Different Types Of Relationships Research Articles

Landscapes of Prosperity, Youth, Femininity, Temptation, Friendship, Transition, Money, and Survival in Terms of Evolutionary Psychology

Assessment of landscape attractiveness often struggles with the challenge of differences in human tastes. In the present study, the relationship between preferences shaped by the biological and cultural evolution of mankind and the qualities of landscape attractiveness were examined. The aim of the study was to determine the types of landscape as related to evolutionary behavior patterns and preferences regarding the choice of a partner in different types of relationships. The research hypothesis was that the sets of traits preferred by human partners can be reflected in sets of preferred qualities of landscape attractiveness. The translation of human qualities into qualities of landscape was done through anthropomorphization using the phenomenological method and research techniques based on branding (e.g., the brand personality construct). During the investigation, the following types of landscape attractiveness were identified: Landscape of Prosperity, Youth, Femininity, Temptation, Friendship, Transition, and Money. The developed typological division is a step towards recognizing new sources of preferences for aesthetic and cognitive landscape values. This framework could be interesting for landscape valuation and planning, as well as research on the cultural character of the landscape, as a resource important in the context of sustainable development.

ElementRank: Ranking Java Software Classes and Packages using a Multilayer Complex Network-Based Approach

Software comprehension is an important part of software maintenance. To understand a piece of large and complex software, the first problem to be solved is where to start the understanding process. Choosing to start the comprehension process from the important software elements has proven to be a practical way. Research on complex networks opens new opportunities for identifying important elements, and many approaches have been proposed. However, the software networks that existing approaches use neglect the multilayer nature of software systems. That is, nodes in the network can have different types of relationships at the same time, and each type of relationship forms a specific layer. Worse still, they mainly focus on identifying important classes, and little work has been done on quantifying package importance. In this paper, we propose an ElementRank approach to provide a ranked list of classes (or packages) for maintainers to start the comprehension process. The top-ranked classes (or packages) can be seen as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. First, we introduce two kinds of multilayer software networks to describe the topological structure of software at the class level and package level, respectively. Second, we propose a weighted PageRank algorithm to calculate the weighted PageRank value of classes (or packages) in each layer of the corresponding multilayer software network. Then, we use AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to weigh each layer in the corresponding multilayer software network, and further aggregate the weighted PageRank value to obtain the global weighted PageRank value for each class (or package). Finally, all the classes (or packages) are ranked according to their global weighted PageRank values in a descending order, and the top-ranked classes (or packages) can serve as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. ElementRank is validated theoretically using the widely accepted Weyuker’s criteria. Theoretical results show that the global weighted PageRank value for classes (or packages) satisfies most of Weyuker’s properties. Furthermore, ElementRank is evaluated empirically using a set of twelve open source software systems. Through a set of experiments, we show the rank correlation between the results of ElementRank and that of the approaches in the related work, and the benefits of ElementRank are also illustrated in comparison with other approaches in the related work. Empirical results also show that ElementRank can be applied to large software systems.

Can we mend fences? A model of recovery processes of SME business-to-business relationships

PurposeThis paper aims to develop a process model of business-to-business (B2B) relationship recovery after a transgression has placed the future of the relationship in doubt. The research questions ask, How are relationships recovered? and How does the relationship strength pre-transgression influence the recovery process?Design/methodology/approachThe process model is empirically grounded with first-hand narratives of owner managers (OMs) and key personnel of Irish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using the critical incident technique, 25 owner and manager interviews in 23 SMEs resulted in 48 recovery narratives.FindingsThe findings identify four types of outcomes flowing from two potential recovery process paths. The strength of the relationship pre-transgression and the desire to maintain the relationship influence the parties’ actions during the recovery process and the status of the relationship subsequently.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge that each narrative in the data are the informants’ construction of the phenomenon. The B2B relationship recovery process model offers OMs and SMEs a blueprint of what to expect, and how they might reach for recovery instead of the relationship ending.Originality/valuePrior studies either treat recovery as a minor part of an ending process or focus on a single sub-process, leaving the overall process under-researched. This study contributes to the B2B relationship dynamics discussion with a processual view of the overall recovery process, including recovery sub-processes, paths and temporal outcomes in different types of relationships and takes into account the pre-transgression relationship.

The Effects of Anthropomorphism on How People Evaluate Algorithm-Written News

Based on the Modality-Agency-Interactivity-Navigability model and the anthropomorphism theory, this study examines whether embedding human-like characteristics in algorithms increases the persuasiveness of algorithm-written news. This study further investigates how different types of relationships (servant or friend) that human writers form with algorithms determine the persuasiveness of algorithm-generated news. Experiment 1 demonstrated that participants who read the human- and humanized algorithm-written news showed greater emotional involvement in the stories and liked the articles more than those who read the algorithm-written news. The participants also reported that news written by humans, humanized algorithms, and algorithms, had equal news credibility. Experiment 2 further showed that the participants perceived the news as more credible and experienced greater degrees of emotional involvement when human writers formed a partner-to-friend relationship with humanized algorithms while generating news rather than a servant-to-master relationship.

The Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships: Understanding Power and Control Tactics Among College Students.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem among college students and many students have difficulty identifying unhealthy and abusive behaviors. The aims of this mixed methods study are to: (a) create an inclusive tool that illustrates the power and control experiences of a diverse group of young adult college students, (b) ensure a broad scope of tactics are illustrated (related to technology and different types of relationships), and (c) measure the experience of these tactics, including how IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy are influenced by a more inclusive tool. In Phase I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students (n = 33) and staff (n = 10) at campus sexual assault centers at the three University of Michigan (UM) campuses to explore power and control tactics utilized by perpetrators on college campuses. Content analysis revealed 13 categories of tactics in college relationships. A draft tool was created and assessed for accuracy using cognitive interviews with students (n = 20) from all three campuses in Phase II. Cognitive interviews resulted in the following changes to the final tool: (a) new presentation of the Socioecological Model, (b) identification of substance use as a facilitator for multiple forms of violence, and (c) edits to tactic descriptions. In Phase III, 250 students at UM-Ann Arbor participated in a quasi-experimental evaluation in which 133 interacted with the tool and 117 received access to usual care (campus sexual misconduct policy). Both groups answered survey questions about IPV knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and experiences at baseline, and after one month and five months. Among all college participants in Phase III, 33.5% had experienced lifetime IPV and 25.2% had experienced IPV in the past year. There were no significant differences among IPV knowledge, attitudes, or self-efficacy by group. The Dynamics of Interpersonal Coercion Among College Students tool was created by incorporating current tactics utilized among a diverse college population.

The Management of a Company’s Relational Capital as Part of Business Process

Purpose: The paper deals with the issue of a company's relational capital, especially customer relations. The aim of the paper is an attempt to answer the question concerning the role of developing the right type of relational capital with customers in organisations applying the Business Process Management (BPM) philosophy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper characterises business processes and the BPM concept, as well as describes models of process maturity. The section regarding a company's relational capital focuses on different types of relations with stakeholders and also asks about the essence of customer relations in organisations using BPM. The paper includes the results of quantitative research carried out among 600 companies of all sizes operating throughout Poland. The diagnostic survey method, which used the Paper and Pencil Interviewing (PAPI) technique, was chosen as the research method. The respondents were representatives of top management, including business owners. The research was complemented by a case study conducted in one of the organisations operating in the metal industry. It is a company that fully applies the BPM concept. Findings: The results of the quantitative research carried out indicate the existence of a relationship between the type of relations that a company has with its customers and the level of process maturity of the company. The types of customer relations are so important that the attention of companies using the BPM concept is focused on this kind of relationships. The results of the case study strongly confirm that the company analysed sees an important role of its relational capital (especially customer relations) in business process management. Every process implemented in the organisation is undertaken with the final customer in mind as well as his/her satisfaction with the product or service offered. Originality/value: The article discusses an innovative approach to the relational capital of enterprises from the point of view of the process maturity of companies.

The relational road to voice: how members of a low-status occupational group can develop voice behavior that transcends hierarchical levels

AbstractMembers of frontline low-status occupational groups often have access to a vast pool of knowledge, expertise, and experience that may be valuable for organizations. However, previous research has shown that members of these occupational groups are often reluctant to exhibit voice behavior due to their low position in the organizational hierarchy and perceived status differences. Drawing on in-depth interviews with auxiliary nurses (ANs) who participated in a development trajectory, as well as with their colleagues and supervisors, we demonstrate how members of this low-status occupational group develop voice behavior. Our findings show how acquiring three different types of knowledge and acting on this knowledge can lead to forming new and different types of relationships with members of higher status occupational groups in the organization. Subsequently, these relational changes enhanced voice behavior, as the ANs under study became more skillful in navigating the organization and felt better equipped to share their ideas, concerns, and perspective. We contribute to the literature on voice behavior by members of low-status occupational groups by moving beyond the findings of previous studies that have shown that low-status employees are unlikely to exhibit voice behavior. We detail how the development of knowledge, as well as relationships between different occupational groups, is crucial for the enhancement of voice behavior that transcends hierarchical levels. Moreover, we add to the literature on upward influence of subordinates by showing how such voice allows subordinates to exert upward influence in their organizations and initiate change that benefits their own occupational group.

Physical activity and fitness in the community: the Framingham Heart Study.

While greater physical activity (PA) is associated with improved health outcomes, the direct links between distinct components of PA, their changes over time, and cardiorespiratory fitness are incompletely understood. Maximum effort cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and objective PA measures [sedentary time (SED), steps/day, and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA)] via accelerometers worn for 1 week concurrent with CPET and 7.8 years prior were obtained in 2070 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 54 ± 9 years, 51% women, SED 810 ± 83 min/day, steps/day 7737 ± 3520, MVPA 22.3 ± 20.3 min/day, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 23.6 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min]. Adjusted for clinical risk factors, increases in steps/day and MVPA and reduced SED between the two assessments were associated with distinct aspects of cardiorespiratory fitness (measured by VO2) during initiation, early-moderate level, peak exercise, and recovery, with the highest effect estimates for MVPA (false discovery rate <5% for all). Findings were largely consistent across categories of age, sex, obesity, and cardiovascular risk. Increases of 17 min of MVPA/day [95% confidence interval (CI) 14-21] or 4312 steps/day (95% CI 3439-5781; ≈54 min at 80 steps/min), or reductions of 249 min of SED per day (95% CI 149-777) between the two exam cycles corresponded to a 5% (1.2 mL/kg/min) higher peak VO2. Individuals with high (above-mean) steps or MVPA demonstrated above average peak VO2 values regardless of whether they had high or low SED. Our findings provide a detailed assessment of relations of different types of PA with multidimensional cardiorespiratory fitness measures and suggest favourable longitudinal changes in PA (and MVPA in particular) are associated with greater objective fitness.

Extracting complements and substitutes from sales data: a network perspective

The complementarity and substitutability between products are essential concepts in retail and marketing. Qualitatively, two products are said to be substitutable if a customer can replace one product by the other, while they are complementary if they tend to be bought together. In this article, we take a network perspective to help automatically identify complements and substitutes from sales transaction data. Starting from a bipartite product-purchase network representation, with both transaction nodes and product nodes, we develop appropriate null models to infer significant relations, either complements or substitutes, between products, and design measures based on random walks to quantify their importance. The resulting unipartite networks between products are then analysed with community detection methods, in order to find groups of similar products for the different types of relationships. The results are validated by combining observations from a real-world basket dataset with the existing product hierarchy, as well as a large-scale flavour compound and recipe dataset.

Familial and genetic associations between autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

Familial and genetic associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders have been reported, sometimes with conflicting results. We estimated familial and genetic associations between ASD and nine disorder groups, and explored differences in these associations for ASD in the context of intellectual disability, epilepsy, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital malformations. Individuals born between 1985 and 2009 living in Sweden on their seventh birthday were linked to their biological parents in order to identify different types of relatives. We retrieved information on all the disorders considered from the National Patient Register. Logistic regression was used to estimate the familial association between ASD and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in the different groups of relatives. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate phenotypic (rp ) and genetic associations (rg ), as well as the contribution of genetic influences to rp . The study included 2,398,608 individuals. Among relatives of individuals diagnosed with ASD, there was an increased risk of the disorders considered, compared to relatives of individuals who were not diagnosed with ASD. Stronger associations were detected for ASD without any additional diagnosis of intellectual disability, epilepsy, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital malformations. The strongest genetic correlation was estimated between ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (rg =0.73; 95% CI=0.66-0.79). Moderate genetic correlations were estimated for anxiety disorders (rg =0.47; 95% CI=0.33-0.61), depression (rg =0.52; 95% CI=0.37-0.66), and intentional self-harm (rg =0.54; 95% CI=0.36-0.71). ASD shows familial and genetic association not only with other neurodevelopmental disorders, but also with other psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and intentional self-harm. Family history of ASD comorbid with intellectual disability, epilepsy, congenital malformations, or chromosomal abnormalities is less related to other psychiatric disorders, potentially suggesting a different etiology for this subgroup of patients.

Science, AskScience, and BadScience: On the Coexistence of Highly Related Communities

When large social-media platforms allow users to easily formand self-organize into interest groups, highly related communities can arise. For example, the Reddit site hosts not just a group called food, but also HealthyFood, foodhacks,foodporn, and cooking, among others. Are these highly related communities created for similar classes of reasons (e.g.,to focus on a subtopic, to create a place for allegedly more “high-minded” discourse, etc.)? How do users allocate attention between such close alternatives when they are available or emerge over time? Are there different types of relations between close alternatives such as sharing many users vs. a new community drawing away members of an older one vs. a splinter group failing to cohere into a viable separate community? We investigate the interactions between highly related communities using data from reddit.com consisting of 975M posts and comments spanning an 8-year period. We identify a set of typical affixes that users adopt to create highly related communities and build a taxonomy of affixes. One interesting finding regarding users’ behavior is: after a newer community is created, for several types of highly-related community pairs, users that engage in a newer community tend to be more active in their original community than users that do not explore, even when controlling for previous level of engagement.

Distance or Intimacy：The Moderating Role of Alliance Routines in the Relationship between Partnership and Innovation Performance

With the rapid development of global economy, it is a universal phenomenon that the improvement of enterprise innovation ability increasingly depends on R&D investment. Innovation activities are the result of the interaction of a variety of heterogeneous resources, so it is an important path for enterprises to obtain innovation resources through alliances and other cooperative relationships. The study of both theory and practice has shown that the cooperative relationship, no matter loose or close, is an important path for enterprises to obtain external innovation resources. However, scholars have different views on the effect of the two types of relationship on enterprise innovation. Therefore, this study will explore how to choose the right partners by identifying the roles of different types of relationship in the process of enterprise innovation, thereby guiding enterprise innovation activities.We randomly select a sample of 295 high-tech enterprises from the manufacturing industry in Hefei High-tech Zone, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone and Hefei Xinzhan District. The results show that neither strong nor weak alliance partnership in the dense network is conducive to improving enterprise innovation ability, while maintaining the appropriate strength of partnership is the most conducive to enterprise innovation performance. However, alliance routines can reduce the above mentioned effects. In the sparse network, the stronger the partnership, the more obvious the innovation performance of enterprises, and alliance routines also strengthen the relationship between them.The theoretical contributions are as follows: Firstly, we expand the previous literature on relationship strength and innovation performance, and study the effect of external relationships on innovation performance by bringing individual network and collective network into the same framework, which supplements the perspective of existing studies in explaining the relationship strength paradox. It is found that the effect of relationship strength on innovation performance is not the same under different network density conditions. Secondly, we reveal the moderating effect of alliance routines on relationship strength and innovation performance under different network density conditions by introducing alliance routines into this research framework. Thirdly, we deep the study on alliance routines, and provide important insight regarding the follow-up research in this field and how to improve innovation performance through properly levering alliance routines.The current research points out several directions for future research: Firstly, the variable of partnership can be measured from the perspective of relationship quality, relationship symmetry and relationship persistence, etc. Secondly, alliance routines may have different effects on radical innovation and incremental innovation. This study mainly investigates the moderating effect of alliance routines, and future research can explore the effect on radical innovation and incremental innovation. Thirdly, future research can be combined with different knowledge attributes to study the effect of relationship strength between enterprises and customers, suppliers, distributors and intermediaries on innovation performance under different network density conditions.

HEXACO and Dark Triad Personality Traits as Predictors of Male Attractiveness in Different Relationship Contexts

This study aimed to further investigate the perceived attractiveness of the Dark Triad (DT) personality in different types of relationships (i.e. friendship, short-term and long-term relationship) controlling for basic personality traits from the HEXACO model. The participants were 167 female students (M = 20.82 years, SD = 1.54) who rated personality and attractiveness of a man with highly expressed DT characteristics (n = 91) or a low-scoring DT character (n = 76) presented in a vignette. In line with recent findings, we observed a high negative correlation between the Honesty-Humility factor and DT personality (r = -.88, p &amp;lt; .001). As hypothesized, there was a significant difference in attractiveness ratings for the two characters in the context of different interpersonal relationships, with high DT character rated as significantly more attractive than the low DT character in the context of short-term mating. Furthermore, the hierarchical regression analysis showed that DT personality had a unique contribution in predicting attractiveness in the context of short-term relationship, after controlling for the basic personality traits.

Causal connective expressions in textbooks written in Spanish: A comparative study of four primary school subjects

The purpose of this study was to compare: 1) the connective expressions (CEs) used to signal causal coherence relations in primary school textbooks from four different school subjects (variety); 2) patterns of use of these CEs in terms of the types and number of causal relations they signal across subjects (functionality); 3) patterns of use of these CEs regarding the causal relations they specialize in across subjects (specificity). 2216 causal coherence relations extracted from school textbooks of Language, Mathematics, Science, and History were analysed. To describe variety and functionality, a descriptive statistical approach was adopted, while to determine specificity, a logistic model was built, which allowed us to predict the co-occurrence of CEs and a specific type of causal relation. 76 linguistic devices were identified in the overall corpus, being Conjunctions the predominant category. Regarding functionality, in each subject the most frequent CEs signal from two to five different types of relations. Four CEs showed a profile of specificity in the overall corpus and only two were determined as specific in the across subject analysis. Results suggest that polyfunctionality is the main pattern of use of Spanish causal CEs.

Role and relation in Confucian IR: Relating to strangers in the states of nature

AbstractThe literature on International Relations theory has yet to align relational theory with role theory, despite the fact that these two theories share so much epistemological common ground. This article uses role theory to bridge the gap between the Confucian and Western conceptions of relationality, whose practitioners regard each other as strangers. With the support of role theory, the comparative analysis of relationality in this article has mainly focused on two different types of relations: prior rule-based relations and improvised relations. The differences in the cultural preparation for these two relations partially explain the plurality of the relational universe and the perception of stranger. Role theory is one way to reconnect the seemingly irreconcilable relational universes. To illustrate the value of a composite agenda of relational theory and role theory, the article will use Kim Jong-un of North Korea as its case. Confucian relations propose that, for all nations, the necessity of having a certain role relation is a more important agenda than insisting on exactly what role to take.

A synchronous feature learning method for multiplex network embedding

Compared with single-layer networks, multiplex networks can describe real-world scenarios in more detail while suffering from requiring considerable computing and storage resources at the same time. Network feature learning, which aims to embed networks into a low dimensional space, is an effective method for solving these problems. Currently, research on multiplex network embedding faces two major challenges: how to make full use of the connected information in different layers and how to embed multiplex networks into a unified space. In this paper, a novel multiplex network embedding model is proposed to solve these two problems. It preserves all the first-, second- and multi-order proximities in multiplex networks by optimizing the corresponding objective functions. The network reconstruction step combines information of different types of relations in other layers while maintaining their distinctive properties. The proposed synchronous learning strategy provides a path to embed multiplex networks into a unified space. Extensive experiments on three real applications: visualization, link prediction and node classification are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that it achieves better or comparable performance compared with several state-of-the-art methods.

Running Scared? A Critical Analysis of LGBTQ+ Inclusion Policy in Schools.

This article provides an overview of the UK government policy in relation to relationships and sex education in schools. It focuses on the latest statutory guidance which requires primary and secondary schools in England to teach pupils about different types of relationships, including same-sex relationships. We outline the current policy frameworks and present a rationale for why Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer (LGBTQ+) identities and relationships should be present in the curriculum. We critically interrogate the government response and we present a framework to support the implementation of a whole school approach to LGBTQ+ inclusion. We draw on Meyer's model of minority stress to explore risks to children and young people if they are not provided with an LGBTQ+ curriculum.

My Cat and Me-A Study of Cat Owner Perceptions of Their Bond and Relationship.

Simple SummaryDespite the cat’s popularity as a companion animal, little is known about its bond and relationship with owners. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the different types of relationship that cats might establish with their owners, using human attachment and social support theories as a framework for the underpinning bond. A questionnaire was developed to gather information regarding different emotional elements that could underpin the relationship; the cat’s potential perception of the owner as a secure base; the owner’s level of engagement with the cat, their sensitivity to the cat’s needs and the consistency of their interactions with the cat. Five distinct forms of cat–owner relationship were identified. These seemed to constitute what we describe as an: “open relationship”, “remote association”, “casual relationship”, “co-dependence” and “friendship”. The extent to which these relationships involved a bond towards the owner as a source of social support or secure attachment varied. Accordingly, we conclude that the cat–owner bond should not be profiled simply or solely in terms of attachment in its classic psychological sense.Cats form close emotional relationships with humans, yet little is known about this. This study characterized different types of relationship that cats might establish with their owners. Data were analyzed from 3994 responses to a questionnaire developed using expressions of social support and attachment in relation to everyday cat–owner interactions. Principal component analysis reduced the items to four factors: the “owner’s emotional investment in the cat”, “cat’s acceptance of others”, “cat’s need for owner proximity” and “cat’s aloofness”. Cluster identified three groups of owners with two of these each sub-divided into two. The “open relationship bond” was characterized by a lightly emotionally invested owner and an avoidant cat. The “remote association” and “casual relationship” were characterized by an emotionally remote owner but differed in the cat’s acceptance of others. The “co-dependent” and “friendship” relationship were characterized by an emotionally invested owner but differed in the cat’s acceptance of others and need to maintain owner proximity. In conclusion, as with any complex social relationship, the type of cat–owner bond that develops is the product of the dynamic that exists between both the individuals involved, along with certain personality features, of which, the wider sociability of the cat and owner expectations may be particularly important.

Inferring Sexual Interest in Different Types of Relationships: Effects of Gender, Alcohol, And Attitudes

Inferring Sexual Interest in Different Types of Relationships: Effects of Gender, Alcohol, And Attitudes

UDA: A user-difference attention for group recommendation

Human beings are gregarious by nature, and thus, group activities are indispensable in people’s daily lives. In light of this, group recommendation systems have attracted wide research attention in recent years. The pivotal task of group recommendation is to learn the weights of group members and then aggregate their preferences. Most existing methods only consider a single user and the target item to calculate their weight, which is insufficient to determine the user’s importance in a group. In this study, we emphasize the importance of comparison information. A comparison is an explicit relationship between users. Motivated by our observation and based on attentive group recommendation, we propose a user-difference attention (UDA) model that explicitly simulates the comparisons between group members using relational attention, which is different from previous single user–based models. Each user is compared with all other users under the guidance of the target item, and a multi-layer perceptron is then exploited to add nonlinear transformations . We propose several user relational kernels (URKs) to simulate different types of relations during group decision-making. Extensive experiments were conducted on three public datasets. The results show that UDA significantly exceeds the state-of-the-art competing methods.