different Methods For Testing The Microbial Effects Of Camel's Milk Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Overuse of antibiotics is causing some bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics, in addition to their price hikes. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of camel milk as a safe natural product to overcome the pathogens caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi and to test their effect on them by several ways, in vivo, in vitro, and in histology. In addition to the use of an electron microscope, 48 rats were used and they were divided into eight groups, the first group was considered a negative control. For two consecutive weeks, the second group gets the milk. And by intraperitoneal injection of E. coli and S. aureus group 3 and 4, respectively. Group 5 supplemented the infection by oral administration of Salmonella typhi The sixth, seventh and eighth groups were supplemented with camel milk for two consecutive weeks, then intraperitoneal injection of either E. coli or S. aureus and Salmonella typhi bacteria by mouth, and the spleen was collected after 3 weeks to isolate the bacteria. The isolation rate of S. aureus, E coli, and Salmonella typhi was higher in rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to groups 6, 7, and 8 and with milk diluents (10-100). By the agar diffusion method used to test for antibacterial efficacy, 80% dilution achieved the best result, and by using a transmission electron microscope to detect damage to the bacterial cell wall and disturbance in the cellular protein content. The results indicate that camel milk has an effect on the internal structure and cell wall also in the pathological anatomy. It was found that the pathogenic bacteria had fewer effects in the liver and kidneys in the groups treated with camel milk compared to the groups infected with bacteria only, and therefore we conclude that the camel milk Promising anti-bacterial properties.

The antiviral effect of Qingkailing injection against Dengue virus type 1 in vitro

Objective To evaluate the antiviral effects of the Qingkailing injection against Dengue virus type 1 (DENV- 1) in vitro. Methods The maximum non-toxic dose and anti-DENV-1 effect of Qingkailing injection on the C6/36 cells was determined by MTT. The effect of Qingkailing injection on DENV-1 was determined by MTT. Using NS1 protein as the target protein, the infectivity of DENV-1 pretreated with different dilution of Qingkailing injection was detected by Western Blot. The effect of Qingkailing injection on DENV-1 copy number was determined by Q-PCR. Variance analysis was used to compare the effects of Qingkailing injection with different dilution on the virus. Results MTT results showed that the maximum nontoxic dose of Qingkailing injection on C6/36 cells was 1/64. MTT results showed that cell viability had been increased to (76.9±3.5)%, (72.5±2.5)% and (63.0±1.5)% by Qingkailing injection with dilutions of 1/64, 1/128 and 1/256. This result indicated that Qingkailing injection could significantly reduce the cytopathic effect of DENV-1. Q-PCR results showed that the copy numbers of DENV-1 was reduced by (43.8±3.1)% and (27.4±1.4)% with Qingkailing injection at the dilutions of 1/64 and 1/128, which showed that Qingkailing injection had significantly inhibitory effect on RNA replication of DENV-1. According to the Western blot results, the expression of NS1 protein was effectively reduced with Qingkailing injection after pretreatment. Conclusion Qingkailing injection has obvious antivirus activity in vitro after pretreatment. 摘要：目的 探讨清开灵注射液体外抗I型登革热病毒(DENV-1)的作用。 方法 通过噻唑蓝(MTT)法, 测定清 开灵注射液对C6/36细胞的最大无毒剂量以及清开灵注射液抗DENV-1的作用；利用蛋白质印迹试验(Western Blot), 以非结构蛋白NS1为目的蛋白, 检测DENV-1经不同稀释度的清开灵注射液预处理后的感染能力；荧光定量PCR法检 测清开灵注射液对DENV-1拷贝数的影响。采用方差分析比较不同稀释度清开灵注射液对DENV-1的影响。 结果 MTT结果显示, 清开灵注射液对C6/36细胞的最大无毒剂量为1/64;经过稀释度为1/64、/128和1/256的清开灵 注射液处理后, 感染病毒的细胞存活率增加至(76.9±3.5)%、(72.5±2.5)%和 (63.0±1.5)%, 表明清开灵注射液能明显减 弱DENV-1引起的细胞病变效应;Q-PCR结果显示稀释度为1/64、1/128的清开灵注射液对DENV-1拷贝数的抑制率达 到(43.8±3.1)%和 (27.4±1.4)%, 表明其对病毒RNA复制产生明显的抑制作用；蛋白质印迹试验结果显示, 清开灵注射 液能有效地抑制病毒NS1蛋白的表达。 结论 清开灵注射液体外预处理病毒的给药方式对I型登革热病毒具有明显 的抑制作用。

The Solution to Pollution, Maybe Not Dilution.

The Solution to Pollution, Maybe Not Dilution.

Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of some disinfectant agents against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

Aim: This study is aimed to determine the disinfectant activity of Derdevice plus Y® and I&D Sept® against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates. Materials and Methods: The bactericidal activity of Derdevice plus Y® and I&D Sept® were tested in vitro under clean and dirty conditions by a quantitative suspension test according to EN 13727. The effectiveness of the disinfectants was compared with 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 7% benzalkonium chloride (BC), 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and 70% ethyl alcohol (EtOH). After 1, 5, and 60 min of contact with the biocides, the colony-forming units were counted, and the logarithmic reduction factor was determined. Results: A dilution of 1/300 of Derdevice plus Y® disinfectant showed bactericidal activity against clinical isolates and standard strains (growth reduction was =5 log10) after 5 and 60 min contact times and under clean and dirty conditions. A 100% concentration of I&D Sept® showed a bactericidal effect within the contact time (60 min) under clean and dirty conditions with the reductions of =5 log10 and =3 log10, respectively. Standard biocides such as BC, CHX, NaOCl, and EtOH showed marked effects after various contact times and the conditions onto tested strains. Conclusions: The results of our study confirm that the biocides of Derdevice plus Y® and I&D Sept® used in our hospital were found to be effective against K. pneumoniae isolates.

패러디 상표의 등록적격과 희석화 침해의 예외적용 기준

상표패러디를 좀처럼 인정하지 않는 풍토에 대한 원인규명과 해법을 모색해 보고자 상표패러디는 그 특성상 저명한 상표가 주로 타깃이 된다는 점과 상표권 침해나 희석화 침해판단 단계에서뿐만 아니라 등록단계에서도 문제되는 점에 착안하여 패러디상표 출원의 상표등록적격과 희석화 침해의 예외적용 기준에 관해 비교법적으로 검토해 보았다.BR 주요국에서 패러디 상표의 등록적격을 심사함에 있어 패러디 한 상표라는 점이 등록적격 판단에 특별한 고려요소로 반영되고 있는지 여부와 침해판단에서의 혼동가능성과 희석화 여부 판단의 특례적 적용기준이 등록적격심사에서도 똑같이 적용될 수 있는지를 유념해서 살펴보았고, 침해사건과 달리 보아야 한다면 그 이유는 무엇인지에 대해서도 규명해 보았다.BR 한편, 저명상표 희석화 침해는 주요국에서 모두 인정되고 있으나 구체적 적용기준에 있어 차이점도 있고 해석상 불분명한 쟁점도 다수 있다. 예컨대 희석화 침해규정은 침해발생의 우려만으로도 적용가능한지와 일정한 상표패러디는 예외규정의 적용을 받아 면책될 수 있는지를 중심으로 검토하여 보았다. 특히 상표희석화의 예외로 지시적 공정사용 및 기술적 공정사용 외에 패러디를 열거하고 있는 미국 상표법(Lanham Act)규정과 이에 대응되는 우리 부정경쟁지법상 예외규정(시행령 제1조의2)을 비교 분석하여 양자의 대응관계와 우리법상 포괄적 예외 규정의 해석지침을 모색해 보았다.

Direct Measurement of Neonatal Cardiac Output Utilizing the COstatus Monitor

Background: Knowledge of cardiac output is a valuable tool in the treatment of critically ill patients. Often, cardiac output is measured indirectly using nonspecific clinical markers. Previous methods of direct calculation of cardiac output have involved considerable risk and have not been feasible in the neonatal population. Less invasive methods exist, but are inaccurate. The COstatus monitor utilizes ultrasound dilution for direct measurement of cardiac output and is suitable for use in the neonatal population. It has been …

Experimental investigation on the effect of dilution on the #br#liftoff and blowout characteristics of jet diffusion flame

Experimental investigation on the effect of dilution on the #br#liftoff and blowout characteristics of jet diffusion flame

Lipemic interference of ceruloplasmin assays – An evaluation of lipid removal methods

BackgroundThe present studies were conducted to characterize lipemic interference across three FDA-cleared ceruloplasmin (CERU) assays and to evaluate procedures designed to remove lipemic interference. MethodsCERU assays on the Abbott ARCHITECT ci8200, Beckman AU5800, and Roche cobas Integra 400 Plus were evaluated. Precision, linearity with dilution, lipemic interference, and three methods for removing lipemia were assessed on each platform: ultracentrifugation (UC), lipemia-clearing reagent LipoClear (LC), and 1:5 dilution (DIL). Lipemia-index (L-index) thresholds were established using endogenously lipemic specimens and sera spiked with human-derived triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. ResultsThe ci8200 showed greater susceptibility to endogenous lipemic interference than would be expected based on vendor-derived limits established with Intralipid. Endogenous lipemia causes a negative interference on the ci8200 and a positive interference on the Integra. UC was generally the most reliable method of removing lipemic interference without impacting baseline CERU results. ConclusionsCERU assays on different platforms have varying susceptibility to lipemic interference. L-index thresholds derived using Intralipid may not accurately represent interference caused by endogenous lipemia.

Design and Implementation of a D-EGR® Mixer for Improved Dilution and Reformate Distribution

Design and Implementation of a D-EGR® Mixer for Improved Dilution and Reformate Distribution

Improvement in the definition of anti-HLA antibody profile in highly sensitized patients.

The definition of anti-HLA antibody profile in highly sensitized patients on a waiting list is crucial when virtual crossmatch is used in organ allocation systems, but also when used to identify the true deleterious anti-HLA antibodies. Here we propose different levels of risk based on the results of anti-HLA antibody testing in neat serum (N) and after sera dilution (DIL) and C1q test in 18 highly sensitized patients. This group was heterogeneous in terms of anti-HLA antibody titers and their ability to fix complement. After dilution, 15 out of 18 patients (83.3%) showed a reduction of positive bead counts whereas 4 patients showed a prozone effect and complement fixation was demonstrated. The high dilution of sera and ascertaining the complement fixation allow the accurate definition of risk anti-HLA antibody profiles in highly sensitized patients, as demonstrated in 5 of the sensitized patients who were transplanted.

Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi Nomuraea Rileyi (f.) Samson Against Major Groundnut Defoliator Spodoptera litura (fab.) Lepidoptera; Noctuidae

Biopesticides based on bacteria viruses entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are often considerable scope as plant protection agents against several insects Use of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for insect species has increased the global attention during the last few decades in the present study biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic fungi Nomuraea Rileyi F Samson against groundnut defoliator Spodoptera litura Fab lepidoptera Noctuidae was investigated Nomuraea Rileyi SSK isolate was isolated from local groundnut field soil adopting soil dilution method and the isolate was identified based on the cultural and morphological characteristics Effect of N rileyi on the cumulative larval mortality lethal concentration LC lethal time LT total larval and pupal period pupal adult emergence and adult longevity were studied All the life stages of S litura were susceptible to N rileyi In general the concentration duration and life stage dependent mortality could be observed The LC and LT values were increased as the larvae grew older As the instars advanced a decrease in mortality and an increase in time for the mortality were recorded Distinct effect on the development revealed short larval and pupal period Adult emergence and adult longevity was highly influenced

Evaluation of antifungal potential of selected medicinal plants against human pathogenic fungi

Context: Evaluation of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine lead to novel bioactive compounds with antifungal activity that couldbe exploited as therapeutic agents. Aims: The aim was to screen selected medicinal plants for antifungal activity against three important human pathogenic fungi and to identify the broad group of phytochemicals responsible for the activity. Materials and Methods: A total of 8 medicinal plants were screened for antifungal activity against three human pathogenic fungi. Aqueous and the solvent extracts of the plant materials were prepared by polarity based solvent extraction. Antifungal activity was tested by well and disc diffusion methods.Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active extract was determined by micro‐broth dilution technique. Phytochemical analysis of the active extract was done. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were statistically analysed by One‐Way analysis of variance with Post‐hoc Tukey’s B test at P < 0.05 using the Software SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY Released 2011). Results: Significant antifungal activity was observed in the aqueous extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula (47.75 mm) against Microsporum gypseum and the mesocarp of Persea americana (40.5 mm) against Microsporum canis. Candida albicans was inhibited by the ethyl acetate (20 mm) and aqueous extracts (16 mm) of T. chebula fruits and aqueous extract of the seeds of Syzygium jambos (16 mm). The aqueous extract of mesocarp of P. americana showed lowest MIC value (312.5 μg/ml) against M. canis and M. gypseum. Phytochemical analysis of the active extracts revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Conclusions: The study validates the use of theplants in the treatment of fungal infections and has provided important leads for the discovery of new plant‐based antifungal agents. Key words: Antifungal activity, dermatophytes, Persea americana, phytochemical analysis, syzygium jambos, Terminalia chebula

Research on the determination of serum steroid hormones by isotope dilution HPLC-MS/MS

Research on the determination of serum steroid hormones by isotope dilution HPLC-MS/MS

Risks after dilution and repackaging of IV drugs

Risks after dilution and repackaging of IV drugs

Tempo de trabalho e imaterialidade na teoria social de André Gorz

O artigo trata das formulações de André Gorz sobre trabalho imaterial. Sua análise do capitalismo contemporâneo se baseia num modelo formado pelas categorias conhecimento, valor e capital, no qual conhecimento é a força produtiva principal. Este artigo contrapõe esse modelo a um modelo anterior, formado pelas categorias trabalho, valor e capital, no qual trabalho é a força produtiva principal; realça que a diferença entre os dois está na substituição de trabalho por conhecimento. Numa economia do conhecimento, como a do primeiro modelo, a produtividade da maior parte das atividades não se presta a ser medida pelo tempo de trabalho, como no capitalismo clássico; além disso, muitas delas dependem de saberes práticos que não se prestam a ser codificados e apropriados privadamente. A tese aqui defendida é de que o principal evento por trás da mudança de um modelo a outro é a diluição do tempo de trabalho como critério para medir a produtividade; e isso afeta a teoria do valor e, portanto, a base de cálculo das equivalências pelo capitalismo. Essa é, segundo Gorz, a principal causa da crise do capitalismo e do trabalho assalariado como critério para a atribuição de direitos; e isso é também motivo suficiente para que ele passe a defender a transferência incondicional de renda para as pessoas.

HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN RIVERS FLOWING THROUGH MEGACITIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Heavy metals in suspended sediments (SS) were investigated in the lower Chao Phraya River, Thailand, and Marikina-Pasig River basin, Philippines, both in the rainy and dry seasons. In addition, we assessed the relative pollution level of SS by determining enrichment factor of particulate metals. The particulate fractions accounted mostly for 60-100% of total concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in both dry and rainy seasons. The comparison of metal contents of the sampled SS and upper continental crust (UCC) implied some anthropogenic inputs of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn as well as the dilution process for those metals in the rainy season in Chao Phraya River. Enrichment factor in both rivers also indicated anthropogenic effects on metal content in SS, reflecting the distinctive seasonal process in Chao Phraya River and the spatial variation within Marikina-Pasig River basin. Overall, the results revealed the importance of the particulate phase of heavy metals in both target rivers to understand the transport and reactivity of heavy metals.

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY VARIATIONS IN SAN JUAN RIVER USING GIS AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

Investigations of water quality variations need to consider the temporal aspect as well as the spatial aspect to better understand processes and identify control factors and facilitate the formulation of potentially effective measures to improve water quality. The water quality of San Juan River and its tributaries was assessed over a one-year period through monthly water sampling and 24-hour in situ measurements at 13 primary stations, bi-weekly in situ measurements at 30 stations and synoptic spatial water quality surveys along the rivers and creeks. Parameters monitored include turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, various nutrient species, ORP, COD, BOD, coliforms and heavy metals. TSS, BOD, and COD variations showed seasonality effects: relatively high in January and February, gradually decreasing through the summer months, continually decreasing further during the rainy months of June to September, and increasing in October to December. The same was observed for Total Nitrogen, Nitrate-N and Ammonia-N. Based on COD and ORP, the Balingasa/Talayan Creek and Maytunas Creek are the most degraded in water quality. Coliforms at the 13 primary stations were all above 10,000,000 MPN. ORP values were largely negative at all stations. However, at most stations, except Balingasa/ Talayan and Maytunas creeks, ORP can become zero or positively valued due to dilution by rain and runoff. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was used to groups the primary stations into classes of varying pollution severity. The delineated subwatersheds were characterized in terms land use, population and road density evaluated using GIS zonal analysis. Based on the factor analysis, the dominance high residential areas, industries, and informal settlements aggravate water quality with increased BOD, COD, nutrients and coliforms. Results from multiple linear regression indicate that COD levels are largely due to industries and informal settlements. The use of multivariate statistical analysis enabled a better assessment of water quality variations as well as the spatial variability of factors influencing water quality.

The science is in: the solution to pollution is not dilution

The science is in: the solution to pollution is not dilution

First 'breakthrough' drugs designated, but dilution worries linger

First 'breakthrough' drugs designated, but dilution worries linger