Digital Instruments Research Articles

Effect of Digital Payments in Indian Economy

In our economic growth and development is based upon the financial sector. Development in the field of information technology has given more benefits to the banking sector. Modern technology has to be altered and replaced into digitalization. Post Demonetization will reduce the black money and cyber fraud, cyber crime and hacking etc. The impact of this policy is a step towards the modernization and globalization by making the economy cashless. In digital payment, banking sector plays a major role by providing digital instruments like debit cards, mobile banking, mobile wallets etc. This paper makes an attempt to adopt various technologies and study the impact of digital payments in Indian economy.

Analisis Pendapatan UMKM Seblak Bandung Slowdown Sebelum Dan Sesudah Menggunakan Digital Payment Di Kabupaten Karawang

This study aims to determine MSME income before and after using digital payments. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach with a triangulation analysis method. The data used in this study is primary data obtained directly from the owner of the Bandung Slowdown seblak business through observation, interviews and documentation. while for secondary data obtained from books, journals, literacy studies, websites and other media. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the slowdown of MSME income before using digital payments often faced challenges in terms of transaction efficiency and customer accessibility, this became an obstacle in increasing MSME income. The income of MSMEs in Seblak Bandung has slowdown after using digital payments to experience an increase. Because many consumers are already using digital payments, digital payments also speed up the payment process and reduce queuing time. This transaction speed creates opportunities for increased transaction volume and purchase frequency, which directly contributes to higher revenue. By using digital payment instruments, the Seblak Bandung Slowdown MSMEs have succeeded in overcoming the problems of transaction efficiency and customer accessibility. A faster and more accurate payment process reduces queue barriers and provides a more comfortable shopping experience for consumers. This drives increased transaction frequency, creates customer loyalty, and generates recommendations. so that these MSMEs are able to optimize their business growth in a competitive market.
 Keywords: income, digital payment, MSMEs

СТРУКТУРНІ ЗМІНИ НА РИНКУ ФІНАНСОВИХ ПОСЛУГ УКРАЇНИ: ВПЛИВ ВІЙНИ

Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to characterize the structural changes in the financial services market caused by war and identify the main trends and mechanisms for ensuring the stability of the market under martial law in Ukraine. Design/methodology/approach. We used the data from the financial market regulators to analyze the impact of a full-scale invasion on financial institutions’ activity and operations as well as to compare the contemporary trends in different sectors of the financial market in Ukraine. Findings. Our research examines the financial landscape in 2022, revealing a marked decline in the presence of financial intermediaries, notably in insurance companies and credit unions. Concurrently, there has been a substantial reduction in the number of bank branches. The sharp decline in the number of financial institutions can be attributed to multiple factors, including some institutions operated in regions occupied by Russia, preventing continuity after the invasion, and others involved in high-risk activities facing NBU scrutiny revealing violations. The war intensified liquidity and solvency issues, with numerous failed institutions lacking a safety margin and unable to attract resources amid economic deterioration. Despite these structural shifts, the overall assets of financial institutions have not decreased. The analysis showed the redistribution of assets in favor of banks. The market share of financial companies and pension funds experienced a slight decrease, with insurers and credit unions facing more significant losses. Practical implications. The high level of digitalisation of financial services in Ukraine allowed for ensuring an adequate level of access to financial services in the first months of the war when it was critical to maintaining customer confidence in the financial sector. Accordingly, further digitisation of financial transactions and improvement of regulatory approaches to the use of digital financial instruments can be seen as priority areas for the development of Ukraine’s financia sector. Originality/value. The research is an attempt to assess the extent of the impact of critically negative external factors on the financial sector in Ukraine, in particular, to identify structural changes caused by the war. Prospects for further research are related to the study of the medium- and longterm aspects of this impact

Разработка программного комплекса для испытания цифровых измерительных трансформаторов на вибростенде

The presented work examines a software package for monitoring the condition of a hydraulic servo drive with hydrostatic guides as part of a diagnostic vibration stand for digital transformers. The service life of digital instrument transformers is 25 years, and the calibration interval is 8 years. To achieve such high performance characteristics, it is necessary to conduct a large number of tests for such products. One such test is the vibration test. The uniqueness of the hydraulic drive used in the diagnostic vibration stand lies in its long service life under operational loads (up to 100 million cycles). This reliability is achieved with special hydrostatic guides in the hydraulic drive design and requires special software. The architecture of the software complex for the vibration stand has been created. To test the functionality of the package, simulation modeling of the operation of the components of the software package was performed. Aim. Based on the analysis of the functioning of technological equipment and options for implementing control software, develop the architecture of a software package for implementing a system for condition monitoring of a servo hydraulic drive with hydrostatic guides as part of a diagnostic vibration stand for digital transformers. Materials and methods. The stated scientific problems were solved using methods of system analysis, computer, mathematical and simulation modeling of the interaction of the software complex with the components of the servo hydraulic drive with hydrostatic guides. Results. The main practical result of the research is the development of the architecture of a software package for testing digital instrument transformers on a vibration stand. It is proposed to use cross-platform solutions when implementing the complex software and rely on modern experience in using freely distributed software. Conclusion. The developed architecture of the software package is focused on ensuring the automated operation of servo hydraulic drives, allows you to configure all the necessary equipment parameters, monitor the condition of the equipment using digital data transfer protocols, centrally save and replicate hydraulic drive settings for specific operating conditions on the enterprises. Analysis of implementation options showed that the use of a SCADA system simplifies the process of developing standard projects for dispatch control and data collection and condition monitoring, but at the same time, it has increased complexity at the stage of deployment and operation. The functionality of none of the widespread and reliable SCADA systems covers all the requirements for this project. This particularly applies to USB connectivity and high frequency signal processing required by design requirements. In addition, when using universal SCADA systems, the end user must purchase a license for the RunTime SCADA component.

Automated Digital Wind Instrument using Arduino UNO Microcontroller

Recently, Blackstar Amplification Ltd. has introduced a Compact Carry-On Digital Wind Instrument (CDWI), mirroring the design of traditional recorder instruments in their size and shape. This CDWI can be played as a traditional wind instrument by blowing into the mouthpiece and simultaneously manipulating finger holes, enabling the production of desired musical notes. The main aim of this research work is the development of a prototype model to automate the CDWI, by utilizing the Arduino UNO microcontroller board and introducing the Automated Digital Wind Instrument (ADWI). The CDWI has a mouthpiece, nine finger holes, and one thumb hole, and the blowing mechanism can be automated by using a 12 Volts DC air blower and a servo valve. The author ingeniously develops a new servo valve using a plastic syringe, a ball, and a 5 Volts DC micro servo motor to regulate the air pressure blown into the mouthpiece. The ADWI fingers are meticulously crafted using plastic pen barrels, thrust tubes, and metallic springs to simulate the actions of a human music player's fingers. Positioned to maintain all finger holes in an open state by default, the selective closing of specific holes is achieved by ten micro servo motors to produce a specific musical note. In a preliminary test, the ADWI prototype is programmed to perform the Nursery Rhyme "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star." While evaluating the sound output by hearing, it is evident that the proposed ADWI effectively generates all the necessary musical notes. However, the noise generated by the air blower and micro servo motors introduces interference, impacting the clarity of the produced musical notes. Consequently, it is planned to integrate a noise reduction mechanism as part of future work.

Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis

Abstract Since technology has been entering into human beings’ everyday life, individuals established a deep relationship with digital technology, thus an embodied link between people and digital instruments has been born. This is particularly evidenced by recent literature about screen time (duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television, smartphone, tablet or computer), it significantly influences different human beings’ dimensions: physical, psychological and neurological functions. Impact of digital technology on human beings can be considered as a result of syntonic functioning in order to improve different people’s life areas (e.g., work, social or intimate relationship, learning), while the dystonic relationship is evidenced as a result of human addiction to digital technology. The present study aims to provide a cognitive and social psychology perspective on how screen time is changing our existences, defining digital technology as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday life.

Digitalisation and political parties in Europe

In this article we have attempted to improve our understanding of the influence of various factors, such as the level of organizational resources, age, ideology and values, on the digitalization of political parties oriented towards participation and resource mobilization. To do this, we use version four of the Political Party Database Round (PPDB) (2022), which covers 187 parties in 26 European countries. We focus on 10 of the largest party families. The data and variables have been analyzed using various descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate an important level of similarity between political parties in the adoption of digital instruments. The level of resources, age and ideology, and values associated with the different party families present important explanatory and predictive limitations. We consider that the indicated results may be a consequence of a process of institutional isomoformism.

Validation of PleaseApp: a digital tool for the assessment of receptive pragmatic abilities in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Pragmatic skills allow children to use language for social purposes, that is, to communicate and interact with people. Most children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) face pragmatic difficulties during development. Nevertheless, pragmatic skills are often only partially assessed because the existing instruments usually focus on specific aspects of pragmatics and are not always adapted to children with communication difficulties. In this sense, digital tools (e.g., apps) are an optimal method to compensate for some difficulties. Moreover, there is a lack of pragmatic tools measuring the receptive domain. Therefore, the present study aims to validate PleaseApp as a digital instrument that measures eight pragmatic skills by presenting the design of the assessment tool and its psychometric properties. PleaseApp was designed based on previous empirical studies of developmental pragmatics in children with and without NDD. PleaseApp assesses eight receptive pragmatic skills: figurative language, narrative, reference, indirect speech acts, visual and verbal humor, gesture-speech integration, politeness, and complex intentionality. The study involved 150 typically developing children between 5 and 12 years of age. A confirmatory factor analysis proposes an eight-factor model with no underlying factor structure. The eight tests that compose PleaseApp have obtained a model with a good fit and with adequate reliability and validity indices. PleaseApp is an objective, valid, and reliable tool for assessing pragmatic skills in children with NDD. In this sense, it helps to assess whether a child has acquired pragmatic skills correctly according to his/her age and clarify the specific problems a child has in eight different components to plan personal and personalized interventions.

Regional Tourism Ecosystem as a Tool for Sustainable Development during the Economic Crisis

The paper aims to examine the perspective on the development of regional tourism ecosystems as one of the pillars of sustainable development in Russian regions. In order to meet the research objective, we combined a variety of methods: the Delphi method to analyse expert views and carry out the process of weighting indicators, mathematical and statistical processing of the evaluation results to obtain a comprehensive estimate of tourism development in Russian regions. We moved through four stages, namely: studying the local ecosystems and natural resources; examination of historical and cultural resources; studying the socioeconomic resources in the regions; evaluating the skills and competencies of regional tourist office staff. Using complex sustainability indicators, we attempted to ascertain, on the one hand, how the current state of the tourism industry in Russian regions affects the overall sustainability of regional development. As a result, we presented rankings of the Russian regions depending on their complex sustainability indicators. On the other hand, we attempted to confirm that the availability, implementation, and establishment of novel approaches determine the future possibilities for the growth and strengthening of regional tourism sustainability. We found that there is a need for pervasive integration of innovations into conventional management approaches, including digital instruments supporting successful regional tourism ecosystem development. Finally, we proposed a model of such an ecosystem as a component of an innovative hypercluster.

In Vitro Evaluation of Accuracy and Reliability of Tooth Shade Selection Using Different Digital Instruments.

Introduction Managing tooth shade is a significant challenge in aesthetic dentistry, especially for anterior restorations. Accurate shade assessment, combined with tailored treatment strategies and effective communication, is crucial. To improve the precision and reliability of aesthetic dental treatments, new shade-matching technologies have emerged. Current clinical methods for determining tooth shade utilize both visual assessments and instrumental techniques. The current study aimed to assess and compare the reliability and accuracy of four digital methods of tooth shade matching. Materials and methods This study utilized a 3D-printed resin upper arch model with tooth preparation done on tooth 11. An intraoral scanner was employed to scan and design the tooth, followed by the fabrication of 30 zirconia crowns using computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM). The assessment of shade matching involved four digital photometric methodologies (group 1: twin flash + digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera (DT), group 2: ring flash + DSLR camera (DR), group 3: smartphone camera (SMART), group 4: intraoral scanner (IOS)) with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIEL*a*b*) values determined through Adobe Photoshop transformation. Accuracy (ΔE) was calculated and a specific shade using Vitablocs Mark II 3D-Master served as the standard. CIEL*a*b* data (where L = lightness, a and b = chromaticity coordinates) from four cohorts were analyzed in SPSS 26.0 for reliability, with intraclass correlation. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation assessed reliability, while a one-sample t-test assessed accuracy, comparing values to clinical thresholds (p<0.05). Results The intraclass correlation revealed noteworthy variations in the L*, a*, and b* values, spanning from 0.730 to 0.994, 0.885 to 0.992, and 0.881 to 0.997, respectively. Intraoral scanners demonstrated high accuracy (ΔE = 5.8), while the SMART method showed the lowest precision (ΔE = 12.09). Twin flash with DSLR (TF+DSLR) and ring flash with DSLR (RF+DSLR) displayed comparable precision, with ΔE values of 10.90 and 10.97 respectively. Conclusion The smartphone exhibited the least precision, displaying notable discrepancies in all CIEL*a*b* metrics when compared to the manufacturer-specified shades. Conversely, the intraoral scanner demonstrated higher accuracy and reliability compared to the other groups, with no discernible variation in any of the CIEL*a*b* values from the manufacturer's standard.

Digital Rights to the City: Local Practices and Negotiations of Urban Space on Decidim

The organization, management, and production of urban space through digital information and communication technologies have become a central means for governing urban life. To overcome a lack of citizen-centered practices in today’s smart cities, governments and municipalities institutionalize citizen-centered digital infrastructures such as Decidim, a digital infrastructure proposing non-corporate, decentralized, and collaborative forms of digital production to evoke participatory governance practices and ultimately social transformation (Barandiaran et al., 2018). Swiss city administrations have adapted the Decidim platform for participatory budgeting processes and city-wide participation platforms since 2019. This article explores the process of institutional adoption, focusing on how the use of Decidim impacts local practices and negotiations for governing urban space. The examination of the Decidim platform in the Swiss cities of Zurich and Lucerne will be framed by re-conceptualizing Lefebvre’s right to the city in the age of digital transformation. The findings show that for a successful introduction of the Decidim platform based on principles of the right to the city (a) local needs for a new digital democratic instrument need to be pre-existent, (b) government employees must implement a scope of action which allows organized civil society and grassroots initiatives to appropriate the infrastructure for their own purposes, and (c) local practices of hybrid communication and organizing must be aligned with the structure of the platform. Nevertheless, digital participation tools such as Decidim cannot solve entrenched inequalities such as the financialization of land, the issue of disadvantaged neighborhoods, or the absence of voting rights for certain communities. Therefore, city administrations need to integrate hybrid participation strategies which prioritise collective power over distributive power as well as tackle urban inequalities through political means.

Digital Rupiah as a Proponent of Financial Inclusion: A Study of Legal Strengthening Aspects

The public’s need for a payment system that is fast and inexpensive but also secure, inspired Bank Indonesia to create a digital currency known as the Digital Rupiah. The basis for Bank Indonesia’s consideration of launching the Digital Rupiah is to carry out its mandate in the digital era in the form of legal digital payment instruments so that it can become a means of supporting financial innovation. However, the potential for Digital Rupiah as financing inclusion or exclusion is also a crucial matter that needs to be studied in more depth. This study uses a type of normative legal research with data sources through library research, which will analyze the potential for financial inclusion and exclusion and examine the strengthening of the Digital Rupiah from a legal perspective. The results of this study indicate that there is still potential for financial exclusion posed by Digital Rupiah, therefore a strategy is needed to open up opportunities for financial inclusion from Bank Indonesia, regulators, ministries, and other institutions in efforts to provide financial services to the wider communities. This also includes supporting greater digital economic and financial integration that are equitable and sustainable for all the people. The provisions for Digital Rupiah that have been embedded in the P2SK Law are still minimal because the provisions for managing them have not been fully explained. So it is necessary to strengthen the regulation of several aspects so that Digital Rupiah can become a financial inclusion requirement.&#x0D; Keywords: digital Rupiah, financial inclusion, legal reinforcement

Інструменти цифрової економіки в контексті підвищення ефективності діяльності промислових підприємств

Digital transformation is becoming an integral part of the development of industrial enterprises in the modern world. The phase of transition to the digital economy is expected not only to increase the productivity and efficiency of production processes, but also to open up new opportunities for development and a competitive position in the market. The inclusion of digital instruments in the activities of industrial enterprises can greatly facilitate management, improve product quality and ensure more efficient use of resources. The aim of the article is to study and analyze the instruments of the digital economy in the context of improving the efficiency of industrial enterprises. The article analyzes the definition of «digital economy» and provides the authors’ own definition of this term. The prospects for the introduction of the digital economy in the activities of industrial enterprises are determined, among which an increase in labor productivity, an increase in product quality parameters, a decrease in costs, an increase in the level of adaptation and the level of competitiveness are allocated. The main program document for the development of Industry 4.0 in Ukraine named «Strategy 4.0» is analyzed. The main instruments of the digital economy have been identified, which should include the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, data analytics, cloud technologies, digital platforms, and ecosystems. It is proved that the introduction of digital economy instruments in the activities of industrial enterprises creates prerequisites for optimizing production processes. The article also states that the process of introducing digital instruments into the activities of industrial enterprises creates prerequisites for certain challenges and threats, including the threat of cyberattacks, data security breaches, large investments in the transfer of knowledge and technology and, as a result, the need to upgrade production equipment to more modern, complex integration of new technologies into existing production processes. Therefore, the development of the digital economy at industrial enterprises can help increase their competitiveness and stability in the market. Ensuring that digital instruments are correctly selected, implemented, and optimized is an important task for enterprise management and staff in the era of digital transformation.

Новітні цифрові фінансові інструменти: сутність і перспективи використання при відбудові постраждалих територіальних громад України

The aim of the article is to reveal the essence and determine the prospects for attracting additional revenues to local budgets in the context of the development of creative industries and the use of the latest digital financial instruments for the reconstruction of the affected territorial communities of Ukraine in the post-war period. The article identifies the main creative forces of digital transformation of the economy, discloses the institutional essence of digital financial instruments, assesses the sources and preferential mechanisms for attracting financial resources for the reconstruction of the affected territorial communities in the post-war period, substantiates the role of local governments in the development of creative economy industries using the latest digital financial instruments. Based on the analysis of the impact of changes in the institutional structure of the space-time of the banking metaverse on the possibilities of financial support for the affected territorial communities, it is proved that the transformation of the metaverse is taking place from the quantitative growth of entertainment and distracting gaming technologies to qualitatively new creative socioeconomic dimensions, which are considered as a virtual integrated system associated with real life. It is proved that due to the combination of the properties of digital and financial instruments, the formation of the latest digital financial instruments takes place, which combine the characteristics of the previous ones, while being more effective in terms of the possibilities of their use, accessibility to the general public and profitability in the long run. Some forecast scenarios for the growth of the metaverse economy for the period up to 2032 have been developed. An estimate of the proportion and volume of the metaverse in the digital economy and global GDP for each of the scenarios is provided. It is emphasized that in modern conditions, the development of creative industries using the latest digital financial instruments is the most investment-attractive segment of investing assets in the medium and long term. Proposals on the need to apply stimulating norms of the current legislation to encourage representatives of local and foreign creative businesses to implement the latest digital solutions at the regional level in order to provide territorial communities with unique instant services for managing online funds of local budgets in hybrid space-time are substantiated. Prospect for further research in this direction is to update the normative framework for AI regulation in order to achieve a synergistic effect of innovation and singularity at the stage of reconstruction of the affected territorial communities of Ukraine in the post-war period.

Тенденції та моделі розвитку електронної торгівлі в умовах цифрової економіки

At the present stage of the rapid formation of the information space, there is a need to use the instruments of the digital economy. One such instrument is e-commerce. The aim of the article is to identify current trends and models of development of e-commerce in the context of digitalization. To achieve this goal, the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, expert surveys, statistical analysis, structural and logical generalization were used. The article examines trends and patterns of development of the world e-commerce market. The dynamics of the main indicators of activity of Ukrainian wholesale and retail trade enterprises, which use information and communication technologies, are analyzed. It is defined that in modern economic conditions it is expedient to develop and implement a digital strategy for managing the commercial activities of trade enterprises on the basis of the conception of interaction marketing, theories of networks and stakeholders, which should contain the following elements: use of information instruments and digital channels; formation of a qualitatively new culture of marketing communications (integration of digital channels of marketing communication into a single system); ways to improve the quality of customer service; creation of an omnichannel environment based on the integration of all digital channels, retail outlets and back-office into a single information space. The key trends that will influence the development of e-commerce in the digital economy include: personalization of products and communication through information technology; adaptive approach to interaction with consumers; building a business strategy for brands, advertising and marketing strategies using digital instruments; application of an integrated approach to the management of commercial activities; creation of a fundamentally new marketing structure (the emergence of specialists in consumer preferences and data processing); acquisition of skills in collecting large databases and using them; ensuring multi-channel practice in marketing communications; implementation of chatbots as one of the most effective ways to provide instant customer support; development of business models for the organization of electronic retail.

Acceptance of digital instruments in the accounting profession

The digital transition has affected and continues to affect all sectors of the economy. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many industries, including the accounting sector, to adopt digitization measures to maintain their activity during this restricted period. Innovative systems and advanced technologies thus became indispensable in the accounting profession, and despite its inability to replicate human intelligence, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was swiftly adopted for many accounting processes. The purpose of this study was to explore how the Romanian accounting profession accepted the digital instrument transformation. A deductive approach from the general to the particular was used to highlight the key aspects and their implications in the accounting profession. In addition, the technological acceptance model (TAM) was correlated with the external variables of the technology-organization-environment framework (TOE) to develop 13 hypotheses. A questionnaire was then applied, which validated 9 of these hypotheses. The research results indicated that the digital transition by the accounting profession in Romania is a complex process that is in a preliminary stage compared to that in European Union member states. This study has an inherent series of limitations, which can provide opportunities for future research in the field.

Fostering citizens’ engagement in smart city within digital era

Digital instruments, devices, and platforms are exerting a transformative influence on trends and dynamics within socio-economic assets. This evolution leads to the emergence of novel configurations, exemplified by the concept of Smart Cities. It is crucial to comprehend and effectively manage the associated challenges, risks, and opportunities to ensure the viability of socio-economic configurations. This necessitates a paradigm shift in managing and addressing the relationships that form the backbone of these configurations. Given the ongoing evolution in socio- economic landscapes, this paper zeroes in on the imperative to reassess established approaches to citizens’ engagement in Smart City within Digital Era. By centring attention on the domains of technology readiness and the digital gap, the paper introduces a conceptual model grounded in the interpretative framework provided by Viable Systems Approach. This model serves to delineate key pillars for reflection and action, guiding the exploration of new pathways and processes aimed at amplifying citizens’ engagement in Smart City within Digital Era.

Immediate effect of Anulom-Vilom Pranayama on cardiovascular parameters in medical students

Background: The demanding nature of medical education significantly increases stress levels among students, negatively impacting their overall well-being. Pranayama, a yogic breathing technique, shows promise in mitigating these adverse effects. This study investigates the immediate impact of Anulom Vilom pranayama on cardiovascular parameters in medical students. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the immediate impact of Anulom Vilom pranayama on heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 122 medical students aged 18–21 years, following approval from the institutional scientific and ethical committee. Cardiovascular parameters were measured before and after administering a 10-min Anulom Vilom pranayama session using a pulse oximeter and digital blood pressure instruments. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: The results showed significant reductions in HR (P &lt; 0.00001), SBP (P &lt; 0.00001), and rate pressure product (P &lt; 0.00001) after practicing Pranayama. However, DBP changes were insignificant (P = 0.7822). Conclusion: Anulom Vilom pranayama has an immediate beneficial effect on cardiovascular health in medical students. Incorporating such practices into medical education curricula may improve students’ well-being and academic performance.

Еволюція ролі та функцій комерційних банків в економічній системі: теоретико-історичний підхід

The aim of the article is to deepen and develop the scientific foundations of the evolution of the functions and role of commercial banks in the economic system through the transformation of the essence of banking activities and the emergence of new financial instruments in historical retrospective. The article summarizes scientific approaches to describing the evolution of the functions of commercial banks in historical retrospective; the essence of the transformation of banking activity due to growing risks and competition in financial markets is disclosed; an extended list of functions of commercial banks in today’s conditions is provided; the dynamics of the number of commercial banks in the leading countries of the world and countries with emerging markets is analyzed; tendencies and prospects for the development of banking and functions of commercial banks in the context of globalization of the economy and the introduction of novel digital financial instruments are substantiated. A functional analysis of the role and importance of commercial banks in the economic system for the period from the 16th century AD to the present is carried out. It is emphasized that in modern conditions banks are turning into institutions for servicing speculative flows. At the same time, the main function of commercial banks – lending to the real sector of the economy – begins to fade into the background due to low profitability. The essence of banking activity and features of new functions of banks over the past 25 years are disclosed. It is emphasized that computerization and financial innovations have significantly changed the ways of functioning of commercial banks. These processes made it possible to introduce new forms of service and types of banking products, improve bank management, collect and process large amounts of statistical information, and expand the scope of activities of large banks beyond national borders. It is proved that the timeliness and continuity of saturation of the economy with monetary resources is influenced not only by the number of commercial banks, but also by the mechanism for ensuring solvency and effective redistribution of cash flows between owners of funds and recipients of credit resources – both individual banks and the banking system as a whole. Proposals on the role and importance of commercial banks for the economy, based on their ability to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the economic system, have been substantiated. The essence of the transformation function of banks is that, transforming the space, size, terms, risks, illiquid assets into liquid liabilities, liquidity, purchasing power, information, banks play an important role in the State, as it allows to reduce risks in the economic system and social costs. Prospect for further research in this direction is to determine the impact of transformation of the role and functions of commercial banks on the macro-financial stability of the State and global financial markets.

Geodetic control of the technical condition of buildings

Problems related to ensuring the control of the state of cultural heritage objects have existed for a long time. Their solution requires timely monitoring and consideration of effective algorithms for collecting and processing information. The object of the study is a building that has the status of an architectural heritage monument. The article describes the result of a study that was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the instrumental geodetic method in assessing the technical condition of architectural heritage monuments. The research methods evaluated in the work were: determination of vertical movements of the foundation of the building and determination of the deformation characteristics of the building. Modern digital geodetic instruments were used in the implementation of this method. The purpose of the study is to analyze the application of the instrumental geodetic method as one of the main methods in assessing the technical condition of architectural heritage monuments. The instrumental geodetic method described in the article was based on empirical data obtained from direct geodetic measurements, conclusions are drawn about the technical condition of the monument. As a result of the research, it was found that the building has cracks, as well as the uneven nature of the foundation precipitation. At the end of the article, the authors were convinced of the need to use geodetic methods to assess the geometric parameters of buildings, gave recommendations for assessing the technical condition of architectural heritage monuments, and also described measures to preserve them.