Differential Scanning Colorimetry Research Articles

Nutritive value of feed substrate waste from black soldier fly larvae production, and its potential as an aquafeed ingredient

Abstract Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) are an alternative source of protein whereas little research has yet been conducted to investigate the potential application of feed substrate waste (FSW) from larval production in aquaculture. The nutritive value and physicochemical properties of FSW from BSFL were here investigated in vitro. Ten-day-old first-instar larvae were cultivated on two feed substrates: laying hen feed (FS I) or a laying hen feed-rice bran blend (1:1 w/w, FS II). FSW samples were collected at day 4.5 (0.5FSW) and day 9 (1FSW) of larval rearing, and compared to the original feed substrate (0FSW). Crude protein increased depending on FS type, harvesting time (HT), and their interaction. Crude lipid, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, crude ash, nitrogen-free extract, and gross energy decreased (). Analysis of the physicochemical properties of FSW by various techniques (scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in FSW, driven by biological processes of BSFL. The digestibility of protein in FSW was determined by an in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) test using crude digestive enzyme extracts from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). 1FSW from FS I showed significantly better availability of protein relative to 0.5FSW (), while the IVPD of FSW from FS II was stable () or reduced (). Findings from this study suggest FSW from BSFL cultivation could be a protein source in aquafeed.

Spectroscopic analysis, quantum computational, and molecular docking investigations on the crystalline salt of 4-phenyl sulfanyl butanoic acid and piperazine with enhanced cytotoxic activity

In this investigation, the target crystalline salt was synthesized by combining 4-phenyl sulfanyl butanoic acid (PSBA) and piperazine (PZ). The process encompassed experimental methodologies, such as Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD),Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR),Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Colorimetry (TGA-DSC), as well as theoretical analyses of the synthesized compound.The crystalline salt was successfully synthesized via the solvent evaporation method at room temperature.PZ-PSBA has an orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca and unit cell parameters a = 7.4357(10)Å, b = 9.4853(12)Å, c = 34.299(5), and α=β=γ=90°. We employed the B3LYP functional with 6–311++G (d, p) as a basis set to geometrically optimize the molecular structure using Density Functional Theory (DFT).The synthesized material inhibits the human colon cancer cell line HT-29, the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, and the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45, with substantial biological effects that have been demonstrated to be effective. According to in vitro and in sillico anticancer studies, PZ-PSBA has better activity against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and in bioinformatics analysis. PZ-PSBA suppressed pathogenic strains better than its parent chemical and can thus be suggested for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Single-Crystal X-ray Structures of Refractory Metal Compounds as Precursors for the Single-Source Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Nitrides.

The chemical vapor deposition of refractory metal nitrides requires volatile precursors and has previously been achieved by using metal complexes containing a variety of imide ligands. Recently, the 1,4-di-tert-butyl-1,3-diazabutadiene (DAD) adduct of bis(tert-butylimide)dichloridemolybdenum(VI) was shown to be an excellent precursor for the single-source CVD of Mo2N thin films. Leveraging the success of this work, we prepared chromium and tungsten compounds with the same framework. Additionally, the framework has been modified slightly to allow the isolation of mono(tert-butylimide)trichloride complexes of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, and molybdenum(V) to extend the search for new vapor-phase precursors. These compounds were all fully characterized using the standard methods of multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, combustion analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their thermal properties were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning colorimetry to assess their utility as vapor-phase precursors. Finally, preliminary deposition studies were carried out to investigate their potential as single-source CVD precursors.

The role of synbiotics in Alzheimer`s management

AbstractBackgroundQuercetin and Lactobacillus Brevis were used in the development of S‐SNEDDS for their antiinflammaging effect in Alzheimer`s diseaseMethodThe isotropic mixture was prepared by incorporating Capmul MCM, Tween 80 and Transcutol P as oil, surfactant and co surfactant phases respectively. Quercetin was then added. The probiotic mixture was selected as a solid carrier and drug loading was calculated. The droplet size and zeta potential was also determined. The formulation was also assessed for differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), powder x ray diffraction studies (PXRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy studies (FESEM). Stability studies of the developed formulation was also carried out. Alzheimer’s disease was induced in rats by the use of aluminum chloride (100mg/kg) after taking necessary permission from the institution animal ethical committee. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess the animals 48 hours following the last treatment. Utilizing marketed ELISA kits, the concentrations of TNF, IL‐1, and IL‐6 were determined.ResultQuercetin was solubilized in the isotropic mixture. The drug loading was found to be 93.4±0.75% for the liquid SNEDDS (QUE‐L‐SNEDDS) formulation. The droplet size of QUE‐L‐SNEDDS was found to be 73.24±1.45nm and had a zeta potential of ‐23.21±1.34 mV. Whereas, the solid SNEDDS (QUE‐LB‐S‐SNEDDS) was found to be 74.56±1.23 nm and had a zeta potential of ‐21.43 mV, respectively. This indicated that there was no change in the L‐SNEDDS and S‐SNEDDS formulation. Further, the amorphous nature of quercetin was confirmed by the DSC, PXRD and FESEM studies. Aluminum chloride was successful in inducing Alzheimer`s disease in the rats. Impaired learning and memory impairments, increased short‐term memory loss, and decreased locomotor activity were all observed in the negative controls. The developed formulation was successful in reversing the inflammatory effects of Alzheimer’s disease.ConclusionThe present study reveals that Quercetin and Lactobacillus Brevis can be used as a symbiotic combination as well as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammation related to Alzheimer’s disease. The results reveal an interesting outcome at the preclinical level and warrants future studies aimed at other plant based polyphenolic compounds especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Development and evaluation of buspirone hyrdochloride loaded transdermal patch using natural polymers

The purpose of this present study was to design and develop a Buspirone hydrochloride loaded matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) with four natural gum polymers such as Guar gum, Gellan gum, Xanthan gum, Karaya gum. A total of twelve batch of matrix patches were formulated with above stated polymers and other excipient like Glycerin, Propylene glycol (PG), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizer. These all batches were characterized by evaluation parameters which including drug content, flatness, thickness, uniformity of weight, folding endurance, moisture content, moisture uptake and to determine the amount of Buspirone hydrochloride present in the matrix of patches in vitro dissolution study of all twelve formulations were performed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique and Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) carried out to determine interaction between Buspirone HCl and excipients which are present in patch. Permeation study of patch of Buspirone HCl was performed in Franz's diffusion cell to evaluate In-vitro skin permeation and it was found that batch G3 shows 98.89% permeability. After evaluating all batches and based on results which are obtained characterization and In-Vitro dissolution it was concluded that patches containing natural polymers are not showing any interaction and better release study.

Refining mechanism for TiN and solidification structure through a nucleating chain in magnesium-yttrium-treated ultrapure ferritic stainless steel

To investigate the refining phenomena of TiN inclusion and macro-/microstructure through heterogeneous nucleation of δ-Fe at TiN encapsulating oxide during solidification in ultrapure ferritic stainless steel, five samples were prepared, denoted as the initial, low-yttrium-treated, moderate-yttrium-treated, high-yttrium-treated, and magnesium-yttrium-treated samples. Based on the results of TiN inclusions, the minimum value of the average size (2.61 μm) and the maximum value of the number density (346.70 mm−2) were observed after magnesium-yttrium (Mg–Y) treatment. Combined with the mechanism analysis, these results reveal that the TiN can be refined because of the following three reasons: (ⅰ) the pure oxides, possessing low planar and/or linear disregistry with TiN; (ⅱ) the complex oxides, including the phase, which possesses extremely low disregistry with TiN; and/or (ⅲ) the increasing number of the oxides. By comparison, finer macrostructures were yielded with the addition of Y-/Mg–Y-based modifiers because of the decreasing nucleation barrier, and the finest macrostructure with equiaxed grain ratio of 100% and average grain size of 1.099 mm was observed in the Mg–Y-treated sample. Coupled with the results of TiN inclusions, therefore, the refining efficiency of macrostructure increases with the number of TiN. Referring to the results of differential scanning colorimetry, a general rule of solidification for metallic materials has been revealed. In addition, the in-situ nucleation-growth of δ-Fe was observed using high temperature laser confocal microscopy, and the microstructures were refined after Y/Mg–Y treatment. Eventually, the interfacial wetting-lattice mismatch heterogeneous nucleation model is successfully applied to evaluate the refining phenomenon of macro-/microstructures.

Fabrication, design, and in vivo investigation of mesoporous silica-based docetaxel trihydrate nanoparticles for colonic drug delivery

BackgroundMesoporous silica-loaded docetaxel trihydrate nanoparticles are the potential to target drug delivery toward a specific region with high stability and predictable release at the target region. They have large surface areas and mesoporous structures with large pore volumes, leading to high bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy at the disease site. This study demonstrates how nanoparticles can be prepared using an emulsion technique.ResultsThe ratios of eudragit S100 to eudragit L100 polymers, along with phosphatidylcholine, were varied according to the response surface methodology. Differential scanning colorimetry and fluorinated transmitted infrared spectroscopy studies showed that mesoporous silica particles were successful. All formulations had average particle sizes ranging from 70.65 to 143.01 nm, with a range of zeta potential from 17.6 ± 026 to 21 ± 011. In vitro drug delivery studies were achieved for all formulations with a zeta potential of 17.6 ± 026 to 21 ± 011. As per the statistical optimization by RSM that response model for percentage drug loading (Y1) was found to be 0.0002 which is p-value < 0.05. Hence, the model is significance. Accordingly percentage drug release at 6 h. (Y2) p-value was found to be 0.0001 and percentage drug release at 10 h (Y3) p-value was found to be 0.0002, respectively. So all the models are significant. After oral administration of the docetaxel, plasma levels were measured in vivo bioavailability testing of docetaxel. Docetaxel nanosuspension had a significantly higher Cmax amount than docetaxel microsuspension (98.03 ± 23.40 ng/ml and 213.67 ± 72.21 ng/ml, respectively, with tmax 45 min). Docetaxel was more bioavailable in nanosuspension formulations, according to a bioavailability test of rats.ConclusionThe results suggested that the mesoporous silica could be a great potential nanocarrier in colonic delivery with optimal drug content and controlled release docetaxel trihydrate.

Thermal and Colorimetric Parameter Evaluation of Thermally Aged Materials: A Study of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A/Triethylenetetramine System and Fique Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites.

The main modifications of thermal and colorimetric parameters after thermal aging of DGEBA/TETA system (plain epoxy) and fique-fiber woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites are described. As a preliminary study, thermal analysis was carried out on epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 15, 30, 40 and 50% fique-fiber woven fabric. After this previous analysis, the 40% composite was chosen to be thermally aged, at 170 °C. Three exposure times were considered, namely, 0, 72, 120 and 240 h. Samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and colorimetry analysis. Significant color changes were observed after thermal aging combined with oxidation. It was also found that the thermal behavior of the plain epoxy showed greater resistance after thermal exposure. By contrast, the composites were more sensitive to temperature variations as a result of thermal stresses induced between fique fibers and the epoxy matrix.

Solubility enhancement and evaluation of Cilnidipine using solid Dispersion techniques

The poor solubility of Cilnidipine leads to low bioavailability and limits its therapeutic efficacy. To develop a dosage form that is stable, effective and has a higher bioavailability. It is necessary to increase the solubility of such medications. The present study aimed to improve the solubility by solid dispersion technique of Cilnidipine by solid dispersion techniques. Solvent evaporation and melt fusion methods were used to prepare solid dispersions of the drug cilnidipine with various polymers. The solubility of these prepared solid dispersions was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Colorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The greatest solubility, of 21.07 µg/mL, was found in the solid dispersion that was developed by solvent evaporation technique employing a combination of Cilnidipine and Poloxamer 188 in a 1:9 ratio. The current investigation showed that solid dispersion using Poloxamer 188 can be a potentially effective method to increase the solubility and rate of dissolution of cilnidipine.

SPRAY-DRIED CHITOSAN MICROSPHERES FOR SUSTAINED DELIVERY OF TRIFLUOPERAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE: FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION

Objective: Sustained release systems have the potential to enhance the therapeutic responses in the long-term management of psychiatric disorders. In the present study, cross-linked microspheres of the antipsychotic drug Trifluoperazine (TFP) were prepared using biodegradable polymer-chitosan and various in vitro evaluations were performed on the prepared microspheres. Methods: The spray drying technique was used to prepare TFP-loaded chitosan microspheres. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) was incorporated into the chitosan solutions as a cross-linking agent in varying concentrations. Different evaluations like production yield, encapsulation efficiency, drug-polymer compatibility, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), particle size, zeta potential analysis and in vitro drug release studies were performed on the developed formulations. Results: The formulated microparticles exhibited production yields ranging from 38.51 to 57.21% and had reasonably good encapsulation efficiencies (54.52-78.35%). The drug excipient compatibility was confirmed by Infrared Spectroscopy. All the microspheres showed positive zeta potential with a mean diameter ranging from 1.45-3.61µ. SEM images revealed the formation of spherical particles with indentations on the surface. XRD and DSC studies confirmed the presence of an amorphous form of the drug inside the microspheres. The in vitro release profile of TFP from cross-linked chitosan microspheres was influenced considerably by changing the concentration of polymer and crosslinking agent in the formulation. The drug release from (0.5%) chitosan microspheres reduced from 91% to 79%, when TPP concentration was increased from 10% w/w to 30% w/w. All the formulations clearly showed a burst release of the drug in the initial hours and a subsequent sustained release profile. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that TPP crosslinked spray-dried chitosan microparticles could be a promising method for developing a long-acting drug delivery system intended to effectively treat schizophrenia.

ТЕРМООКИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ПРОТОНООБМЕННЫХ МЕМБРАН НА ОСНОВЕ СОПОЛИМЕРОВ СТИРОЛСУЛЬФОКИСЛОТЫ И N-ВИНИЛИМИДАЗОЛА

The differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) thermooxidative stability of new copolymers of styrene-sulfonic acid and N-vinylimidazole obtained by radical copolymerization in a DMF solution in an argon atmosphere has been studied

Preliminary study of degradation of a pNaSS-grafted PCL scaffold in synthetic media: a potential candidate patch for early intrauterine cover-age of myelomeningoceles

We present an electrospun polycaprolactone membrane engrafted with bioactive polymers (pNaSS), designed as a candidate patch for intrauterine coverage of fetal myelomeningoceles, early in pregnancy. The biodegradation of the patch was studied over 90 days in different media (0.15 M NaCl, 1.5 M NaCl solution, PBS and 2% urea), approaching the composition of amniotic fluid. The stability of the electrospun membranes and of the polymer grafting was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, colorimetry and permeability test. The results show a degradation of the membrane after 90 days in 0.15 M NaCl solution in terms of morphology but in terms of grafting a decrease of grafting degree was shown in urea solution. Despite morphology and grafting degree analysis showed a beginning of degradation after 90 days in different media, the membrane remained watertight at 90 days with all media. This preliminary study shows the structural integrity of the membranes and stability of the grafting onto PCL scaffolds.

Enhancement of Intrinsic Temperature Reduction for Plasma Surface-Modified Nanoparticle-Doped Low-Density Polyethylene Films

The cooling performance of nanoparticle (NP)-doped radiative cooling materials depends on the dispersion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. However, it is a technical challenge to suppress agglomeration of NPs due to their high surface energy, resulting in poor dispersion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. In order to optimize the dispersion of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs in low-density polyethylene (LDPE), NPs were treated with atmospheric pressure plasmas for 30, 60 and 90 s. The ZnO NPs were dispersed in LDPE using a xylene solution method. The dispersion of the NPs was progressively improved as the plasma-treatment time increased, likely due to the roughened and perhaps also activated NP surfaces by the plasma treatment. This made the transmittances of the films decrease in the solar-radiation band and absorptivity increased monotonically in the high-energy band as the plasma-treatment time increased, while in the mid-infrared band, the films maintained a similar high transmittance to the untreated sample. The differential scanning colorimetry analysis revealed that the crystallinities of the plasma-treated NP-doped samples were similar to those of the untreated sample. The cooling-performance tests showed that the maximum temperature reductions of the films with NP plasma-treated for 0 s, 30 s, 60 s and 90 s were 6.82, 7.90, 9.34 and 10.34 °C, respectively, corresponded to the intrinsic temperature reductions of 7.27, 8.23, 10.54, and 11.40 °C, respectively, when calculated using Cui’s Model. The results of the current study show that a simple one-step atmospheric pressure plasma treatment to the ZnO NPs can indeed improve dispersion of the NPs in LDPE and lead to the greatly improved passive-cooling performance of the film.

Модель формування пористості брикетів губчастого титану на стадії спікання

This article examines the peculiarities of the formation of interparticle connections in porous products based on titanium powders using sponge titanium as an example, which are used in the aviation industry and airfield management. The developed model is based on the results of a previous study, where the structure of cuboctahedral and inverse cuboctahedral clusters of packing spherical powder particles was determined at the most dense packing. During the study, a model of the fusion of particles at the points of pressing deformation due to recrystallization under the influence of high temperatures in a vacuum was developed. 4 main stages of powder briquette sintering were considered, and a mathematical model was developed for each of them. Thus, the stage of liquid evaporation is considered from the viewpoint of the cavitation effect of boiling on the surface of particles and boiling of plasticizers. Euler's film boiling formula was used to describe the forces acting on the particle surface; Tolubinsky's formula was used for bubble boiling; convective heat exchange was considered part of the final stage of sintering. The stage of the formation of metallic bonds is modeled on the basis of the results of practical studies in the REV 5.5 furnace, recrystallization based on differential scanning colorimetry on the NETZSCH STA 449F1 Proteus device, and determining the change in grain size according to the E19 ASTM scales using the Jeffers method. The diffusion stage is modeled on the basis of the approximation of the particle deformation model in the contact zones at the pressing stage using the Frenkel formula. Linear shrinkage is modeled based on direct measurement of sample sizes before and after sintering. The developed model has a certain versatility when applied to simulate the interaction of particles of metal powders under the conditions of the formation of porous briquettes, especially if the shape of the particles is close to round or spongy. The obtained result will make it possible to more accurately evaluate such a factor as the adhesion between the particles of the pressing and predict the tensile strength of the material. Additionally, due to the mathematical characterization of the peculiarities of the formation of corpuscular porosity under the conditions of sintering in a vacuum, we can design materials with differentiated porosity, as well as lay the foundations for powder 3D printing of such materials, by assembling grain by grain, or layer by layer with the adjustment of the force of particle compression one into the other.

Phenolic content and oxidative stability of chocolates produced with roasted and unroasted cocoa beans.

The aim of this study was to produce chocolate using roasted (RB) and unroasted cocoa beans (URB). The effect of roasting on the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) values], phenolic compounds, caffeine, oxidative stability [free fatty acid, peroxide, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) analysis of both cocoa beans and chocolate samples were analyzed. According to the results, the TPC of URB (24.96 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample) was higher than roasted beans (21.32 mg GAE/g sample). Similar results were also seen in the TPC of chocolate samples. Although roasting did not affect the DPPH scavenging activity and caffeine content of cocoa beans, it decreased FRAP and CUPRAC values. (-)-Epicatechin and chlorogenic acid values were higher in unroasted bean and chocolate samples, but the amount of gallic acid increased with the roasting process. Free fatty acid, peroxide, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, and TBARS results of unroasted samples were lower than roasted ones, indicating better oxidative stability. The melting temperatures of cocoa beans changed with roasting while it was similar between chocolate samples. Composition of the beans and the chocolate samples were qualitatively determined with FTIR.

Synthesis of polyurea nanocomposite from industrial waste lignin: Classical curing of isocyanate by lignin-polyamine

Polyurea is an important class of polymer obtained through curing of the isocyanate and polyamine. Here lignin amine processed successive three-step reactions for the synthesis of nanostructure polyurea composite. Further the competence nature is found out by combining different lignin-polyamine with various di-isocyanate. In the first step, lignin was reacted with tosyl-chloride which modified the hydroxy function of lignin as a good leaving group. This reaction for tosylated lignin (Lignin-OTs) has 80% yield. Further lignin-OTs was reacted with four different polyamines replaced tosyl functional group by amine gives aminated lignin. Eventually, a classical reaction of aminated lignin and three different di-isocyanate yield a polyurea composite. A series of changes from lignin to its tosylation eventually to polyurea composite was pursued by the change in the functional group of lignin. The tosylated lignin was confirmed by IR absorption of the C-O peak at 1190 and 1365 cm−1 and invisible peak absorption at 3500 cm−1. The aminated lignin was confirmed by IR absorption at 3120 and 3430 cm−1 for –NH. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the product's thermal characteristics. Complete structural morphology of nanostructure lignin-polyurea composite was investigated by X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM and EDX.

Analysis of coffee thermophysical changes during roasting using differential scanning colorimetry

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation of dependency between physical green coffee beans characteristics and thermal effects during roasting. In this work was analyzed coffee roasting process, used differential scanning colorimetry able to describe thermophysical processes inside a coffee bean during the roasting process was developed. For the analysis of thermophysical effects inside the coffee bean were explored six samples of coffee beans with different origins. The scanning colorimetry data obtained showed differences in thermal effects, the transition from an endothermic process to an exothermic one, as well as the amount of heat required for the roasting process. The analyzed humidity and density curves were then compared with the observed data. The analysis showed a direct dependency between the physical characteristics of the grain and the thermal effects during the roasting process. The present study concludes that green coffee with different properties requires the use of different strategies for the use of energy to obtain a quality product.

Highly Cross-Linked butene grafted poly (Vinyl Alcohol)–co-Vinyl pyridine based anion exchange membrane for improved acid recovery and desalination efficiency

Water treatment and waste acid reclamation are important in present situation due to huge industrialization. Different processes are available for the water treatment and waste treatment. Ion exchange membranes based electrodialysis (ED) and diffusion dialysis (DD) are attracted by the researchers since last decade due to its simplicity and economical operation. Acid reclamation by diffusion dialysis has been gained huge attention due to their absolute selectivity and energy less process. Here, we report the synthesis of efficient anion exchange membrane (AEM) by free radical co-polymerization of butene grafted poly (vinyl alcohol) and 4-vinyl pyridine followed by in-situ quaternization and cross-linking. Different amount 4-vinyl pyridine was chosen for the membrane preparation, and its impact on physiochemical and electrochemical properties has been studied. Structural and chemical characterisation of the membranes were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), while surface-phase morphology was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermo-mechanical properties of prepared membranes were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and universal testing machine (UTM) analysis. The cross-linked PVA-x membranes showed high acidic stability as well as good antioxidation property. The synthesized membranes were studied for their salt removal performance by electrodialysis and acid recovery by diffusion dialysis. The optimised membrane (PVA-0.8) shows 0.90 kWh kg−1 energy consumption and 93.49 % current efficiency during salt removal from brackish water using electrodialysis. All cross-linked PVA-x membranes have diffusion coefficient of acid are in the range of 0.0556–0.0716 mh−1 and separation factor values are between the 79.51 to 91.33 at 25 °C, which comparable to commercial DF-120B membrane. This result shows that the prepared cross-linked AEMs may be a good candidate for the electrochemical applications.

Cationic biopolymer decorated Asiatic Acid and Centella asiatica extract incorporated liposomes for treating early-stage Alzheimer's disease: An In-vitro and In-vivo investigation.

Background:Asiatic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid derivative of Centella asiatica (CA) with neuroprotective effect.The study aimed to design an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and develop chitosan-embedded liposomes comprising an extract of CA (CLCAE) and compare them with the chitosan-coated liposomes of asiatic acid (CLAA) for oral delivery to treat the initial phases of AD. Methods:The solvent evaporation technique was used to develop CLCAE and CLAA, optimised with the experiment's design, and was further evaluated. Results:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies confirmed coating with chitosan. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the successful formation of CLCAE and CLAA. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) confirmed the drug-phospholipid complex. Furthermore, the rate of in vitrorelease of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 69.43±0.3 % and 85.3±0.3 %, respectively, in 24 h. Ex vivopermeation of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 48±0.3 % and 78±0.3 %, respectively. In the Alcl3-induced AD model in rats, disease progression was confirmed by Y-maze, the preliminary histopathology evaluation showed significantly higher efficacy of the prepared liposomes (CLCAE and CLAA) compared to the Centella asiatica extract (CAE) and they were found to have equivalent efficacy to the standard drug (rivastigmine tartrate). The considerable increase in pharmacodynamic parameters in terms of neuronal count in the CLAA group indicated the protective role against Alcl3 toxicity and was also confirmed by assessing acetylcholine (Ach) levels. The pharmacokinetic study, such as C max, T max, and area under curve (AUC) parameters, proved an increase in AA bioavailability in the form of CLAA compared to the pure AA and CLCAE forms. Conclusion:The preclinical study suggested that CLAA was found to have better stability and an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat AD.

STEP TOWORDS THE FORMULATION OF INJECTABLE HYDROGEL: PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF TERIFLUNOMIDE

Purpose: The aim of formulation of this hydrogel is to treat the osteoarthritis which is one of the common inflammatory autoimmune disorders of joints. The use of conventional drugs like NSAIDs having various side effects.&#x0D; The aim of our research was to develop a formulation of injectable hydrogel containing teriflunomide. This study will be helps us for the development of stable, robust and therapeutically effective dosage form.&#x0D; Method: Solubility of Teriflunomaide was determined by using various solvents. By using infrared spectrum and absorption maxima the purity of sample was checked. With the help of UV spectrophotometer standard UV curve was developed. Drug excipients compatibility studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, partition coefficient and also short term drug solution stability studies were performed.&#x0D; Result: Teriflunomide is soluble in methanol &amp; 0.1 N NaOH on the other hand poorly soluble in distilled water, phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCl. Absorption maxima was observed at 292nm and infrared spectrum was showing the characteristic peaks. The standard curve obtained was linear with correlation coefficient below 1. Log P value obtained at 2.78 it confirms that teriflunomide is having both hydrophilic &amp; hydrophobic nature. After the entire short term stability studies drug was found to be stable in short term stability studies.&#x0D; Conclusion: The studies like melting point, FTIR etc suggested that drug selected for the formulation was found to be pure. Partition coefficient values suggested that it is having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Results obtained from short term stability studies were suggested that drug is stable showing no degradation on phosphate buffer which confirmed by no shift of λ max.