Dill Extract Research Articles

Preventive effects of dill oil on potassium bromated-induced oxidative DNA damage in garlic root tips

In this study, the potential antimutagenic/cytoprotective effect of the oil extract (2.5µg/ml) from Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) on oxidative DNA damage was tested. The experiments were carried out to inhibit mutagenicity induced by potassium bromated (KBrO3-9g/l) in Allium assay using mitotic activities and nuclear DNA contents. Result showed a clear reduction in radical length in all KBrO3-treated groups compared to control plants. Mitotic activity, measured by mitotic index (MI) and mitotic stages, were significantly decreased in meristematic cells after KBrO3 application, The results showed that mitotic index (MI) was decreased to reach about 0.8 at 24 hrs compared with 23.9% in untreated plants. The analysis of potential cyto and genoprotective of dill extract on nuclear DNA contents showed a statistically significant increase in the nuclear DNA content compared to KBrO3-treated roots was observed. Clearly, dill oil showed highly performance in protecting the mitotic cells against mutagenic KBrO3 effects by increasing the MI and decreasing the abnormal chromosomes. Also, the percentage of damage reduction was observed in the pre- (28.9, 57.9 and 46.4 %), simultaneous (53.0, 70.6 and 35.7 %) and post- (37.3, 61.8 and 50 %) treatment. The results of the qualitative study showed that this dill extracts were rich in chemical compounds belonging to several phytochemical classes. GC-MS analysis detected 29 chemical compounds with different concentrations. The predominant ones were Octadecanoic acid (31.75%) and 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl (16.77). So that these experiments will help to understand and uncover the mechanism of action dill oil against the mutagenic effects of KBrO3 (i.e whether they have a prophylactic or treatment activity).

Neuroprotection by Anethum graveolens (Dill) Seeds and Its Phytocompounds in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Lines and Acellular Assays.

Neurodegeneration diseases (NDs) are a group of complex diseases primarily characterized by progressive loss of neurons affecting mental function and movement. Oxidative stress is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). These reactive species disturb mitochondrial function and accelerate other undesirable conditions including tau phosphorylation, inflammation, and cell death. Therefore, preventing oxidative stress is one of the imperative methods in the treatment of NDs. To accomplish this, we prepared hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Anethum graveolens (dill) and identified the major phyto-components (apiol, carvone, and dihydrocarvone) by GC-MS. The extracts and major bioactives were assessed for neuroprotective potential and mechanism in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell model and other biochemical assays. The dill (extracts and bioactives) provided statistically significant neuroprotection from 0.1 to 30 µg/mL by mitigating ROS levels, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing lipid peroxidation, and reviving the glutathione ratio. They moderately inhibited acetylcholine esterase (IC50 dill extracts 400-500 µg/mL; carvone 275.7 µg/mL; apiole 388.3 µg/mL), displayed mild anti-Aβ1-42 fibrilization (DHC 26.6%) and good anti-oligomerization activity (>40% by dill-EA, carvone, and apiole). Such multifactorial neuroprotective displayed by dill and bioactives would help develop a safe, low-cost, and small-molecule drug for NDs.

Dispersive Solid-phase Microextraction of Lead in Waters and Edible Lettuce and Dill Extracts in the Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM) Saliva Solution.

A new thiosemicarbazide-modified, sulfonamide-based poly (styrene) adsorbent (T-CSPS) was prepared starting from the reaction of chlorosulfonated polystyrene and thiosemicarbazide. It was characterized by SEM-EDX, FT-IR, and zeta potential. The T-CSPS was used as an adsorbent for the first time for the dispersive solid-phase microextraction (d-SPµE) and preconcentration of Pb(II) ions from waters and dill and lettuce extracts in the unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) saliva. Lead was then determined using the FAAS. In the first step of optimization, the solution pH was changed from 2 to 8, and pH 4 with a recovery value of 103% ± 5 was selected. Two milliliters of 2mol L-1 HCl was chosen as eluent. Contact times were found to be only 2min. Effects of coexisting ions and sample volume were tested. Under optimal conditions, the preconcentration factor (PF) and the adsorption capacity were 15and 40mgg-1. The RSD% was 2.2% and 3.1% for intra-day and inter-day precision, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 5.1µg L-1 and 16.9µg L-1, respectively. The accuracy of the d-SPµE was checked by TMDA-70.2 Lake water and BCR-482 Lichen-certified reference materials and also applying d-SPµE to spiked waters and lettuce and dill extracts in UBM saliva.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Dill leaves (AEDL) on some Traits of Ram Epididymal Sperms under Cooling Conditions

The current study was conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, for the period from December 3, 2022 to March 9, 2023, to determine the effect of an aqueous extract of dill leaves ( AEDL)on some properties of epididymal sperms of rams under cooling conditions of 5 °C for different periods. The aqueous extract of dill leaves was prepared and kept in the refrigerator until the time of use. The epididymal sperms were obtained from the testis of Rams that slaughters in the local slaughterhouse of Al-Muthanna Governorate, the testicles were transferred to the laboratory less than an hour after the slaughter of the animal, the caudal epididymis was diluted with a Tris diluent containing 3% concentration of aqueous extract of dill leaves. The results of using the aqueous extract of dill leaves showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the percentage of live sperm, Individual motility, and a decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperms. While the use of the extract did affect the percentage of the integrity of acrosome represented by the hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST) at the 0 time of cooling preservation, The Increasing of the time of sperm cooling.leads to a decreases in the percentage of live sperm, HOST, individual motility, with an increase in the percentage of abnormal sperms. The use of the aqueous extract of dill leaves at different times resulted in a significant effect(P< 0.01) on the percentage of live sperm, individual motility, while it did not significantly affect the percentage of abnormal sperm, and there were no significant differences in the percentage of HOST. according to the results of this study We can conclude to adding the aqueous extract of dill leaves to Improve the physical traits of rams epididymal sperm include the live sperm and individual motility under cooling conditions for different periods.

Dill Extract Preserves Dermal Elastic Fiber Network and Functionality: Implication of Elafin

Introduction: Elastic skin fibers lose their mechanical properties during aging due to enzymatic degradation, lack of maturation, or posttranslational modifications. Dill extract has been observed to increase elastin protein expression and maturation in a 3D skin model, to improve mechanical properties of the skin, to increase elastin protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, to preserve aortic elastic lamella, and to prevent glycation. Objective: The aim of the study was to highlight dill actions on elastin fibers during aging thanks to elastase digestion model and the underlying mechanism. Methods: In this study, elastic fibers produced by dermal fibroblasts in 2D culture model were injured by elastase, and we observed the action of dill extract on elastic network by elastin immunofluorescence. Then action of dill extract was examined on mice skin by injuring elastin fibers by intradermal injection of elastase. Then elastin fibers were observed by second harmonic generation microscopy, and their functionality was evaluated by oscillatory shear stress tests. In order to understand mechanism by which dill acted on elastin fibers, enzymatic tests and real-time qPCR on cultured fibroblasts were performed. Results: We evidence in vitro that dill extract is able to prevent elastin from elastase digestion. And we confirm in vivo that dill extract treatment prevents elastase digestion, allowing preservation of the cutaneous elastic network in mice and preservation of the cutaneous elastic properties. Although dill extract does not directly inhibit elastase activity, our results show that dill extract treatment increases mRNA expression of the endogenous inhibitor of elastase, elafin. Conclusion: Dill extract can thus be used to counteract the negative effects of elastase on the cutaneous elastic fiber network through modulation of PI3 gene expression.

Use of dill extracts as a natural preservative on shelf-life extension of rainbow trout croquettes during refrigerator storage.

In this study, changes in quality parameters of rainbow trout croquettes treated with dill extracts obtained by brewing (BDA) and distillation (DDA) methods were investigated during 61 days of refrigerated storage (+2 ± 1°C). Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory parameters of the rainbow trout croquettes were analyzed once every 4 days. It was observed that the precooking process and additives influenced the nutrient composition and color change of the croquettes. Total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid values did not exceed the limit values in any group during refrigerated storage and these values were found as 23.10 ± 0.89 mg/100 g and 3.13 ± 0.08 mg MDA/kg in the control group (C), 21.00 ± 0.92 mg/100 g and 2.77 ± 0.14 mg MDA/kg in BDA group, and 21.70 ± 0.92 mg/100 g and 2.85 ± 0.07 mg MDA/kg in DDA group, respectively. Extract treatments, especially DDA, resulted in a significant reduction in the counts of total aerobic mesophilic and psychotropic bacteria in trout croquettes compared to the control group. It was determined that the sensory scores of all croquette groups decreased during storage and the acceptability scores of the C, BDA, and DDA groups reached on the 33rd, 57th, and 61st days of storage, respectively. According to the results, this work demonstrated that the dill extracts both distilled and brewed can be used as a natural additive to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of rainbow trout croquettes.

Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro.

Foodborne diseases as well as Foodborne pathogens are a global issue with significant effects on human health and economy. Therefore, several investigators have tried to find new alternative approaches to prevent and control this problem. In this context, the present study aimed to find some possible and effective approaches for controlling food-borne bacteria via Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extract (DE) loaded with chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) besides its anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of DE were detected by HPLC, indicating the presence of 18 constituents, high content (22526.51 μg/mL) of chlorogenic acid, followed by 2236.21 μg/mL of coumaric acid and 2113.81 μg/mL of pyrocatechol. In contrast, low contents of cinnamic acid, methyl gallate, apigenin, daidzein, quercetin, syringic acid, and kaempferol were detected. B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, E. faecalis, and C. albicans were highly inhibited by DE loaded ChNPs (DELChNPs) with inhibition zones (IZs) of 28.50 ± 0.87, 30.33 ± 0.58, 29.33 ± 0.58, 23.17 ± 0.76, 25.76 ± 0.58, and 24.17 ± 0.29 mm with MIC 15.41 ± 0.36, 7.70 ± 0.17, 15.58 ± 0.07, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07 and 62.33 ± 0.29 μg/mL compared with inhibitory activity caused by DE, where the IZs were 25.83 ± 1.44, 29.67 ± 0.85, 24.83 ± 0.76, 20.33 ± 1.53, 21.17 ± 0.29, and 19.67 ± 1.15 mm with MIC 62.33 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 62.50 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07, and 249.0 ± 1.73 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DELChNPs was less than DE against all tested microorganisms. The MBC/MIC index documented that DELChNPs were more effective than DE. The biofilm of tested bacteria was inhibited by DE and DELChNPs but with different levels of anti-biofilm activity. For example, the anti-biofilm activity was 79.26 and 86.15% against B. cereus using DE and DELChNPs, respectively. DELChNPs and DE, compared with the ascorbic acid, exhibited DPPH scavenging % with IC50 values of 7.8 μg/mL, 13.96 μg/mL, and 4.83 μg/mL, respectively. Anti-diabetic activity in vitro via inhibition of amylase indicated that IC50 was 164.2 μg/mL and 164.3 μg/mL using DE and DELChNPs, respectively. This investigation highlights the vital DE phytoconstituents, particularly DELChNPs which possess important therapeutic effects against food-borne microorganisms and could be utilized as a safe alternative to synthetic drugs.

The effect of aerobic training and hydroalcoholic extract of dill on skeletal muscle inflammation in a high-fat diet-induced obesity rat model

Abstract Aerobic training (AT) and herbal medicine interventions are effective in reducing chronic inflammation and achieving weight loss. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of AT and hydroalcoholic extract of dill (HED) on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) concentrations in gastrocnemius muscle and Lee index of obese male rats. Thirty-two obese male Wistar rats were randomly divided into AT (70-80% of maximal oxygen uptake, 5 times/week), HED (300 mg/kg body weight, 3 times/week), AT+HED, and obese control (Ctr), and eight non-obese rats were included in the non-obese control group (NCtr). Lee index was measured before and after 10 weeks of interventions. Also, rats were sacrificed 48 hs after the last intervention session and gastrocnemius muscle was removed to measure protein concentrations of TNF-α, IL-4, and PPARγ. When compared with the pre-intervention period, the Lee index decreased in the AT and AT+HED groups and increased in the NCtr group at the post-intervention period. Also, there was no significant difference between non-obese and obese rats in the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-4, but the AT+HED group showed a higher concentration of TNF-α than the AT group. Furthermore, the expression of PPARγ protein in the HED group was higher than in the Ctr and AT groups. Although we observed the beneficial effects of AT and its combination with HED in reducing the Lee index, we found that the administration of HED compared with AT can provide better protection against some metabolic complications in the skeletal muscles of obese rats caused by a high-fat diet. Lastly, it seems that the AT combined with HED interferes with possible anti-inflammatory effects of AT or HED intervention alone.

Study of the Effect of Oil Extract of Dill (Anethumgraveolens L.) Plant on Oxidative Stress Parameters of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

This the study carried out inextracting of Anethum graveolensL. (dill) volatile oils belong to umbelliferae family and determent percentage of the oils, phytochemical screen were performed A. graveolens volatile oils extract and displayed positive results for Saponin, Cumarins, Phenol, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while Tannins negative results. and determent their impact oxidative stress Malonaldehyde and Lipid peroxidation level, the animal were divide in to five groups, each of which include three animals, the first groups was control groups, the second groups was injection with A. graveolensL. oils extract at a concentration of 25%mg/kg body weight (B.W), the third groups was injected with concentration of 50 mg/kg (B.W), the fourth groups was injected with concentration of 100 mg/kg (B.W) and five groups was injected with concentration of 200 mg/kg (B.W), was injected 7 days and 14 days and blood bled 30 days, the criteria foe stress (MDA and LPO) were defined to establish the effective duration and concentration, indicate the results the groups (G2, G3, G4 and G5) of male rats displayed significantly decline in MDA level (1.96, 2.52, 1.34 and 1.00μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.47μmol/L at the 7th day, G2, G3, G4, and G5 showed a considerable drop by day 14, however. (2.38, 1.93, 1.62 and 1.06μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.46μmol/L. While resultsLPO levels declined significantly in male rat groups (G2, G3, G4, and G5) (17.14, 13.4, 11.53 and 9.35μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 22.01μmol/L at the 7th day, while at the 14th day (G2,G3,G4 and G5) showed significantly decrease (25.05, 20.94, 18.73, 10.65 and 11.85μmol/L) respectively compared with control 25.05μmol/L. aim from this research is known protective role and antioxidant for dill volatile oil extract.

Validated HPTLC Analysis for Estimation of Quercetin in Seeds of Anethum graveolens

A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quantification of quercetin was developed on methanolic extract of dill (Anethum graveolens) seeds and subsequently validated. A suitable mobile phase was used to establish the HPTLC method, ethyl acetate, toluene, methanol, chloroform, and formic acid (2:3:3:2). A densitometric analysis was done at 366 nm of wavelength. Quercetin has an Rf value of 0.55. In the dilution range of 100 to 800 ng per band, quercetin revealed a linear connection with r2= 0.9938 in the calibration’s linear regression analysis. By conducting replication analysis on 2 separate days and one day, accuracy was verified. The standard addition method was used to conduct recovery studies to validate accuracy. The quercetin recovery rate was 98.60% on average. Five replicates of each of the three standards were used to detect the system suitability parameter. With regard to both the peak area and the Rf value, the %RSD was observed to be under 2%. The mobile phase concentration was altered from Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Chloroform: Methanol (2:3:3:2) to (3:2:2:3) with few drops of formic acid. It was found to have a %RSD of peak area below 10%, the robustness of the method was assessed. The developed HPTLC method was discovered to be easy to use, precise, accurate, suitable, and robust for estimating quercetin from dill seed extract.

The Effect of Anethum Graveolens on Male Fertility: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

&#x0D; The literature survey has reported that Anethum graveolens extract is inescapably linked with fertility. Recent studies showed that the aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens extract has an adverse effect on male fertility by affecting serum testosterone level, sperm concentration as well as sperm motility. However, its evidence has not been established. The present paper tries to determine the level of evidence for the effect of dill (Anethum graveolens) on male fertility. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Academic Search Complete, SPORT Discus, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve the literature used for this review. Keywords utilized across the database search were dill, Anethum graveolens, mice, male fertility, randomized control trial, and experimental. The search was limited to studies in animals; published in the English language. Meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of Anethum graveolens (dill) extract administration on male fertility. The overall methodological quality of evidence was assessed using the Pedro scale. Out of 25 studies, four trials met the inclusion criteria for this review. All the studies were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, four studies were included for the analysis of sperm concentration, three studies for sperm motility, and two studies for serum testosterone hormone levels. The meta-analysis results suggested there were no significant differences between male fertility and other interventions in the effects of inducing male infertility. The number of studies regarding the current topic is scarce. The overall quality of evidence was very low. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude whether the aqueous extract of dill seed has or has no adverse effect on male fertility. Considering our meta-analysis, we recommended that there is a need for further investigation to provide adequate evidence for the effect of dill (Anethum graveolens) on male fertility.

Edible film based on corn zein containing dill extract and essential oil/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: Shelf life enhancement of common carp fillet.

The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of corn zein edible film (Z) fortified with dill leaves extract (DE) and encapsulated dill essential oil with β-cyclodextrin (nDEO) on the quality of refrigerated common carp fillet. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the most frequent substances of DEO were apiol (35.1%) and carvone (31.4%), respectively. Designated treatments were as follows: (1) Control (C), (2) Z, (3) Z-DE, (4) Z-DEO, (5) Z-nDEO, (6) Z-DE-DEO, and (7) Z-DE-nDEO. The physicochemical properties (thickness, moisture percent, tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, color, morphology, functional groups, and thermal resistance) of the activated films significantly improved (p ≤ .05). The total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and psychrotrophic bacteria significantly decreased in all wrapped fillets compared to the unwrapped ones (p ≤ .05). Throughout storage period, the wrapped fillets exhibited lower changes in pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total volatile-based nitrogen values than the unwrapped fillets. According to the sensory findings, incorporating DE and nDEO in the zein films created significantly desirable aroma and flavor in the wrapped samples during storage time (p ≤ .05). Encapsulation of DEO with β-cyclodextrin significantly fortified preservative effects of the films in fish fillets during storage period (p ≤ .05). In conclusion, the designated composite zein edible film containing DE and nDEO can be introduced as an active edible packaging in the shelf life improvement of common carp fillets during cold storage.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Antioxidants from Dill (Anethum graveolens L.).

This study evaluated the effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) on the isolation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidants from dill. UAE improved the extraction yields of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid content as well as increased the antioxidant activities of all dill extracts. The optimum UAE condition to obtain highest total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities was 50% ethanol for 30 min giving 135.88 ± 3.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 229.53 ± 4.97 mg rutin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Lowest IC50 values against 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 0.034 ± 0.00 mg/mL and 0.12 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively. Results indicated the capability of UAE in extracting biologically active compounds from dill as a prospective functional material.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effect of Rosemary, Parsley, Thyme, Chive, and Dill Extracts

Purpose: This study aims to confirm the potential of rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials by evaluating the antioxidation effects and antimicrobial effects on the skin and related microorganisms.Methods: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill were extracted with 70% ethanol and used as a sample. Antioxidant effects were measured at the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging effects and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity effect. And for &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus epidermidis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium xerosis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Malassezia furfur&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Trichophyton mentagrophytes&lt;/i&gt; related to the skin, the antimicrobial effect was measured using the paper disc method.Results: Among the rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts, the total polyphenol and flavonoids were found to be high in rosemary and parsley extracts. DPPH and ABS radical scavenging effects and SOD-like activity effects were confirmed to be in the order of rosemary&gt;parsley&gt;thyme&gt; chives&gt;dill. As a result of measuring the antimicrobial effects at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, &lt;i&gt;S. epidermidis&lt;/i&gt; was confirmed to be in the order of parsley=rosemary=thyme&gt;chive=dill, &lt;i&gt;P. acnes&lt;/i&gt; was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary&gt;parsley&gt;dill&gt;thyme=chive, &lt;i&gt;C. xerosis&lt;/i&gt; was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary&gt;parsley&gt;dill&gt;thyme=chives, &lt;i&gt;M. furfur&lt;/i&gt; was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary&gt;parsley&gt;dill&gt;chives&gt;thyme, and &lt;i&gt;T. mentagrophytes&lt;/i&gt; was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary&gt;parsley&gt;chives&gt;dill&gt;thyme.Conclusion: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts were confirmed to have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, confirming their potential as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials.

Effects of Dill Extract on Blood Lipid Levels (TC, TG, LDL and HDL): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effects of Dill Extract on Blood Lipid Levels (TC, TG, LDL and HDL): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hydroalcoholic extract of dill and aerobic training prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic risk factors by improving miR-33 and miR-223 expression in rat liver.

Exercise training and medicinal herb supplementation may improve microRNAs (miRNAs) expression associated with obesity. This study aimed to assess the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic training (AT) and dill extract (DE) on miR-33 and miR-223 expression of liver in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were fed a defined high-fat (n=32) and standard (n=8, nonobese control [NC]) diet. After obesity induction, obese rats were randomly allocated to four groups: AT, DE, AT + DE, and obese control (OC). Rats were euthanized and plasma and liver tissue samples were collected after the intervention. The liver expression of miR-33 was lower in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Also, the liver miR-223 expression was higher in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Moreover, the liver expression of miR-223 in the AT + DE group was higher compared with the AT and DE groups. The AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups had lower liver TC compared with the OC group. Also, the plasma level of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) was significantly lower, and liver HDL-C was significantly higher in the AT + DE and NC groups compared with the OC group. These findings show that long-term AT combined with the intake of DE may improve the plasma levels of Apo B, and TC and HDL-C levels in the liver, which is probably due to AT and DE positive effects on miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Aerobic training reduces overweight and obesity health problems, however, the duration and intensity of the exercise training distinguish between individuals. We used an integrated approach combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological as a medical strategy to prevent HFD-induced metabolic injury in obese rats. The present results discovered that a combination of AT + DE intervention improves the miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats.

Effect of Different Organic and Chemical Compounds on Population Density of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and Some Secondary Metabolites of Bean Plant

Introduction: Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest of a wide range of plants, such as common bean, cucumber, tomato, pepper, lettuce, etc, in both field and greenhouse production. It typically feeds on the underside of leaves, sucking phloem sap from the plant, which causes both direct damage, by overall weakening the plant and reducing yield, and indirect damage, by excreting honeydew, on which sooty mold grows, as well as transmission of several plant viruses. The widespread use of insecticides to control T. vaporariorum has resulted in developing resistance to the insecticides and affected human’s health and safety. The utilization of plant extract and elicitors is an environmentally safe method that is used in the control recently. Therefore, alternative control strategies are required to minimize the harmful effects of insecticides. In order to control this pest, environmentally friendly methods, especially of plant origin are recently considered by researchers. For this regard, the effect of some organic compounds including methanolic and n-hexanic extract of walnut’s husk or dill’s seeds and salicylic acid, individually and in combination with spirotetramat on population density of greenhouse whitefly’s nymphs and some secondary compounds of bean plant were investigated.Materials and methods: Seeds of common bean, Phaseulus vulgaris L. (Berloty cultivar) were sown and grown in 15-cm-plastic pots in a greenhouse at 25 ± 3°C, 50 ± 10% RH, and a natural photoperiod. For the experiments, potted bean plants at 6-8 leaf stage, highly infested with T. vaporariorum nymphs, were sprayed with 12 different treatments, including: (1) spirotetramat (SP), (2) methanolic extract of walnut husk (MW), (3) n-hexanic extract of walnut husk (NW), (4) methanolic extract of dill seed (MD), (5) n-hexanic extract of dill seed (ND, (6) salicylic acid (SA), (7) spirotetramat in combination with salicylic acid (SP+SA), (8) spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed (SP+MD), (9) spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of walnut husk (SP+MW), (10) spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of dill seed (SP+ND), (11) spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of walnut husk (SP+NW), and (12) water as a control (CO). After five days, the population density of T. vaporariorum nymphs on bean plants leaves was recorded. Furthermore, the effects of tested treatments on the total phenol and flavonoid contents of bean plants were evaluated. For this reason, dried leaves (5 g) from each treatment were used for the preparation of extracts. The total phenolics of the extracts were determined using the Folin - Ciocalteu reagent. Sample and standard readings were made using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 45-UV/Visible) at 765 nm against the reagent blank. Furthermore, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for determination of the total flavonoid content of treatments. For total flavonoid determination, quercetin was used to make the standard calibration curve. The absorbance was read using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 45-UV/Visible) in the wavelengths of 415 nm. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 23.0 software. Comparison of means for nymph density using SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) multi-range test and comparison of means for secondary chemical compositions using Tukey's test at probability level five Percentage occurred.Results and Discussion: Results showed that the population density of greenhouse whitefly and the secondary metabolites of plant were significantly affected by the tested treatments. The lowest number of whitefly’s nymphs was on spirotetramat and spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed and the highest number was on control. Total phenolic contents ranged from 58.96 to 114.07 mg g-1 dry weight on different treatments, which the highest and lowest amount of it was obtained in spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed and spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of walnut husk, respectively. The highest amount of total flavonoid content of bean plants was in spirotetramat in combination with salicylic acid. The results of the present study showed that the density of greenhouse whitefly population in spirotetramate treatment was lower than other treatments but there was no significant difference with the combined treatments and methanolic extract of walnut husk. Also, all the treatments compared to the control significantly changed the population density of this pest and increased the amount of total phenolic compound in bean plant. Therefore, these compounds, especially the methanolic extract of walnut husk, can be used in integrated management programs of this pest.Conclusion: This research could provide valuable information for control of T. vaporariorum in other plants like ornamental plants in the field and greenhouse and thus can be useful for the production of healthy and organic crops. So it can be used in the IPM programs of this pest.Keywords: Salicylic acid, Plant extract, Total flavonoid, Total phenol, Whitefly

Influence of additions on the structure of the free fares

The article provides basic information about the functional properties of flour culinary products developed on the basis of rice and corn flour with additives of powders of vegetable origin: jerusalem artichoke, sea buckthorn, apples, carrots, tomato, paprika, dill, daminaria, and stevia extract was used as a sweetener. Balanced nutritionally adapted nutrition, corresponding to the physiological needs of schoolchildren, gender and individual characteristics of children aged 7–11 years, is necessary for the full development of physical and intellectual abilities. In this connection, the development of flour culinary products nutritionally adapted to the peculiarities of baby food, the optimization of the ingredient composition of flour culinary products, taking into account the technological properties of raw materials and biomedical recommendations for the diet of this category of nutritionists will contribute not only to achieving the best results in their development, physical and mental improvement, but will also prevent a number of alimentary-dependent diseases and conditions of this category of the population. This determines the main task of research and is relevant and promising. The purpose of the development of new specialized products is to obtain enriched gluten-free compositions for the production of high-quality pancake tape by an industrial method. The article presents data on the optimization of the ingredient composition of flour culinary products, considering the technological properties of raw materials and biomedical recommendations for the nutrition of schoolchildren of grades 1–4. The list of ingredients with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties and the possibility of their use in the preparation of specialized flour culinary products for school meals is scientifically substantiated. Optimization was carried out using modern programs providing mathematical modeling of product formulations in the realized range of parameter changes. The qualitative and quantitative prescription composition is modeled in accordance with sanitary norms and requirements of the SanPiN 2.3/2.4.3590–20 requirements for children's food products, considering their physical exertion. The relationship between the mass fraction of protein components (rice and corn flour and egg white) and physico-chemical indicators of the quality of flour culinary products for the nutrition of schoolchildren has been established. It is experimentally proved that the use of the developed recipe compositions will contribute to an increase in the content of protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, increase the biological value and the total content of water-soluble antioxidants in flour culinary products for the nutrition of students aged 7–11 years.

Dill Shows Potential for Herb-Drug Interactions via Up-Regulation of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, SULT1A1, NAT2 and ABCB1 in Caco-2 Cells.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Dill&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Anethum graveolens&lt;/i&gt; L.) has the potential to develop as a new alternative medicine due to its pharmacological activities. However, studies into its safety regarding herb-drug interactions have been neglected. This study investigated the risk of dill-induced herb-drug interactions (HDI) by examining its effect on the expression of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes in Caco-2 cells. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Caco-2 cells (5×10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; cells/well) were treated with 10 μM ketoconazole, 20 μM rifampicin or dill extract (60-240 μg mL&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;) for 72 hrs. Cell viability was assessed using the resazurin assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was determined with 2 ,7 -dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured using L-aspartate and L-alanine with α-ketoglutarate as substrate. Expression of phase I (&lt;i&gt;CYP1A2&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CYP2C19&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CYP2D6&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CYP2E1 &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;CYP3A4&lt;/i&gt;) and II (&lt;i&gt;UGT1A6&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; SULT1A1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; NAT1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; NAT2 &lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i&gt; GSTA1/2&lt;/i&gt;) metabolizing genes and transporters (&lt;i&gt;ABCB1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; ABCC2&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; ABCG2 &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;SLCO1B1&lt;/i&gt;) were determined by RT/qPCR. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; All tested concentrations of dill did not affect cell viability or AST and ALT levels. The highest concentration of dill extract (240 μg mL&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;) significantly lowered the ROS level. Expression of &lt;i&gt;CYP1A2&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CYP2C19&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;SULT1A1&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;NAT2 &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;ABCB1 &lt;/i&gt;mRNA was significantly up-regulated by dill extract. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Dill extract did not directly damage Caco-2 cells but prolonged use of dill may increase the risk of HDI via the up-regulation of the drug-metabolizing genes &lt;i&gt;CYP1A2&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CYP2C19&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;SULT1A1&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;NAT2 &lt;/i&gt;and the transporter &lt;i&gt;ABCB1&lt;/i&gt;.

Molecular Docking Studies on Phenolic Constituents of Anethum graveolens L. Seed Extracts

Background: There are studies indicating that aqueous or hydroalcoholic dill extracts showed higher antioxidant activity compared to other fractions. Molecular docking studies would be relevant to get information on the mechanism of action of the phenolic constituents of Anethum graveolens seed extracts as bioactive compounds.&#x0D; Methodology: In order to perform the docking studies of antioxidant activity of phenolic constituents of Anethum graveolens seed extracts, BIOVIA Discovery Studio and AutoDock Vina software were used.&#x0D; Results: The orientation of flavonoids within Hck and CYP2C9 binding sites has been shown to be the main reason for their inhibitory potency.&#x0D; Conclusion: Molecular docking studies indicate that the compounds identified interact with the target enzymes Hck and CYP2C9 at molecular level through their condensed ring systems and hydroxyl substituents and therefore support the antioxidant capacity of the studied phenolic compounds.