Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera Research Articles

Estimating the ripeness level of avocado (Persea americana) by using ultraviolet reflection

Avocado (Persea americana) is one of popular fruits in Indonesia because of its taste and high antioxidant content. However, research on avocado in Indonesia is still limited. Grading avocados is still undertaken manually by squeezing the fruit to find its hardness and determine the ripeness level while it is already well known that image processing may play an important role in maintaining consistency in grading fruits. This study aims to determine the ripeness level of avocado by using Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), moisture content, and hardness as the parameters, and to determine the correlation between the ultraviolet (UV) reflection and the ripeness level of avocado. The study consists of non-destructive method and destructive method. The first was done by taking pictures/images of avocados surrounded by 4 UV lamps using a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera. There were 120 samples of avocado fruit with 4 levels of ripeness, 30 each, which were obtained from the Puncak area, Bogor. Immediately after completing the image taking, the destructive method was carried to determine the TDS, moisture content, and hardness of each sample. The lab test results were then used to obtain an equation that estimates the ripeness level, expressed in age (days) before ripening, by using multiple linear regression analysis. The resulted equation is having R-Square of 0.81, which mean that the parameters can be used to determine the ripeness level. The image data were processed further to get the values of Hue (H), Saturation (S) and Intensity (I) at each ripeness level, and from those values their determination coefficient which show the feasibility of the value to represent the ripeness of the avocado were determined. The result shows that the highest determination coefficient was that of I (intensity) of about 0.8191. The results of non-destructive and destructive method then was correlated each other to show the feasibility of using nondestructive method in estimating the ripeness level of avocado. The result shows that the usage of UV reflection, especially the value of intensity, for determining the ripeness level of avocado is feasible.

A low-cost approach for the estimation of rock joint roughness using photogrammetry

To evaluate the possibility of utilizing commercially available devices for making joint roughness estimates, a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera and a smartphone were used to reconstruct the three-dimensional models of 10 rock-joint specimens. The accuracy and efficiency were considered in investigating the performance of photogrammetry on the point clouds production and joint roughness estimation in the laboratory. Additionally, a handheld laser scanner was used in collecting high-resolution point clouds of the same specimens as reference data for evaluating the photogrammetry measurement accuracy. The interval for image capture was set at 8° with consideration for the data quality, point density, and computation time. The iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used to compare the surface topographies of the rock joints produced via photogrammetry and laser scanning. The point clouds generated by photogrammetry agreed with the laser-scanning results, with a small average difference (0.005 mm for the DSLR camera and 0.006 mm for the smartphone). Furthermore, two- and three-dimensional surface parameters were calculated using the three different sources of point clouds, which were in good agreement in the joint roughness estimates when comparing photogrammetry and laser scanning results. Comparative analyses revealed that both DSLR camera photogrammetry and smartphone photogrammetry can produce accurate point clouds of rock joints for roughness assessment; however, point clouds generated by the DSLR camera had higher accuracies than those generated by the smartphone.

Portrait imaging relighting system based on a simplified photometric stereo method.

This study proposes a portrait image relighting system based on a simplified photometric stereo method. The system, comprising a controllable digital single lens reflex camera and five polarized flashlights, can obtain a color shade-less image and synthesize a normal map from shaded images. When calibrating the photometric stereo, the normal map is taken as a linear combination of shaded images and clamped with respect to specific normal directions on a white-coated sphere. The relit images were generated through inverse rendering in a predefined virtual environment. To evaluate personal preference, 24 adult subjects were recruited to conduct subjective assessments comparing the deep portrait relighting method results. From experiments regarding different scenarios, we concluded that the proposed system based on a simplified photometric stereo performs acceptably for relighting portrait images.

Floor plants’ leaf shape and Phyllagathis rotundifolia’s soil organic matter in Kuala Keniam Trail, Pahang National Park

Abstract Kuala Keniam forest in the Pahang National Park is a part of the oldest and most complex ecosystem in the world with multispecies of plants and structures. Unfortunately, near to none information was documented on the geometrical aspects of leaves. Thus, this study aims to pre-document on the variety of shapes of leaves along the trail and classify them. Photographs of the plants and all site activities were taken and documented by using the digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) and smartphone-digital cameras. Secondly, this study also aims at understanding this one particular herbaceous plant, known as Phyllagathis rotundifolia (tapak sulaiman) which is commonly found along the trail, and traditionally used to relieve gastrointestinal problems and fever. The composition of the soil organic matter of the plant were collected for better understanding of the type of soil needed for mass-cultivation and medical purposes. The Walkley-Black (WB) titration method was used to analyse the soil, where the oxidation of organic matter by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-sulfuric acid mixture followed by back titration of the excessive dichromate by ferrous ammonium sulphate (Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O) were monitored. Findings from the Kuala Keniam trails were documented and analysed. Thirty distinct-leaves have been identified and classified into 10-distinct leaf shape categories. Rich soil contents such as iron, carbon and phosphorous were also detected, thus creating Kuala Keniam as an excellent environment for the growth of beneficial shrubs and herbs

Comparison of color accuracy and picture quality of digital SLR, point and shoot and mobile cameras used for dental intraoral photography – A pilot study

The present study aimed to compare the picture quality and color accuracy of three cameras, namely, Point and shoot, DSLR and mobile cameras, and determine the most suitable camera for dental photography (intra-orally and for casts). A computer program, namely, NRM (No-Reference matrix BRISQUE), was used to evaluate the quality of the photos taken by three cameras. Further, color accuracy was determined by computation of total color difference (ΔE) by identifying the L∗a∗b∗ values.The ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis) analysis was done to assess the difference in the quality of cast photos, and it showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the cameras. The post hoc analysis showed the NRM value of Point and shoot (18.93 ± 2.04) better than the Mobile phone (20.59 ± 2.65). However, no statistically significant difference was obtained while assessing the picture quality of the intraoral photographs using One-Way ANOVA (Fisher's) (P = 0.05).Evaluation of total color difference (ΔE) showed fewer differences between the DSLR and the Point and shoot than the mobile camera. There was no statistically significant difference in ΔE value in the participant photographs. The L in the LAB values of both the cast and the participant photograph showed a similar result, with the mobile phone showing a lighter value than the other two cameras. The B value in the participant photos showed a significant difference between the mobile and the Point and shoot cameras.The quality of Point and shoot, DSLR, and mobile cameras were equally good for taking pictures of any external surface, but the mobile camera offered more brightness and appeared more yellow. On the other hand, the quality was similar for intraoral images with mobile and Point and shoot cameras, although color accuracy was better with Point and shoot and DSLR cameras.

Influence of Surface Roughness and Particle Characteristics on Soil–Structure Interactions: A State-of-the-Art Review

The study of soil–structure interface behavior contributes to the fundamental understanding of engineering performance and foundation design optimization. Previous research studies the effect of soil characteristics and surface roughness property on the soil–material interface mechanism via interface shear test. The reviews utilizing past established laboratory studies and more recent tests based on state-of-the-art technologies reveal that surface roughness significantly affects interface shear performances in the studies of soil–structure interactions, especially in peak shear strength development. A preliminary but original investigative study by the authors was also carried out using a sophisticated portable surface roughness gauge to define the material surface roughness properties in order to study the interface behavior parametrically. Additionally, using the authors’ own original research findings as a proof-of-concept innovation, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology is applied using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera to capture sequential images of particle interactions in a custom-built transparent shear box, which validate the well-established four-stage soil shearing model. The authors also envisaged that machine learning, e.g., artificial neural network (ANN) and Bayesian inference method, amongst others, as well as numerical modeling, e.g., discrete element method (DEM), have the potential to also promote research advances on interface shear mechanisms, which will assist in developing a greater understanding in the complex study of soil–structure interactions.

Room-Temperature Persistent Luminescence in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Solar-Driven CO 2 Bioreduction

Room-Temperature Persistent Luminescence in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Solar-Driven CO ₂ Bioreduction

Digital micro-photogrammetry in analysis and modeling habit and sectoral structure of real high-pressure high-temperature single-crystal diamonds.

We demonstrate the potential of using digital stereo micro-photogrammetry for the analysis and modeling of the habit and sectoral structure of real high-pressure high-temperature single-crystal diamonds. A prototype scanning system with a resolution of 5μm has been implemented based on a digital single-lens reflex camera, making it possible to create highly accurate reproductions of crystal shapes with a minimum size of 4mm. This method makes it possible to monitor the effect of actual conditions on the physical processes of crystal growth, which is a useful advance for the development of active device elements based on semiconductor diamonds.

Quantitative Luminescence Photography of a Swellable Hydrogel Dressing with a Traffic-Light Response to Oxygen.

Sensor-integrated wound dressings are emerging tools applicable to a wide variety of medical applications from emergency triage to at-home monitoring. Uncomfortable, unnecessary wound dressing changes may be avoided by providing quantitative insight into tissue characteristics related to wound healing such as tissue oxygenation, pH, and exudate/transudate volume. Here, a simple cost-effective methodology for quantifying oxygen and pH in a swellable hydrogel dressing using a single photograph is presented. The red and green luminescence of a novel dendritic polyamine Pt-porphyrin and fluorescein conjugate quantitatively responds to oxygen and pH, respectively, and enables robust sensing. The porphyrin conjugate, when combined with a four-arm star polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine polymer, rapidly crosslinks at room temperature with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-PEG crosslinker to form a color-changing hydrogel dressing with tunable swelling capabilities applicable to a variety of wound environments. An inexpensive digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera modified with bandpass filters captures the hydrogel luminescence using simple macroscopic photography, and conversion to HSB colorspace allows for intensity-independent image analysis of the hydrogels' dual modality response. The hydrogel formulation exhibits a robust and validated visible red-orange-green "traffic light" spectrum in response to oxygen changes, regardless of swelling state, pH, or autofluorescence from skin, thereby enabling the clinician friendly naked-eyefeedback.

Size and Perception of Facial Features with Selfie Photographs, and Their Implication in Rhinoplasty and Facial Plastic Surgery.

Patients increasingly use photographs taken with a front-facing smartphone camera-"selfies"-to discuss their goals with a plastic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in size and perception of facial features when taking a selfie compared to the gold standard of clinical photography. Thirty volunteers took three series of photographs. A 12-inch and 18-inch series were taken with a front-facing smartphone camera, and the 5-foot clinical photography series was taken with a digital single-lens reflex camera. Afterward, subjects filled out the FACE-Q inventory, once when viewing their 12-inch selfies and once when viewing their clinical photographs. Measurements were taken of the nose, lip, chin, and facial width. Nasal length was, on average, 6.4 percent longer in 12-inch selfies compared to clinical photography, and 4.3 percent longer in 18-inch selfies compared to clinical photography. The alar base width did not change significantly in either set of selfies compared to clinical photography. The alar base to facial width ratio represents the size of the nose in relation to the face. This ratio decreased 10.8 percent when comparing 12-inch selfies to clinical photography (p < 0.0001) and decreased 7.8 percent when comparing 18-inch selfies to clinical photography (p < 0.0001). This study quantifies the change in facial feature size/perception seen in previous camera-to-subject distance studies. With the increasing popularity of front-facing smartphone photographs, these data allow for a more precise conversation between the surgeon and the patient. In addition, the authors' findings provide data for manufacturers to improve the societal impact of smartphone cameras. Diagnostic, III.

Analisis Deformasi Jembatan Akibat Banjir Bandang Berbasis Fotogrametri Jarak Dekat

Monitoring the deformation of objects in the natural disaster area is one of the anticipative steps to reduce losses. In this case, this is an attempt to implement mitigation for the safety and viability of the community. Until this time, many constraint factors in the process of obtaining information regarding the strength of the structure and the changes of shape and dimension (per time unit) of the objects, one of which is the high operational cost and the duration of data processing while using a conventional measuring instrument. Through this article, a fast, cheap, easy, and accurate alternative method to detect deformation of the bridge material structure due to flash flood is only by using a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera. The bridge’s structures were photographed and processed with proprietary software to obtain the retro-reflective coordinate of the target that has been evenly attached to the bridge surface as a reference point. From a series of periodic photoshoots conducted from July 2020 to July 2021, deformation of the bridge structure was successfully detected with a magnitude between 0.026 mm – 5.867 mm with a measurement accuracy level was 0.081 mm. With this measurement accuracy level, this system is able to detect the deformation of structures smaller than 0.1 mm, and even invisible deformation can still be detected. This article will explain the technique and methodology of deformation measurement quickly and accurately only with a DSLR camera.

Effect of viewing angles on measurement errors when using an implant cantilever beam torque-limiting device

Statement of problemImplant cantilever beam torque-limiting devices are affected by parallax, which may result in measurement read error. The overread or underread of the true target torque value could lead to premature failure of the screw joint of a dental implant. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of the operator’s viewing angle relative to the cantilever beam and measurement reading scale when the torque-limiting device is actioned toward or away from the operator. Material and methodsA beam torque wrench (Nobel Biocare USA) was used with the cantilever beam position fixed by using a wedge to read 32 Ncm on the marker arm. It was suspended in a vertical position relative to a digital single-lens reflex camera set at a fixed distance of 48 cm from the marker reading. The camera was rotated in 10-degree increments clockwise and counterclockwise relative to the cantilever beam reading, starting perpendicular to the marker. Photographs were recorded at each angle. Percentage measurement read error was calculated from dimensions of the cantilever beam torque device, including the beam diameter, distance from the marker arm, and the incremental marks on the measurement scale. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine the differences after comparison with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6789-1:2017 recommendations. ResultsPhotographs compared beam position relative to the 32-Ncm marker. The beam diameter was recorded as 1.5 mm, corresponding to approximately 5 Ncm. The distance between the marker arm and center of the beam was 0.08 mm. Percentage errors were greatest at lower torque values and increased relative to the viewing angle. Photographs showed that instrument overread was most likely to occur as the beam was moved away from the operator, which would result in potential undertightening unless compensated for. Underread was noted when the beam was pulled toward the operator. ConclusionsTo prevent measurement read error when using an implant cantilever beam torque-limiting device, the operator should be positioned as close to a perpendicular viewing angle to the cantilever beam as possible. Viewing from an angle greater than 10 degrees from the perpendicular should be avoided for torque values less than 15 Ncm. For screws tightened between 25 Ncm and 35 Ncm, the viewing angle should be less than 30 degrees so that the applied torque is within the maximum deviation of the target torque value set by the ISO 6789-1:2017 recommendations.

Using a professional DSLR camera to measure total shrinkage of resin composites.

This study evaluated the optical method for measuring free total shrinkage using a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera. Eight composites were evaluated, conventional, bulk fill and low-shrinkage: Z100 (3M Oral Care), Gradia Direct Anterior (GC corporation), Spectra Smart (Dentsply), Filtek Z350 XT (3M Oral Care), Aura Bulk Fill (SDI), Vittra APS (FGM), Opus Bulk Fill APS (FGM), and Beautifil II LS (Shofu Inc.). The samples (6 mm diameter and 1.5 mm thick, n = 10) were placed on a polyvinylsiloxane impression material. An image of the uncured sample was captured using a DSLR camera with 105 mm macro lens and a ring flash. Samples were light cured with a 700 mW/cm2 LED light-cure unit for 40s. Post-polymerization images were captured at 2, 10 and 60 min. Projected circumferential areas of the specimens were drawn using the ImageJ software. Volumetric total shrinkage was calculated from the ratio of the areas obtained from pre- and post-curing. Results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) and Tukey test. Volumetric total shrinkage values were significantly different among the composite materials (p < .001). The volumetric shrinkage (%) mean and results of Tukey test at 60 min were: Z100: 3.45±0.30 (A); Gradia Direct Anterior: 3.00 ± 0.23 (B); Spectra Smart 2.89 ± 0.35 (B); Filtek Z350 XT: 2.65 ± 0.37 (BC); Aura Bulk Fill: 2.42 ± 0.25 (CD); Vittra APS: 2.14 ± 0.35 (DE); Opus Bulk Fill APS: 1.91 ± 0.24 (E); Beautifil II LS: 1.18 ± 0.16 (F). The optical method using a DSLR camera, was suitable for total shrinkage evaluation and will allow assessment of total shrinkage without the need for specialized equipment.

MIEGAN: Mobile Image Enhancement via a Multi-Module Cascade Neural Network

Visual quality of images captured by mobile devices is often inferior to that of images captured by a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera. This paper presents a novel generative adversarial network-based mobile image enhancement method, referred to as MIEGAN. It consists of a novel multi-module cascade generative network and a novel adaptive multi-scale discriminative network. The multi-module cascade generative network is built upon a two-stream encoder, a feature transformer, and a decoder. In the two-stream encoder, a luminance-regularizing stream is proposed to help the network focus on low-light areas. In the feature transformation module, two networks effectively capture both global and local information of an image. To further assist the generative network to generate the high visual quality images, a multi-scale discriminator is used instead of a regular single discriminator to distinguish whether an image is fake or real globally and locally. To balance the global and local discriminators, an adaptive weight allocation is proposed. In addition, a contrast loss is proposed, and a new mixed loss function is developed to improve the visual quality of the enhanced images. Extensive experiments on the popular DSLR photo enhancement dataset and MIT-FiveK dataset have verified the effectiveness of the proposed MIEGAN.

Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Value Estimation for Multi Focus Image Fusion

Due to limited depth-of-field of digital single-lens reflex cameras, the scene content within a limited distance from the imaging plane remains in focus while other objects closer to or further away from the point of focus appear as blurred (out-of-focus) in the image. Multi-Focus Image Fusion can be used to reconstruct a fully focused image from two or more partially focused images of the same scene. In this paper, a new Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Measure (FBHFM) for multi-focus image fusion has been proposed. Optimal block size is very critical step for multi-focus image fusion. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used to find optimal size of the block of the images for extraction of focus measure features. After finding optimal blocks, three focus measures Sum of Modified Laplacian, Gray Level Variance and Contrast Visibility has been extracted and combined these focus measures by using intelligent fuzzy technique. Fuzzy based hybrid intelligent focus values were estimated using contrast visibility measure to generate focused image. Different sets of multi-focus images have been used in detailed experimentation and compared the results with state-of-the-art existing techniques such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Laplacian Pyramid discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and aDWT for image fusion. It has been found that proposed method performs well as compare to existing methods.

A Deep Learning-Based Novel Approach for Weed Growth Estimation

Automation of agricultural food production is growing in popularity in scientific communities and industry. The main goal of automation is to identify and detect weeds in the crop. Weed intervention for the duration of crop establishment is a serious difficulty for wheat in North India. The soil nutrient is important for crop production. Weeds usually compete for light, water and air of nutrients and space from the target crop. This research paper assesses the growth rate of weeds due to macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) absorbed from various soils (fertile, clay and loamy) in the rabi crop field. The weed image data have been collected from three different places in Madhya Pradesh, India with 10 different rabi crops (Maize, Lucerne, Cumin, Coriander, Wheat, Fenugreek, Gram, Onion, Mustard and Tomato) and 10 different weeds (Corchorus Capsularis, Cynodondactylon, Chloris barbata, Amaranthaceae, Argemone mexicana, Carthamus oxyacantha, Capsella bursa Pastoris, Chenopodium Album, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Convolvulus Ravens). Intel Real Sense LiDAR digital camera L515 and Canon digital SLR DIGICAM EOS 850 D 18-55IS STM cameras were mounted over the wheat crop in 10 × 10 square feet area of land and 3670 different weed images have been collected. The 2936 weed images were used for training and 734 images for testing and validation. The Efficient Net-B7 and Inception V4 architectures have been used to train the model that has provided accuracy of 97% and 94% respectively. The Image classification using Inspection V4 was unsuccessful with less accurate results as compared to EfficientNet-B7.

Accuracy of Dental Photography: Professional vs. Smartphone's Camera.

There is a scant literature on the accuracy of dental photographs captured by Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) and smartphone cameras. The aim was to compare linear measurements of plaster models photographed with DSLR and smartphone's camera with digital models. Thirty maxillary casts were prepared. Vertical and horizontal reference lines were marked on each tooth, with exception to molars. Then, models were scanned with the TRIOS 3 Basic intraoral dental scanner (control). Six photographs were captured for each model: one using DSLR camera (Canon EOS 700D) and five with smartphone (iPhone X) (distance range 16-32 cm). Teeth heights and widths were measured on scans and photographs. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) the measurements of teeth by means of DSLR and smartphone cameras (at distances of at least 24 cm) and scan did not differ. (2) The measurements of anterior teeth by means of DSLR and smartphone cameras (at all distances tested) and scan exhibited no difference. For documentational purposes, the distortion is negligeable, and both camera devices can be applied. Dentists can rely on DSLR and smartphone cameras (at distances of at least 24 cm) for smile designs providing comparable and reliable linear measurements.

A donor-acceptor luminogen serving as a haptic film sensor for identity recognition

Mechanosensation monitoring is advancing rapidly with the development of haptic sensors. In this study, a donor-acceptor (D-A) luminogen CDBA is reported, which exhibits a transition from intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state to locally-excited (LE) state in aqueous solution, as well as a stimuli-responsive self-assembly in water vapor. The internal mechanism of the photophysical behavior was probed by spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculation. Based on the remarkable emission turn-on effect in response to water vapor, a haptic film sensor was fabricated. It is highly sensitive to contact pressure, capable of recording the fingerprint with low fingertip pressure. Close inspection using digital single-lens reflex camera and fluorescence microscope demonstrates that the full-scale fingerprint details, including the first-level information (ridges, furrows and skin wrinkles), the second-level information (cores, bifurcations, terminations and islands) and even the third-level information (sweat pores), can be readily collected. In a scenario-based experiment, the pre-placed haptic film sensor succeeded in recording the fingerprint information of a volunteer, suggesting the feasibility for application in security system.

Development of a novel multifocal lens using a polarization directed flat lens: possible candidate for a multifocal intraocular lens

BackgroundA polarization-directed flat (PDF) lens acts as a converging lens with a focal length (f) > 0 and a diverging lens with f < 0, depending on the polarization state of the incidental light. To produce a multifocal lens with two focal lengths, a PDF and a converging lens having shorter focal length were combined. In this study, we tested a bifocal PDF to determine its potential as a new multifocal intraocular lens (IOL).MethodsConstructed a multifocal lens with a PDF lens (f = +/− 100 mm) and a converging lens (f = + 25 mm). In an optical bench test, we measured the defocus curve to test the multifocal function. The multifocal function and optical quality of the lens in various situations were tested. An Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart as a near target and a building as a distant target were photographed using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. Both lenses (multifocal and monofocal) were tested under the same conditions.ResultsFor the 0 D and − 20 D focal points, the multifocal lens showed sharp images in the optical bench test. In the DSLR test using the multifocal lens, the building appeared slightly blurry compared with the results using the monofocal lens. With the multifocal lens, the ETDRS chart’s images became blurry as the ETDRS chart’s distance decreased, but became very clear again at a certain position.ConclusionsWe confirmed the multifocal function of the multifocal lens using a PDF lens. This lens can be used as a multifocal IOL in the future.

Finding blood in the dark: A comparison of infrared imaging devices for the detection of bloodstains on dark fabrics based on their resolution

The use of infrared (IR) light to locate bloodstains on dark fabric is a search technique that is employed in forensic examinations in a number of organisations worldwide. IR is used to complement existing, established visual white light search techniques. There exist a variety of commercially available products that can be purchased for this purpose as well as the option of using IR-converted standard DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) cameras. In this study, a number of IR systems with contrasting resolutions were explored and their performance was assessed on a variety of bloodstain types and fabrics in comparison with white light. The systems ranged from low-budget, low resolution options, such as portable webcams, to vision-industry standard, high resolution, purpose-built cameras for more detailed blood searching of suitable items in the laboratory. Blood spatter, transfer bloodstains, dilute bloodstains, blood mixed with other body fluids and environmental contaminants were among the samples tested on eight different dark fabric types under IR conditions to assess the impact of the resolution differences. All IR systems were able to locate bloodstains, with significantly more bloodstains being found with IR compared to white light. The higher resolution systems were able to locate significantly more bloodstains than the systems with the lower resolution. The webcams were able to locate many of the larger areas of bloodstaining but performed less well in terms of locating smaller bloodstains and dilute blood. False positives such as mud, make-up and brown sauce were detected under IR but were readily discriminated under white light and with presumptive chemical tests. The balance between the ability to locate bloodstains based on system resolution and practicality and possible efficiency gains is discussed.