Different Types Of Relationships Research Articles

The Relationship Between Neuroticism Facets, Conscientiousness, and Human Attachment to Pet Cats

ABSTRACTGaining knowledge about the diverse correlates of human–pet attachment will help us better understand the nature of this bond. Previous research found that the personality dimensions of neuroticism and conscientiousness positively predicted human attachment to multiple types of pets. To address a literature gap, the current study focused on people’s attachments to cats. We had two primary goals: first, to replicate earlier findings of associations between neuroticism, conscientiousness, and three attachment variables: attachment anxiety (one’s sense of worthiness of love), attachment avoidance (one’s sense of trustworthiness of the attachment figure), and general attachment to a pet; and second, we assessed how neuroticism facets (anger, anxiety, depression, immoderation, self-consciousness, vulnerability) are individually related to attachment to cats. Participants (n = 1,239) completed an online survey including the Pet Attachment Questionnaire, the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, and items from the International Personality Item Pool and the Big Five Inventory. Neuroticism, conscientiousness, and facet level anxiety were negative predictors of attachment avoidance and positive predictors of general attachment. Attachment anxiety toward cats was moderately associated with all neuroticism facets. From these results, incorporating findings from past research on human relationships, we compared associations between neuroticism facets and attachment for three different types of relationships: romantic, friendship, and human–cat. Associations between neuroticism facets and the view of one’s worthiness of love (attachment anxiety) were similar across the different relationship types, but the association between neuroticism facets and attachment avoidance depended on the type of relationship (romantic, friendship, or human–cat). Conscientiousness may be a helpful trait in pet owners. Future research could investigate relations between measures of attachment and actual behavior toward pet cats and between neuroticism facets and attachment to other pets, such as dogs.

Environmental Education and Management: Exclusive, Inclusive, and Indigenous Doctrines

Environmental education of the population is an important part of environmental management. Environmental education is necessary not only for entities directly involved in the processes of nature protection (environmental performance) and in processes harmful to nature (use and processing of resources and waste management of industrial technical and agricultural production and domestic consumption of production products). It is necessary for all people, including as subjects included in different types of relationships and in various systems as direct participants in environmental protection measures and/or victims of natural disasters, as stakeholders and as representatives of indigenous cultures, etc. In Russia an exclusive doctrine has been established nature conservation: the leading role was played by states that determine the forms of protection and exploitation of natural resources, the development and compliance with environmental standards, and the requirements for environmental education of the population. Other model is in addition to the system of national parks and other protected areas, indigenous community protected areas are formed and developed. Thus, not only the doctrine of an isolating type (care of nature is the concern of the state, not of man) is popular here, but also the indigenous, participatory doctrine (“live on your land - study it and take care of it”). This model assumes a systemic, multi-level and multicomponent interaction of subjects of various types, relatively clearer than in the first case, ideas about personal, group and organizational responsibility in the field of nature protection. In the intermediate phase of the transition from one doctrine to another, there is an inclusive model. The basic principle is everyone cares about everything. In this case, the search for productive and effective management systems and the development of the ecological culture of individuals, groups and organizations is usually observed.

Which women (don’t) leave and which men (don’t) stay? Gender and the diversity of forms and the temporality of contemporary intimate relationships

The article focuses on relationship experiences in the light of the diversity of relationship forms, relationship length and the attitude of partners to relationship permanence. The conceptual framework was determined by the sociotemporal perspective, and the analysis was carried out with reference to concepts employed in the fields of the sociology of the family, the sociology of intimacy, the sociology of gender and the sociology of time. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics of women and men and their relationship experiences, the diversity of relationship forms and their length, as well as their readiness to stay in a relationship or leave in a crisis situation. The research was carried out using the diagnostic survey method on a representative sample of adult Poles in January 2018. Gender has been shown to differentiate the length of relationship and the attitudes to relationship permanence. It was found that women stay in shorter relationships more often than men. It was also found that the experiences of women with different types of relationships are more diverse when linked to their social status than the experiences of men. Four types of orientation to the (im)permanence of relationships were identified. It was established that men’s readiness to leave depends on their age, education and self-assessment of their financial situation, whereas women’s decision to leave depends on their age, education and socio-occupational category.

Enhancing transport properties in interconnected systems without altering their structure

Units of complex systems -- such as neurons in the brain or individuals in societies -- must communicate efficiently to function properly: e.g., allowing electrochemical signals to travel quickly among functionally connected neuronal areas in the human brain, or allowing for fast navigation of humans and goods in complex transportation landscapes. The coexistence of different types of relationships among the units, entailing a multilayer represention in which types are considered as networks encoded by layers, plays an important role in the quality of information exchange among them. While altering the structure of such systems -- e.g., by physically adding (or removing) units, connections or layers -- might be costly, coupling the dynamics of subset(s) of layers in a way that reduces the number of redundant diffusion pathways across the multilayer system, can potentially accelerate the overall information flow. To this aim, we introduce a framework for functional reducibility which allow us to enhance transport phenomena in multilayer systems by coupling layers together with respect to dynamics rather than structure. Mathematically, the optimal configuration is obtained by maximizing the deviation of system's entropy from the limit of free and non-interacting layers. Our results provide a transparent procedure to reduce diffusion time and optimize non-compact search processes in empirical multilayer systems, without the cost of altering the underlying structure.

Event participation and advocacy: assessing the role of affective commitment and perceived benefits

ABSTRACTThe authors attempted to explain why the generally accepted models built on social exchange theory do not sufficiently capture these supporting behaviors. The authors used two types of perceived benefits (personal and community) and examined their direct and interaction effects on event affective commitment and advocacy. Of approximately 23,000 registered attendees of a recurring community running event, 1,897 participated in a web-based survey. This study used 528 responses from residents who participated in a marathon running program. The authors emphasize the importance of reflecting on different types of relationships (exchange and communal relationships) in understanding supporting behaviors.

Method to Improve the Effectiveness of Community-Based Participatory Research Projects: A Social Network Approach.

To successfully complete a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project, different types of relationships and different degrees of stakeholder investment are required, depending on context. We propose a method that will help assess relational connectivity and investment in many types of CBPR structures. Using data from a CBPR project, a network method is examined to test its effectiveness in identifying the CBPR project's strengths and weaknesses. A social network method is proposed to increase CBPR effectiveness. This involves constructing various social networks related to the CBPR project: a current network, preferred networks for each collaborative stakeholder, and a projected network. These measure the state of the current network and provide a roadmap-via the stakeholder and projected networks-to what we believe may be an ideal CBPR network structure. Analyses indicated areas of the network where improvements could be made to expand collaboration. Network analysis revealed differing views of the preferred social network from various subgroups, indicating where modification of ties and perspectives of stakeholders could improve the collaboration. This social network method promotes analysis of CBPR factors and provides information for changes designed to improve CBPR collaborations and potentially lead to better outcomes.

РОЛЬ ВЗАЄМОВІДНОСИН З МАТІР’Ю В ДИТИНСТВІ У ФОРМУВАННІ СТАВЛЕННЯ ЖІНКИ ДО ВЛАСНОГО МАТЕРИНСТВА

The article is devoted to the study of such an important psychological phenomenon as an attitude of women to their own motherhood. It is summarizes the study of the problem of motherhood in psychological science in general. The article analyzes the problem of the influence of the relationship with the mother in childhood on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood in adult age. It is illuminates views of foreign and national researchers on the study of this phenomenon, as well as the essence of different areas of research on this phenomenon. Based on the theoretical analysis of the literature on this topic, the concept of "motherhood", its content and psychological essence is studied. Cultural-historical, biological, physiological and psychological aspects to the study of motherhood are singled out. The main content of scientific views on the formation of the phenomenon of motherhood is generalized. The main factors influencing the development of a woman's maternal sphere and the formation of the attitude to one's own motherhood are analyzed and considered. The content of such basic concepts as "mother's image" and "maternal relations" is revealed. The psychological features of the formation of an adequate image of the mother in the theoretical analysis of the ontogenesis of the maternal sphere are analyzed. The article also reveals the dynamics of motherhood in ontogenesis. The types of maternal relations and their role in the life of a mature woman are determined, as well as the influence of these relations on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood. The influence of different types of relationships between women and their own mothers on the level of formation of their attitude to personal motherhood has been empirically studied. Two groups of women were studied, one group had a positive relationship with their own mother, and the other had a negative one. In the course of the research the differences between different types of maternal relations and the level of formation of a woman's personal attitude to motherhood are singled out.

Current Trends in the Development of Socio-Economic Systems

The paper studies the content and spheres of application of the terms "trend" and "tendency " in the development of socio-economic systems. The definitions of these terms are formulated. In a broad sense, the trend should be considered as a relatively sustainable direction for the development of a particular phenomenon. In economic systems, this direction is realized through dynamics: the totality of relationships (between individual parts of systems), properties (inherent in systems), indicators of income and costs, supply and demand, signs of consumer needs and preferences of users, parameters of technological basis, etc. Classification traits and mutual relations of different types of trends are defined, including meta trend, megatrend, socio-cultural trend, consumption trend, and business trend. The criterion basis for referring to a particular type of trend is the dimensions (conditional areas) that are affected by the trend. These dimensions include product, market, socio-cultural, economic, technological, civilizational, natural. The processes of trend evolution are shown. In particular, the consumption trend (which covers the product, market, and socio-cultural dimensions) can develop into a socio-cultural trend (which in addition covers the economic dimension). The latest trend can evolve into a megatrend (which includes the impact on technological dimension). When megatrends also begin to influence civilizational and natural dimensions, they evolve into meta trends. Such a path, in particular, has passed the megatrends: industrialization, electrification, automotive, computerization, digitization, etc. Today, this is followed by megatrends: alternative energy, additive technologies, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, cloud technologies, industrial agro-production, and others. It is noted that humanity is currently experiencing an epochal trend of a phase transition to a new socio-economic formation, which is being implemented during three industrial revolutions: the Industries 3.0; 4.0; 5.0. Keywords: trend, tendency, megatrend, meta trend, socio-economic system, development, transformation, phase transition, the industrial revolution, civilization, future.

Exchange, Friendship and Regional Relations in the Upper Xingu

Abstract The aim of this work is to describe and analyze the different types of relationships established between the peoples of the Upper Xingu through their regional rituals. Starting from a description of the uluki exchange ceremony, we will discuss how this ritual, by mobilizing Xinguano ideas about friendship, produces contexts of interaction in which characteristics of intra-village sociality are extended to regional sociality. At the same time that the uluki defines, together with other regional rituals, a certain “Xinguano interiority” (the world of multi-community rituals), it is also one of its main forms of opening, having the potential to attract to the Xinguano world not only singular persons, but entire groups.

Multilayer Flows in Molecular Networks Identify Biological Modules in the Human Proteome

A variety of complex systems exhibits different types of relationships simultaneously that can be modeled by multiplex networks. A typical problem is to determine the community structure of such systems that, in general, depend on one or more parameters to be tuned. In this study we propose one measure, grounded on information theory, to find the optimal value of the relax rate characterizing Multiplex Infomap, the generalization of the Infomap algorithm to the realm of multilayer networks. We evaluate our methodology on synthetic networks, to show that the most representative community structure can be reliably identified when the most appropriate relax rate is used. Capitalizing on these results, we use this measure to identify the most reliable meso-scale functional organization in the human protein-protein interaction multiplex network and compare the observed clusters against a collection of independently annotated gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Our analysis reveals that modules obtained with the optimal value of the relax rate are biologically significant and, remarkably, with higher functional content than the ones obtained from the aggregate representation of the human proteome. Our framework allows us to characterize the meso-scale structure of those multilayer systems whose layers are not explicitly interconnected each other-as in the case of edge-colored models-the ones describing most biological networks, from proteomes to connectomes.

СИСТЕМНОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ СОЮЗОВ В ТОЛКОВОМ СЛОВАРЕ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПУТИ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ

The article considers the problems of the systemic principle implementation in the Dictionary of the 21st-Century Russian Language (compiled under the guidance of Doctor of Philology, Professor Galina N. Sklyarevskaya at the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia). According to this principle, words connected by different types of relations in the lexical system must be described in parallel to correlate definitions to each other. Therefore, the dictionary has been compiled not from word to word in alphabetical order, but by combining words in lexical groups and word families, then describing words belonging to one lexical group or word family, and then arranging the finished entries alphabetically. The main difficulties of applying the systemic principle arise because of the necessity to differentiate the meanings of non-absolute synonyms by finding differential semes, while synonymous conjunctions (as well as other functional parts of speech) are usually distinguished only by subtle semantic and pragmatic properties, and this fact complicates the task of their lexicographical interpretation. The analysis of definitions in the Russian explanatory dictionaries shows that there are several ways to define conjunctions with similar, but not equal meanings: 1) by listing several synonyms (each conjunction is defined by two or more synonymic conjunctions without describing the meaning); 2) by giving identical or similar formal definitions, which indicate only a type of a conjunction or a type of a joined clause or construction; 3) by giving equal descriptive definitions; 4) by giving descriptive definitions that are not identical but at the same time indistinguishable; 5) by giving similar, but not identical descriptive definitions indicating the difference between non-equal meanings. In the author’s opinion, the last way of constructing definitions is optimal for describing conjunctions with similar meanings, but it is applied rarely and inconsistently. The compilers of the Dictionary of the 21st-Century Russian Language have a task to compose definitions this way and not to give the same or similar, but indistinguishable interpretations for different words. As a result of extensive work on dictionary entries, it was decided to use typical short commentaries (indicating intensity, softening, redundancy, a certain speaker’s attitude to the situation, etc.) that should be given at the end of the definitions to show the most subtle semantic and pragmatic differences. Thus, the main feature of the Dictionary of the 21st-Century Russian Language, its main difference from most of the other explanatory dictionaries is that it not only describes lexical and semantic innovations, but also changes the general principle of describing the basic lexicon, in which no such changes have occurred over time. The lexicographical methods of constructing definitions the dictionary uses are traditional, but the dictionary compilers try to apply them more consistently and more systematically.

LayoutGAN: Synthesizing Graphic Layouts With Vector-Wireframe Adversarial Networks.

Layout is important for graphic design and scene generation. We propose a novel Generative Adversarial Network, called LayoutGAN, that synthesizes layouts by modeling geometric relations of different types of 2D elements. The generator of LayoutGAN takes as input a set of randomly-placed 2D graphic elements, represented by vectors and uses self-attention modules to refine their labels and geometric parameters jointly to produce a realistic layout. Accurate alignment is critical for good layouts. We, thus, propose a novel differentiable wireframe rendering layer that maps the generated layout to a wireframe image, upon which a CNN-based discriminator is used to optimize the layouts in image space. We validate the effectiveness of LayoutGAN in various experiments including MNIST digit generation, document layout generation, clipart abstract scene generation, tangram graphic design, mobile app layout design, and webpage layout optimization from hand-drawn sketches.

The social capital structure of a small-scale sport event: configuration, evolution, and legacy

Social capital is a resource created through networks and considered to be a potential legacy of small-scale sport events. To understand the structure of social capital, the interorganisational network of a small-scale sport event was analysed longitudinally. A multiplex network analysis was used to study the structural patterns of different types of relations (business, social, and personal), their simultaneous interplay, and their evolution. The results suggest that social capital is embedded primarily in formal business network relations, centred around a governing lead organisation. The business network relations showed a significant interaction with personal relations. A strengthening of the informal personal network occurred pointing towards an event legacy that can be capitalised on. The insights help event organisers and hosting communities to better understand the structural configuration of social capital, mechanisms of its evolution and how the social capital resource can be utilised for building cooperative capacity and sustainable network development.

La literatura medieval de la península ibérica a la luz de un comparatismo feminista

En las últimas décadas, la literatura medieval ha llamado la atención de algunos comparatistas por el desafío que supone la realidad prenacional a una disciplina que concibe su labor en términos transnacionales. Se abre, así, la puerta el reconocimiento de otro tipo de relaciones entre literaturas agrupadas ya no solo en términos nacionales, sino en torno a otros ejes identitarios, como los que ha subrayado la crítica feminista en los últimos tiempos. Este trabajo se propone explorar las posibilidades de estudio de la literatura hecha por mujeres durante los siglos medievales en la península ibérica desde una perspectiva crítica feminista capaz de revisar las herramientas tradicionales de la literatura comparada.

Teorijski i praktični aspekti upravljanja relacijama u suvremenoj arhivskoj teoriji i praksi

Arhivski stručnjaci u svojem radu definiraju i koriste se mnoštvom relacija na različite načine. U konkretnim situacijama različito ih razumiju i različito primjenjuju. Od usvajanja prvoga međunarodnog arhivskog standarda ISAD(G), pojam relacije sustavno je ugrađen u opis arhivskih entiteta i zato ga svi koji se bave opisom moraju razumjeti u skladu sa svrhom standarda. U prilogu su predstavljeni teorijski okviri uporabe relacija u različitim kontekstima, koji se temelje na arhivskim standardima. Relacije su kvantitativno definirane, prije svega među krovnim arhivskim entitetima. Sve veća složenost upravljanja krovnim arhivskim entitetima zahtijeva razmjerno veći intelektualni napor arhivskih stručnjaka u odnosu na nestandardizirana rješenja u opisu arhivskih entiteta. U tom će kontekstu biti potrebno razmišljati o rješenjima koje poznajemo pod nazivom umjetna inteligencija.

Patients' descriptions of the relation between physical symptoms and negative emotions: a qualitative analysis of primary care consultations.

Primary care guidelines for the management of persistent, often 'medically unexplained', physical symptoms encourage GPs to discuss with patients how these symptoms relate to negative emotions. However, many GPs experience difficulties in reaching a shared understanding with patients. To explore how patients with persistent symptoms describe their negative emotions in relation to their physical symptoms in primary care consultations, in order to help GPs recognise the patient's starting points in such discussions. A qualitative analysis of 47 audiorecorded extended primary care consultations with 15 patients with persistent physical symptoms. The types of relationships patients described between their physical symptoms and their negative emotions were categorised using content analysis. In a secondary analysis, the study explored whether patients made transitions between the types of relations they described through the course of the consultations. All patients talked spontaneously about their negative emotions. Three main categories of relations between these emotions and physical symptoms were identified: separated (negation of a link between the two); connected (symptom and emotion are distinct entities that are connected); and inseparable (symptom and emotion are combined within a single entity). Some patients showed a transition between categories of relations during the intervention. Patients describe different types of relations between physical symptoms and negative emotions in consultations. Physical symptoms can be attributed to emotions when patients introduce this link themselves, but this link tends to be denied when introduced by the GP. Awareness of the ways patients discuss these relations could help GPs to better understand the patient's view and, in this way, collaboratively move towards constructive explanations and symptom management strategies.

“Asset exchange”—interactions between patient groups and pharmaceutical industry: Australian qualitative study

ObjectiveTo understand and report on the nature of patient group interactions with the pharmaceutical industry from the perspective of patient group representatives by exploring the range of attitudes towards pharmaceutical...

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: RELATIONSHIPS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

This study aims to examine literature about relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance (CFP) in different countries. The studies from nine different countries were examined. The results indicate that there are three groups of results. Three different types of relationships between CSR and CFP can be identified: positive, negative and neutral. We claim, that researchers of 9 different countries use quite the same methodology to different to examine the relation between CSR and CFP for different types of companies. However, CSR is strongly influenced by cultural and socio-economic environments and relates to a country’s national business system. Political institutions are potential drivers of CSR as well. Moreover, informal institutions such as national cultures have an important effect on CSR practices. The national business system of the specific country creates the conditions under which corporations are more or less likely to engage in socially responsible behavior. For instance, in countries with a high degree of union power, firms perform better on the social and environmental scores. So, variety of legislative basis and national institutions (political, market, cultural) are drivers of CSR. They is a specific for each country. Due to that, all examined studies are incomparable because of the national institutions’ difference that drive responsible behavior of the companies. The results in one country can differ in another. This article adds to the previous research devoted to the relationship between CSR and CFP. Firstly, the study enhances understanding of the relationship between CSR and CFP. Secondly, this study expands information about CSR in different countries to scholars and researchers. It also contributes to investors, who consider CSR in decisions making process.

Transnational religious networks and geopolitics in the Muslim World

Debates around the sectarianisation of politics across the Middle East and Muslim world more broadly have opened new spaces of enquiry into the interrelationship between religion and geopolitics. The nature of links between Iran and Saudi Arabia and various groups in the Muslim world differs across time and space, shaped by a range of context specific factors. Networks are shaped by the interaction of their constituent parts and the organisation of power among their members and thus, as a consequence networks are neither fixed nor universal. Here, context is key, resulting in different types of relationships across spaces. Much academic and policy-oriented work on transnational religious networks has historically reflected Western governments’ preoccupation with security issues vis-à-vis Islamist ‘extremist’ groups. This narrow prism distorts understanding of the roles that such networks play, and thus necessitates further exploration of the multiple levels and characteristics of transnational religious networks, be they state, sect or community-led.

How evaluation of protective third-party interventions and the relationship context interact at 21 months

ABSTRACT This study investigates the interplay between social evaluation and relationship context in the second year of life. We examined how 21-month-olds (N = 50) evaluate a ‘protective puppet’ over to an ‘ignore puppet’ in three different types of relationship: in the first one a puppet observes from a distance a child playing alone and eventually falls down (uninvolved); in the second two puppets play together when one accidentally falls down (social); in the third two puppets play together when an aggressor disturbs one of the two players (defence). We assessed with two test trials: (a) toddlers’ preferences through a choice phase; (b) social evaluations through a rewarding/punishing phase. The results reveal how social relationship context affects toddlers’ personal preferences and evaluations. On the choice task, toddlers preferred a puppet who protected a victim to one who ignored only when the victim was identified as a member of a social interaction and a playmate. On the allocation task, toddlers were more likely to give tasty cookies to the protective and ignore puppet in all cases, except when the receiver was the ignore puppet in the social and defence relationship context. The findings support a developmental continuity and provide further evidence of a rich prosociality, which before the second year of life proves to be based on well-defined principles.