Different Types Of Relationships Research Articles

Modes of Securitization and Desecuritization of Transnational Kinship Ties: Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia amidst Rising Chinese Power

Abstract This paper explores under what context the transnational ethnic kinship ties between the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and China have not led to their securitization and in what context they have. As the rising great power with exponential economic growth for the past few decades, China has transformed itself from a dirt-poor backwater state to the second largest economy in the world and is also seemingly on the way to reclaim the historical dominant status in East and Southeast Asia. During this process, overseas Chinese in various home states in Southeast Asia have not experienced a uniform securitization of their kinship ties. This paper investigates some of the dynamic patterns about overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia’s relationship between the changing kin state and their home states in the recent past. Focusing on how states in Southeast Asia maintain different types of relations with China in the context of the latter’s rising, this paper contends that the ways in which overseas Chinese communities in the region manage their political space and negotiate their belonging are a function of a combination of international structural changes and domestic political factors. Empirically, this paper compares three states of Southeast Asia—Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia—in the different ways of their treatment of the ethnic Chinese, as well as the responding strategies utilized by the ethnic Chinese in navigating their political space and belonging.

Large language models recover scientific collaboration networks from text

Science is a collaborative endeavor. Yet, unlike co-authorship, interactions within and across teams are seldom reported in a structured way, making them hard to study at scale. We show that Large Language Models (LLMs) can solve this problem, vastly improving the efficiency and quality of network data collection. Our approach iteratively applies filtering with few-shot learning, allowing us to identify and categorize different types of relationships from text. We compare this approach to manual annotation and fuzzy matching using a corpus of digital laboratory notebooks, examining inference quality at the level of edges (recovering a single link), labels (recovering the relationship context) and at the whole-network level (recovering local and global network properties). Large Language Models perform impressively well at each of these tasks, with edge recall rate ranging from 0.8 for the highly contextual case of recovering the task allocation structure of teams from their unstructured attribution page to 0.9 for the more explicit case of retrieving the collaboration with other teams from direct mentions, showing a 32% improvement over a fuzzy matching approach. Beyond science, the flexibility of LLMs means that our approach can be extended broadly through minor prompt revision.

Characterization of contractual relations in digital turnover

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of contractual relations in digital circulation. Digital turnover is becoming increasingly widespread, which leads to the emergence of new forms of contractual relations characterized by significant differences. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics and peculiarities of contractual relations arising within the framework of digital civil turnover. The study of contractual relations in digital circulation is necessitated by the lack of sustainable legal regulation of this area which requires further improvement. The peculiarity of building relations in digital circulation is associated with its technical properties, primarily the need to gain access to digital platforms for the exercise of subjective rights by users. The author emphasizes that the exercise of subjective rights in digital circulation can be realized only through the use of complex intellectual property objects, in particular, those combining computer programs, databases, music, animation objects, photographs, etc. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of relations in the field of digital circulation: 1) regarding the creation and maintenance of digital circulation (legal regime of intellectual property rights); 2) organizational relations in the field of business administration of the digital environment (corporate, labor relations with the appropriate legal regime); 3) between the user and the administrator of the relevant digital environment (contractual regulation, with elements of the legal regime of personal data protection); 4) between users of the digital space regarding digital assets (a complex regime of legal regulation which may combine the legal regimes of. The author emphasizes that contractual relations in digital circulation are based on both civil law and rules and standards used in electronic systems. It is proved that different types of relations require a comprehensive application of different legal norms and are mediated by different agreements, such as: license agreements; agreements for the provision of digital services (cloud storage, marketplaces); sale and purchase of goods; exchange and pledge of digital assets; token agreements (regulating the use of cryptocurrencies and other tokens in digital ecosystems), etc.

On the nature of social interactions and cognition in learning communities

Whether explicitly used as a research aim or implicitly discussed as an outcome, the concept of community is central for the networked learning research as it allows networked learning researchers to study how people perceive the networked environment as a space, wherein the members can develop relationships among one another. The underlying premise for this work is that it is erroneous to assume a learning community is a unified concept, functioning in the same way for everyone under same circumstances. Taking the contextual factors into account, this research questions the characteristics of a community that are related to learning. I explore how different types of relationships among members of a learning community are related to learning. In particular, I conceptualise the concept of community using social capital theory. Since the central tenet of social capital theory is that different relationships within networks of people hold different values, I argue that it can inform the ways by which the perceived level of learning is understood with respect to interaction patterns. The findings suggest that both distributed–diverse communications and strong–close communications are manifest in learning. However, the impact of diverse relationships on learning is considerably larger and stronger compared to denser relationships. The implications are discussed.

Adolescents' perceptions of privacy violations by parents, siblings, and friends.

Adolescence is a life stage beset by a growing desire for privacy. This study evaluated adolescents' experiences across four types of potentially privacy-invasive behaviors (PPIVBs) and within four different types of relationships. 158 adolescents (Mage = 16.9 years, SD = 1.0; 53.5% female) reported on the frequency of the PPIVBs, perceived control over the behaviors, secret/private information threatened by the behaviors, and feelings of privacy invasion produced by the behaviors. Privacy experiences were more similar across relationships than across types of behavior. Stronger feelings of privacy invasion were reported for PPIVBs involving electronics and information, for behaviors by family members, when behaviors occurred infrequently, when adolescents perceived greater control over whether the behaviors occurred, and when behaviors threated secret/private information.

Detecting planted partition in sparse multilayer networks

Abstract Multilayer networks are used to represent the interdependence between the relational data of individuals interacting with each other via different types of relationships. To study the information-theoretic phase transitions in detecting the presence of planted partition among the nodes of a multilayer network with additional nodewise covariate information and diverging average degree, Ma and Nandy (2023, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 69, 3203–3239) introduced Multi-Layer Contextual Stochastic Block Model. In this paper, we consider the problem of detecting planted partitions in the Multi-Layer Contextual Stochastic Block Model, when the average node degrees for each network are greater than $1$. We establish the sharp phase transition threshold for detecting the planted bi-partition. Above the phase-transition threshold testing the presence of a bi-partition is possible, whereas below the threshold no procedure to identify the planted bi-partition can perform better than random guessing. We further establish that the derived detection threshold coincides with the threshold for weak recovery of the partition and provides a quasi-polynomial time algorithm to estimate it.

The process of co-creating destination brand – the case of the Athens Tourism Partnership

PurposeWhile the value of stakeholder involvement in destination marketing and branding has been emphasized, little research has been conducted on the inner workings of collaborative initiatives. Based on the case of the Athens Tourism Partnership, Greece, this study aims to map the value co-creation process as it unfolds in joint destination marketing and branding initiatives.Design/methodology/approachTo capture the way partners collaborated to create the brand of the city, this study collected data through participant observation and analyzed it using Classical Grounded Theory principles.FindingsThe study reveals the different types of relationships and their characteristics that develop when an airline-airport-destination authority partnership is established to enhance destination brand and the potential dynamics of the collaborative initiatives.Originality/valueThe FiNE framework has been developed and can guide stakeholders who wish to collaborate to co-create the destination brand. This study offers theoretical and practical implications for destination authorities and tourism stakeholders to initiate, manage and implement collaborative initiatives that may empower the destination brand and deliver win-win outcomes.

New horizons of law: from electronic jurisdiction to the model criminal code of the Metaverse

The Scientific and Technical Revolution 5.0 and Web 3.0 technologies create conditions for the renovation of various forms of social relations with the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the Metaverse. According to the proposed theory, legal regulation of social relations in the Metaverse requires the development of a comprehensive electronic jurisdiction based on the latest basic legislation. The formation of legal regulation of the Metaverse is a prerequisite for the need to form an electronic jurisdiction of the Metaverse, which will include sectoral Metaverse Codes. The Metaverse, as the electronic society of the future, does not yet have clear legal boundaries, and the task of scholars is to predict and outline with sufficient certainty the future contours of legal authority for virtual environments. Today, discussions in the scientific community about the feasibility and necessity of legal regulation of the Metaverse often revolve around several key issues. First, there is the question of what legal framework should be applied in the Metaverse and how to resolve conflicts between different legal systems. Second, there is a debate about whether current regulatory bodies in the physical world have the capacity to effectively regulate the Metaverse through existing laws and regulations. Third, there is the question of how to deal with offenses that occur in the virtual environment, and whether they should be regulated by existing tort or criminal law, or whether a separate cross-border electronic jurisdiction should be created. The regulation of social relations within the Metaverse should focus on one central goal: to clearly define the status of electronic entities, subjects, objects, establish their rights, duties and responsibilities, and define the different types of relations between virtual entities, subjects and objects within a particular Metaverse, as well as between different Metaverse within an electronic jurisdiction and in a cross-border context. A crucial component of Metaverse electronic jurisdiction is a Metaverse Model Criminal Code that will outline the norms and offenses applicable to analogue, mixed and electronic jurisdictions. This code will define the types of socially harmful acts or crimes, as well as the corresponding criminal penalties that will be applied within the Metaverse. The formation of the electronic jurisdiction of the Metaverse and the development of a Metaverse Model Criminal Code is a topical scientific and legal issue.

Social Perception with Graph Attention Network for Recommendation

Recommendation systems are designed to uncover users’ potential preferences and make recommendations. However, they often face challenges such as data sparsity and the cold start problem. Although the introduction of knowledge graphs has partially addressed the issue of data sparsity, the challenge of cold start has not been effectively resolved. In this paper, a novel approach called Social Perception with Graph Attention Network (SPGAT) for Recommendation is proposed. In SPGAT, we aim to leverage social perception to solve the cold start effectively for more accurate recommendations. The approach utilizes a multi-layer graph attention network to aggregate user preference features from collaborative knowledge graphs and social perception graphs. By analyzing the social network of a new user, associated friend users can be identified. The interaction data of these friend users is then provided as side information to recommend to the new user. To handle one-to-many and many-to-many relations, we introduce the TransD graph embedding model, which maps different types of relations and entities to different spaces. To optimize the proposed SPGAT, self-adversarial negative sampling is utilized to implement entity and relation embedding and generate negative samples. Experimental results demonstrate that SPGAT has achieved superior performance compared to several advanced methods.

A heterogeneous traffic spatio-temporal graph convolution model for traffic prediction

Smart cities require advanced traffic management systems. Traffic forecasting is an essential task of the advanced transportation system. Traffic spatio-temporal data are often heterogeneous. Most existing traffic prediction models predominantly use separate components to extract the temporal and spatial features of traffic data. However, this overlooks the intrinsic connections between the spatio-temporal features of traffic data. To directly mine the spatio-temporal heterogeneity, this study constructs a global heterogeneous traffic spatio-temporal graph and proposes the Heterogeneous Traffic Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolution (HTSTGC). To reduce the complexity of the model, Simple Graph Convolution (SGC) is used to extract semi-structured meta-graph information. The receptive fields that capture temporal and spatial features can be flexibly adjusted separately through clever design, which can balance the performance and efficiency of the model. Finally, the feature fusion module applies Gated Graph Neural Network (GGNN) to fuse temporal and spatial features. The results on the PEMS datasets reveal that jointly modeling different types of relationships can improve the traffic prediction performance of the model. The proposed HTSTGC has better performance than the baseline methods in most cases. The research results can support urban traffic control, traffic pollution reduction, and sustainable urban development.

Rumour: A Lexicographical Description of the Word Meaning From Evidentiality Perspective

Current media studies as well as the analysis of social interaction put forward the notion of rumours playing a significant role in human communication and making it a full-fledged object of linguistic analysis. The article is devoted to the description and unification of the lexicographical meaning of the word ‘rumour’ which is basic for indirect knowledge transmission. The proposed research perspective is preconditioned by the interest in uncertain knowledge and informal communication practices including such phenomena as rumors, gossip, etc., inherent in professional communication, as well as in the category of evidentiality. The empirical material comprises dictionary interpretations, the inconsistency of which stipulated the application of the ideas of lexical semantics. Componential analysis is chosen as the main method to define meanings. As a result, the polysemy of the word under study has been exposed, with its structure including five lexico-semantic variants with different types of relations. The invariant set of ‘without confirmation’, ‘uncertain origin’, ‘questionable accuracy’ components in the structure of the meanings indicates that there is a direct connection of the word semantics with the linguistic categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. The analysis shows that when interpreting the values obtained, the concept of evidence as a source of information has an explanatory potential, the crucial factor being its distinct classification in terms of levels. The extensive typology of reportive evidentials enables to define the central meaning of the word ‘rumour’ as information characterized as transmitted knowledge, realized through informal statements, categorized as a proper reportative marked by the third level of evidence. The core ‘questionable accuracy’ seme testifies to the correlation of the reportative evidential value and the epistemic evaluation of the acquired knowledge which manifests itself in the fact that indirect mediated access to information potentiates its qualification as lacking confirmation.

Probing the Representational Structure of Regular Polysemy via Sense Analogy Questions: Insights from Contextual Word Vectors.

Regular polysemes are sets of ambiguous words that all share the same relationship between their meanings, such as CHICKEN and LOBSTER both referring to an animal or its meat. To probe how a distributional semantic model, here exemplified by bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), represents regular polysemy, we analyzed whether its embeddings support answering sense analogy questions similar to "is the mapping between CHICKEN (as an animal) and CHICKEN (as a meat) similar to that which maps between LOBSTER (as an animal) to LOBSTER (as a meat)?" We did so using the LRcos model, which combines a logistic regression classifier of different categories (e.g., animal vs. meat) with a measure of cosine similarity. We found that (a) the model was sensitive to the shared structure within a given regular relationship; (b) the shared structure varies across different regular relationships (e.g., animal/meat vs. location/organization), potentially reflective of a "regularity continuum;" (c) some high-order latent structure is shared across different regular relationships, suggestive of a similar latent structure across different types of relationships; and (d) there is a lack of evidence for the aforementioned effects being explained by meaning overlap. Lastly, we found that both components of the LRcos model made important contributions to accurate responding and that a variation of this method could yield an accuracy boost of 10% in answering sense analogy questions. These findings enrich previous theoretical work on regular polysemy with a computationally explicit theory and methods, and provide evidence for an important organizational principle for the mental lexicon and the broader conceptual knowledgesystem.

Characterization of cellular responses and cell lysis to elevated hydrodynamic stress from benchtop perfusion bioreactors.

The effective design of perfusion cell culture is currently challenging regarding balancing the operating parameters associated with the hydrodynamic conditions due to increased system complexity. To address this issue, cellular responses of an industrial CHO cell line to different types of hydrodynamic stress in benchtop perfusion bioreactors originating from agitation, sparging, and hollow fibers (HF) in the cell retention devices were systematically investigated here with the analysis of cell lysis. It was found that cell lysis was very common and most associated with the sparging stress, followed by the HF and lastly the agitation, consequently heavily impacting the estimation of process descriptors related to biomass. The results indicated that the agitation stress led to a reduced cell growth with a shift toward a more productive phenotype, suggesting an energy redirection from biomass formation to product synthesis, whereas the sparging stress had a small impact on the intracellular metabolic flux distribution but increased the cell death rate drastically. For HF stress, a similar cell maintenance profile was found as the sparging while the activity of glycolysis and the TCA cycle was significantly impeded, potentially leading to the lack of energy and thus a substantial decrease in cell-specific productivity. Moreover, a novel concept of volume average shear stress was developed to further understand the relations of different types of stress and the observed responses for an improved insight for the perfusion cell culture.

Responsiveness, Social Connection, Hope, and Life Satisfaction in Everyday Social Interaction: An Experience Sampling Study

What are the specific everyday communication experiences—from across people’s social networks—that contribute to well-being? In the present work, we focus on the effects of perceived partner responsiveness in social interactions on various well-being outcomes. We hypothesized that everyday moments of responsiveness indirectly support two key estimates of well-being (hope and life satisfaction) through feelings of social connection. Data were obtained in an experience sampling study collected across ten days (N = 120). Results of dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) showed that responsive interaction predicted increases in hope (but not life satisfaction) through social connection. Results also identified reciprocal within-person links between responsive interaction and social connection throughout the day. These findings underscore the importance of responsive everyday communication for fostering social connection across different types of relationships and for supporting people’s capacity for a hopeful life. We discuss the implications of these results for continued research of responsiveness, hope theory, and well-being from a social interaction lens. On a practical level, the mediation pathway involving hope suggests how small changes in our patterns of everyday social interaction can be consequential to the quality of our lives.

Parallel cognitive maps for multiple knowledge structures in the hippocampal formation.

The hippocampal-entorhinal system uses cognitive maps to represent spatial knowledge and other types of relational information. However, objects can often be characterized by different types of relations simultaneously. How does the hippocampal formation handle the embedding of stimuli in multiple relational structures that differ vastly in their mode and timescale of acquisition? Does the hippocampal formation integrate different stimulus dimensions into one conjunctive map or is each dimension represented in a parallel map? Here, we reanalyzed human functional magnetic resonance imaging data from Garvert et al. (2017) that had previously revealed a map in the hippocampal formation coding for a newly learnt transition structure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation analysis, we found that the degree of representational similarity in the bilateral hippocampus also decreased as a function of the semantic distance between presented objects. Importantly, while both map-like structures localized to the hippocampal formation, the semantic map was located in more posterior regions of the hippocampal formation than the transition structure and thus anatomically distinct. This finding supports the idea that the hippocampal-entorhinal system forms parallel cognitive maps that reflect the embedding of objects in diverse relational structures.

The Needs of Adolescents to Communicate with Their Parents in Online and Offline Formats: The Creation and Validation of a Questionnaire

Background. Modern society is characterized by the widespread use of social media, which provides users with new communication, leisure, work, and study opportunities. The growth of online communication time leads to the development of new special communicative needs. These circumstances prompted us to develop the “Questionnaire on Adolescents’ Needs to Communicate with Their Parents Online and Offline” (QANCP). Objective. We set out to study the relationship between adolescents’ hierarchy of communicative needs and the characteristics of child-parent relations by developing and testing the psychometric characteristics of the QANCP. Design. One hundred and twenty-eight teenagers (56 boys and 72 girls, age 15-17) took part in the research. The research methods included theoretical analysis, modeling, questionnaires, and statistical analysis. The tools used were: 1) the customized (authorial) “Questionnaire of adolescents’ needs to communicate with their parents online and offline” (QANCP); and 2) the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) by Armsden and Greenberg (1987) in the Sadovnikova and Eliseeva adaptation (Eliseeva, 2013). Results. The results of the qualitative research proved the acceptability of the QANCP scales. Expert assessments showed that the test had sufficient face and content validity. Statistically significant differences in the parameters measuring adolescents’ communicative needs in groups with different types of relations with their parents were established. Conclusion. Testing of the QANCP questionnaire showed that the QANCP is a valid and reliable instrument to measure adolescents’ communication with their parents in online and offline formats. It was established that there is a connection between the characteristics of child-parent relations in adolescence and the hierarchy of communication needs of “adolescent-parent” communication online and offline.

Training an AI-based Writing Assistant for Spanish Learners: The Usefulness of Chatbots and the Indispensability of Human-assisted Intelligence

This article deals with the relationship between human and artificial intelligence in the context of an ongoing Spanish Writing Assistant project, where ChatGPT is used to assist in four key tasks related to either training the underlying language model or preparing future user communication. The project is an interdisciplinary collaboration between lexicographers with experience in language teaching and IT experts from a high-tech company. The article first describes the methodology of the overall project and the specific role of the lexicographers. It then discusses the three tasks in which the latter are directly involved: the construction of a set of two parallel Spanish corpora, one correct and the other with induced errors, the generation of validation material, and the writing of extended grammatical explanations for Spanish learners. Based on a large amount of empirical data, including 35,000 carefully reviewed sentences, the article details the different steps of the interaction between human and chatbot, as well as the experiences and reflections drawn from this process. It concludes that the two parts engage in very different types of relationships depending on the concrete task, and that human knowledge, culture, skills and language intuition are crucial for the chatbot to work properly. Keywords: Spanish writing assistants, language learning, chatbots, human-assisted intelligence, training of language model, corpus building

Exploring the Economic Foundations Behind Interpersonal Relationships

This paper focuses on economic issues related to the presence of shopping malls, as economic activities are inevitably influenced by social interactions and interpersonal relationships. Different types of relationships, ranging from weak to strong and positive to negative, form a complex system. The combination of Chinese tradition, cultural background, and the requirements of the current social system has led to the prominence of interpersonal connections. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the significant impact of relationships on transaction subjects. Furthermore, it explores how interpersonal relationships affect the formation and development of enterprises, as well as the allocation and utilization of resources. The paper emphasizes the importance of reducing the negative impact of interpersonal relationships by adopting an approach that prioritizes interpersonal connections. This involves considering new cost and profit expectations and minimizing the reliance on relational functions when constraining economic activities.

Atmospheric fronts from a climatologist's perspective: A review

The term atmospheric front has been in use for a century. The definition of atmospheric front has evolved and changed over time. First, this concept was used to analyze and predict weather through subjective analysis of synoptic maps. The advent of computer technology has enabled the emergence of various types of objective analysis, which have made it possible to find different types of relationships between atmospheric fronts and meteorological and climatological variables. The relationship between fronts and atmospheric precipitation has been studied in detail, but a systematic analysis of the relationship between fronts and surface temperature is still missing. Climatology of fronts from different authors indicate the same main features, although they are based on different objective analyses and input data. Past and future changes in the position and activity of fronts were analyzed thanks to the objective analysis of reanalysis data and climate models.

Lexical synecdoche in Croatian

The three key mechanisms in deriving the secondary meaning of polysemous lexemes are lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. Considering that lexical synecdoche has not received much attention so far, this paper will explore its role in creating the polysemous structure of Croatian lexemes. In this paper, lexical synecdoche is viewed as a predictable mechanism with several reversible transfers in its core: part for whole and whole for part, general for individual and individual for general, singular for plural and plural for singular, species for genus and genus for species. The formulas of these transfers are at the same time notations for conceptual metonymies which we consider the starting point for the creativity of lexical synecdoches. We do so because the metonymy and the synecdoche operate within a single conceptual domain, where one entity stands for another on the basis of their spatial, temporal, functional or causal relation. This common relation is why the synecdoche is usually considered a subcategory of metonymy. On the other hand, the metonymy and the synecdoche can be seen as separate lexical mechanisms because they are motivated by different types of relations between entities involved in the transfer. While the metonymic transfer is based on the closeness of entities in conceptual proximity as parts of the same domain, the transfer in synecdoche occurs between the domain itself and its integral part and turns from proximity to inclusion.