Different Types Of Relationships Research Articles

Churchill’s reflection discourse

AbstractThis study presents the results of a cognitive analysis of Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs at the textual, lingual and conceptual levels in order to interpret the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse. The scope of the present research covers Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs as one of the most fruitful types of literary text with regard to the realization of reflection, which is organically interwoven into his texts. The study is done by means of complex analysis with the application of discourse, textual, semantic, cognitive, and conceptual analyses. In the process of the investigation, it was found that Churchill’s reflection discourse represents a special form of language use that discloses a cognitive personality type, which is characterized by the prevalence of logical, deductive and cause-and-effect reasoning. The conceptual space of Churchill’s reflection discourse is constructed as a network model which represents different types of relations among the reflection concepts (subordination, identity, spatial, associative, subjective-and-causative, opposition, causativeand-resultative, attributive, qualitative, attributive-and-possessive, attributive-and-appositive, partitive, functional, reversive-and-functional, paradoxical, and dependency). The verbalization of the reflection concepts actualizes the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse and helps determine the dominant messages implied in Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs.

Attention-aware heterogeneous graph neural network

As a powerful tool for elucidating the embedding representation of graph-structured data, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which are a series of powerful tools built on homogeneous networks, have been widely used in various data mining tasks. It is a huge challenge to apply a GNN to an embedding Heterogeneous Information Network (HIN). The main reason for this challenge is that HINs contain many different types of nodes and different types of relationships between nodes. HIN contains rich semantic and structural information, which requires a specially designed graph neural network. However, the existing HIN-based graph neural network models rarely consider the interactive information hidden between the meta-paths of HIN in the poor embedding of nodes in the HIN. In this paper, we propose an Attention-aware Heterogeneous graph Neural Network (AHNN) model to effectively extract useful information from HIN and use it to learn the embedding representation of nodes. Specifically, we first use node-level attention to aggregate and update the embedding representation of nodes, and then concatenate the embedding representation of the nodes on different meta-paths. Finally, the semantic-level neural network is proposed to extract the feature interaction relationships on different meta-paths and learn the final embedding of nodes. Experimental results on three widely used datasets showed that the AHNN model could significantly outperform the state-of-the-art models.

The self-centered philanthropist: family involvement and corporate social responsibility in private enterprises

Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) has attracted increasing attention in recent years, systematic studies on the CSR of Chinese enterprises are absent from academic publications. This study examines the effects of family involvement in the CSR of private enterprises. Using private enterprise data in China, the article reveals that, on the one hand, family involvement will improve CSR investment toward community stakeholders; on the other hand, family involvement has a negative effect on the CSR of contractual stakeholders. With the influence of “chaxu geju,” the author argues that Chinese families tend to shift between different logics of behavior when faced with people with whom they have different types of relationships and incorporate this behavioral mode into company practices when they engage themselves in management and business affairs.

An exploration of the Personal Relationship Advisory Group in a community learning disability service: A service development project

Accessible summary The project aimed to explore discussions from the Personal Relationship Advisory Group (PRAG) meetings in a community adult learning disability team to influence the development of new relationship resources. All meeting minutes within a 12‐month period were analysed to find themes. The themes suggest the importance of the service looking at the whole person, such as their physical, emotional and social well‐being, when there are relationship concerns. New resources that focus on personal sexuality, different types of relationships and Internet safety may be of benefit to the service. Resources for carers may also be useful, such as helping carers to support people with learning disabilities to safely access relationships online. AbstractBackgroundAdults with learning disabilities often face barriers when accessing relationships and can require additional support. The Personal Relationship Advisory Group (PRAG) is a provision in a community learning disability service in North England, which offers multidisciplinary advice regarding relationship concerns. The current project aimed to identify common themes within PRAG to influence the development of new resources in the service.Materials and MethodsAll meeting minutes within a 12‐month period were analysed using thematic analysis. There were a total of 16 minutes, which discussed 11 people with learning disabilities. This included six females and five males with a mean age of 30 (SD = 14.97).ResultsIndividuals often had limited opportunity to develop relationships. There was a lack of understanding of sex and of how to behave appropriately in different types of relationships, with a need for individualised, accessible education. The Internet was commonly used to seek relationships, with many concerns regarding safety from carers or family. There were some unhelpful responses from others, such as the implementing of restrictions. Factors that may have an impact on the person's overall well‐being, such as their health, social issues and trauma, were often discussed.ConclusionsThe identified themes suggest the need for the service to take a holistic, biopsychosocial and individualised approach when supporting individuals with any relationship concerns. A multidisciplinary approach and collaboration with the individual and family/carers is key. It may be useful for the service to develop resources on topics such as personal sexuality, different types of relationships and Internet safety. Carer‐specific resources would also be beneficial, such as advice on how to safely support individuals to seek relationships on the Internet.

Edges in brain networks: Contributions to models of structure and function.

Network models describe the brain as sets of nodes and edges that represent its distributed organization. So far, most discoveries in network neuroscience have prioritized insights that highlight distinct groupings and specialized functional contributions of network nodes. Importantly, these functional contributions are determined and expressed by the web of their interrelationships, formed by network edges. Here, we underscore the important contributions made by brain network edges for understanding distributed brain organization. Different types of edges represent different types of relationships, including connectivity and similarity among nodes. Adopting a specific definition of edges can fundamentally alter how we analyze and interpret a brain network. Furthermore, edges can associate into collectives and higher order arrangements, describe time series, and form edge communities that provide insights into brain network topology complementary to the traditional node-centric perspective. Focusing on the edges, and the higher order or dynamic information they can provide, discloses previously underappreciated aspects of structural and functional network organization.

Local Belief Dynamics in Network Knowledge Bases

People are becoming increasingly more connected to each other as social networks continue to grow both in number and variety, and this is true for autonomous software agents as well. Taking them as a collection, such social platforms can be seen as one complex network with many different types of relations, different degrees of strength for each relation, and a wide range of information on each node. In this context, social media posts made by users are reflections of the content of their own individual (or local) knowledge bases; modeling how knowledge flows over the network—or how this can possibly occur—is therefore of great interest from a knowledge representation and reasoning perspective. In this article, we provide a formal introduction to the network knowledge base model, and then focus on the problem of how a single agent’s knowledge base changes when exposed to a stream of news items coming from other members of the network. We do so by taking the classical belief revision approach of first proposing desirable properties for how such a local operation should be carried out (theoretical characterization), arriving at three different families of local operators, exploring concrete algorithms (algorithmic characterization) for two of the families, and proving properties about the relationship between the two characterizations (representation theorem). One of the most important differences between our approach and the classical models of belief revision is that in our case the input is more complex, containing additional information about each piece of information.

Landscapes of Prosperity, Youth, Femininity, Temptation, Friendship, Transition, Money, and Survival in Terms of Evolutionary Psychology

Assessment of landscape attractiveness often struggles with the challenge of differences in human tastes. In the present study, the relationship between preferences shaped by the biological and cultural evolution of mankind and the qualities of landscape attractiveness were examined. The aim of the study was to determine the types of landscape as related to evolutionary behavior patterns and preferences regarding the choice of a partner in different types of relationships. The research hypothesis was that the sets of traits preferred by human partners can be reflected in sets of preferred qualities of landscape attractiveness. The translation of human qualities into qualities of landscape was done through anthropomorphization using the phenomenological method and research techniques based on branding (e.g., the brand personality construct). During the investigation, the following types of landscape attractiveness were identified: Landscape of Prosperity, Youth, Femininity, Temptation, Friendship, Transition, and Money. The developed typological division is a step towards recognizing new sources of preferences for aesthetic and cognitive landscape values. This framework could be interesting for landscape valuation and planning, as well as research on the cultural character of the landscape, as a resource important in the context of sustainable development.

ElementRank: Ranking Java Software Classes and Packages using a Multilayer Complex Network-Based Approach

Software comprehension is an important part of software maintenance. To understand a piece of large and complex software, the first problem to be solved is where to start the understanding process. Choosing to start the comprehension process from the important software elements has proven to be a practical way. Research on complex networks opens new opportunities for identifying important elements, and many approaches have been proposed. However, the software networks that existing approaches use neglect the multilayer nature of software systems. That is, nodes in the network can have different types of relationships at the same time, and each type of relationship forms a specific layer. Worse still, they mainly focus on identifying important classes, and little work has been done on quantifying package importance. In this paper, we propose an ElementRank approach to provide a ranked list of classes (or packages) for maintainers to start the comprehension process. The top-ranked classes (or packages) can be seen as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. First, we introduce two kinds of multilayer software networks to describe the topological structure of software at the class level and package level, respectively. Second, we propose a weighted PageRank algorithm to calculate the weighted PageRank value of classes (or packages) in each layer of the corresponding multilayer software network. Then, we use AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to weigh each layer in the corresponding multilayer software network, and further aggregate the weighted PageRank value to obtain the global weighted PageRank value for each class (or package). Finally, all the classes (or packages) are ranked according to their global weighted PageRank values in a descending order, and the top-ranked classes (or packages) can serve as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. ElementRank is validated theoretically using the widely accepted Weyuker’s criteria. Theoretical results show that the global weighted PageRank value for classes (or packages) satisfies most of Weyuker’s properties. Furthermore, ElementRank is evaluated empirically using a set of twelve open source software systems. Through a set of experiments, we show the rank correlation between the results of ElementRank and that of the approaches in the related work, and the benefits of ElementRank are also illustrated in comparison with other approaches in the related work. Empirical results also show that ElementRank can be applied to large software systems.

Can we mend fences? A model of recovery processes of SME business-to-business relationships

PurposeThis paper aims to develop a process model of business-to-business (B2B) relationship recovery after a transgression has placed the future of the relationship in doubt. The research questions ask, How are relationships recovered? and How does the relationship strength pre-transgression influence the recovery process?Design/methodology/approachThe process model is empirically grounded with first-hand narratives of owner managers (OMs) and key personnel of Irish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using the critical incident technique, 25 owner and manager interviews in 23 SMEs resulted in 48 recovery narratives.FindingsThe findings identify four types of outcomes flowing from two potential recovery process paths. The strength of the relationship pre-transgression and the desire to maintain the relationship influence the parties’ actions during the recovery process and the status of the relationship subsequently.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge that each narrative in the data are the informants’ construction of the phenomenon. The B2B relationship recovery process model offers OMs and SMEs a blueprint of what to expect, and how they might reach for recovery instead of the relationship ending.Originality/valuePrior studies either treat recovery as a minor part of an ending process or focus on a single sub-process, leaving the overall process under-researched. This study contributes to the B2B relationship dynamics discussion with a processual view of the overall recovery process, including recovery sub-processes, paths and temporal outcomes in different types of relationships and takes into account the pre-transgression relationship.

The Effects of Anthropomorphism on How People Evaluate Algorithm-Written News

Based on the Modality-Agency-Interactivity-Navigability model and the anthropomorphism theory, this study examines whether embedding human-like characteristics in algorithms increases the persuasiveness of algorithm-written news. This study further investigates how different types of relationships (servant or friend) that human writers form with algorithms determine the persuasiveness of algorithm-generated news. Experiment 1 demonstrated that participants who read the human- and humanized algorithm-written news showed greater emotional involvement in the stories and liked the articles more than those who read the algorithm-written news. The participants also reported that news written by humans, humanized algorithms, and algorithms, had equal news credibility. Experiment 2 further showed that the participants perceived the news as more credible and experienced greater degrees of emotional involvement when human writers formed a partner-to-friend relationship with humanized algorithms while generating news rather than a servant-to-master relationship.

The Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships: Understanding Power and Control Tactics Among College Students.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem among college students and many students have difficulty identifying unhealthy and abusive behaviors. The aims of this mixed methods study are to: (a) create an inclusive tool that illustrates the power and control experiences of a diverse group of young adult college students, (b) ensure a broad scope of tactics are illustrated (related to technology and different types of relationships), and (c) measure the experience of these tactics, including how IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy are influenced by a more inclusive tool. In Phase I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students (n = 33) and staff (n = 10) at campus sexual assault centers at the three University of Michigan (UM) campuses to explore power and control tactics utilized by perpetrators on college campuses. Content analysis revealed 13 categories of tactics in college relationships. A draft tool was created and assessed for accuracy using cognitive interviews with students (n = 20) from all three campuses in Phase II. Cognitive interviews resulted in the following changes to the final tool: (a) new presentation of the Socioecological Model, (b) identification of substance use as a facilitator for multiple forms of violence, and (c) edits to tactic descriptions. In Phase III, 250 students at UM-Ann Arbor participated in a quasi-experimental evaluation in which 133 interacted with the tool and 117 received access to usual care (campus sexual misconduct policy). Both groups answered survey questions about IPV knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and experiences at baseline, and after one month and five months. Among all college participants in Phase III, 33.5% had experienced lifetime IPV and 25.2% had experienced IPV in the past year. There were no significant differences among IPV knowledge, attitudes, or self-efficacy by group. The Dynamics of Interpersonal Coercion Among College Students tool was created by incorporating current tactics utilized among a diverse college population.

The Management of a Company’s Relational Capital as Part of Business Process

Purpose: The paper deals with the issue of a company's relational capital, especially customer relations. The aim of the paper is an attempt to answer the question concerning the role of developing the right type of relational capital with customers in organisations applying the Business Process Management (BPM) philosophy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper characterises business processes and the BPM concept, as well as describes models of process maturity. The section regarding a company's relational capital focuses on different types of relations with stakeholders and also asks about the essence of customer relations in organisations using BPM. The paper includes the results of quantitative research carried out among 600 companies of all sizes operating throughout Poland. The diagnostic survey method, which used the Paper and Pencil Interviewing (PAPI) technique, was chosen as the research method. The respondents were representatives of top management, including business owners. The research was complemented by a case study conducted in one of the organisations operating in the metal industry. It is a company that fully applies the BPM concept. Findings: The results of the quantitative research carried out indicate the existence of a relationship between the type of relations that a company has with its customers and the level of process maturity of the company. The types of customer relations are so important that the attention of companies using the BPM concept is focused on this kind of relationships. The results of the case study strongly confirm that the company analysed sees an important role of its relational capital (especially customer relations) in business process management. Every process implemented in the organisation is undertaken with the final customer in mind as well as his/her satisfaction with the product or service offered. Originality/value: The article discusses an innovative approach to the relational capital of enterprises from the point of view of the process maturity of companies.

The relational road to voice: how members of a low-status occupational group can develop voice behavior that transcends hierarchical levels

AbstractMembers of frontline low-status occupational groups often have access to a vast pool of knowledge, expertise, and experience that may be valuable for organizations. However, previous research has shown that members of these occupational groups are often reluctant to exhibit voice behavior due to their low position in the organizational hierarchy and perceived status differences. Drawing on in-depth interviews with auxiliary nurses (ANs) who participated in a development trajectory, as well as with their colleagues and supervisors, we demonstrate how members of this low-status occupational group develop voice behavior. Our findings show how acquiring three different types of knowledge and acting on this knowledge can lead to forming new and different types of relationships with members of higher status occupational groups in the organization. Subsequently, these relational changes enhanced voice behavior, as the ANs under study became more skillful in navigating the organization and felt better equipped to share their ideas, concerns, and perspective. We contribute to the literature on voice behavior by members of low-status occupational groups by moving beyond the findings of previous studies that have shown that low-status employees are unlikely to exhibit voice behavior. We detail how the development of knowledge, as well as relationships between different occupational groups, is crucial for the enhancement of voice behavior that transcends hierarchical levels. Moreover, we add to the literature on upward influence of subordinates by showing how such voice allows subordinates to exert upward influence in their organizations and initiate change that benefits their own occupational group.

Physical activity and fitness in the community: the Framingham Heart Study.

While greater physical activity (PA) is associated with improved health outcomes, the direct links between distinct components of PA, their changes over time, and cardiorespiratory fitness are incompletely understood. Maximum effort cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and objective PA measures [sedentary time (SED), steps/day, and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA)] via accelerometers worn for 1 week concurrent with CPET and 7.8 years prior were obtained in 2070 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 54 ± 9 years, 51% women, SED 810 ± 83 min/day, steps/day 7737 ± 3520, MVPA 22.3 ± 20.3 min/day, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 23.6 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min]. Adjusted for clinical risk factors, increases in steps/day and MVPA and reduced SED between the two assessments were associated with distinct aspects of cardiorespiratory fitness (measured by VO2) during initiation, early-moderate level, peak exercise, and recovery, with the highest effect estimates for MVPA (false discovery rate <5% for all). Findings were largely consistent across categories of age, sex, obesity, and cardiovascular risk. Increases of 17 min of MVPA/day [95% confidence interval (CI) 14-21] or 4312 steps/day (95% CI 3439-5781; ≈54 min at 80 steps/min), or reductions of 249 min of SED per day (95% CI 149-777) between the two exam cycles corresponded to a 5% (1.2 mL/kg/min) higher peak VO2. Individuals with high (above-mean) steps or MVPA demonstrated above average peak VO2 values regardless of whether they had high or low SED. Our findings provide a detailed assessment of relations of different types of PA with multidimensional cardiorespiratory fitness measures and suggest favourable longitudinal changes in PA (and MVPA in particular) are associated with greater objective fitness.

Extracting complements and substitutes from sales data: a network perspective

The complementarity and substitutability between products are essential concepts in retail and marketing. Qualitatively, two products are said to be substitutable if a customer can replace one product by the other, while they are complementary if they tend to be bought together. In this article, we take a network perspective to help automatically identify complements and substitutes from sales transaction data. Starting from a bipartite product-purchase network representation, with both transaction nodes and product nodes, we develop appropriate null models to infer significant relations, either complements or substitutes, between products, and design measures based on random walks to quantify their importance. The resulting unipartite networks between products are then analysed with community detection methods, in order to find groups of similar products for the different types of relationships. The results are validated by combining observations from a real-world basket dataset with the existing product hierarchy, as well as a large-scale flavour compound and recipe dataset.

Familial and genetic associations between autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

Familial and genetic associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders have been reported, sometimes with conflicting results. We estimated familial and genetic associations between ASD and nine disorder groups, and explored differences in these associations for ASD in the context of intellectual disability, epilepsy, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital malformations. Individuals born between 1985 and 2009 living in Sweden on their seventh birthday were linked to their biological parents in order to identify different types of relatives. We retrieved information on all the disorders considered from the National Patient Register. Logistic regression was used to estimate the familial association between ASD and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in the different groups of relatives. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate phenotypic (rp ) and genetic associations (rg ), as well as the contribution of genetic influences to rp . The study included 2,398,608 individuals. Among relatives of individuals diagnosed with ASD, there was an increased risk of the disorders considered, compared to relatives of individuals who were not diagnosed with ASD. Stronger associations were detected for ASD without any additional diagnosis of intellectual disability, epilepsy, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital malformations. The strongest genetic correlation was estimated between ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (rg =0.73; 95% CI=0.66-0.79). Moderate genetic correlations were estimated for anxiety disorders (rg =0.47; 95% CI=0.33-0.61), depression (rg =0.52; 95% CI=0.37-0.66), and intentional self-harm (rg =0.54; 95% CI=0.36-0.71). ASD shows familial and genetic association not only with other neurodevelopmental disorders, but also with other psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and intentional self-harm. Family history of ASD comorbid with intellectual disability, epilepsy, congenital malformations, or chromosomal abnormalities is less related to other psychiatric disorders, potentially suggesting a different etiology for this subgroup of patients.

Science, AskScience, and BadScience: On the Coexistence of Highly Related Communities

When large social-media platforms allow users to easily formand self-organize into interest groups, highly related communities can arise. For example, the Reddit site hosts not just a group called food, but also HealthyFood, foodhacks,foodporn, and cooking, among others. Are these highly related communities created for similar classes of reasons (e.g.,to focus on a subtopic, to create a place for allegedly more “high-minded” discourse, etc.)? How do users allocate attention between such close alternatives when they are available or emerge over time? Are there different types of relations between close alternatives such as sharing many users vs. a new community drawing away members of an older one vs. a splinter group failing to cohere into a viable separate community? We investigate the interactions between highly related communities using data from reddit.com consisting of 975M posts and comments spanning an 8-year period. We identify a set of typical affixes that users adopt to create highly related communities and build a taxonomy of affixes. One interesting finding regarding users’ behavior is: after a newer community is created, for several types of highly-related community pairs, users that engage in a newer community tend to be more active in their original community than users that do not explore, even when controlling for previous level of engagement.

Distance or Intimacy：The Moderating Role of Alliance Routines in the Relationship between Partnership and Innovation Performance

With the rapid development of global economy, it is a universal phenomenon that the improvement of enterprise innovation ability increasingly depends on R&D investment. Innovation activities are the result of the interaction of a variety of heterogeneous resources, so it is an important path for enterprises to obtain innovation resources through alliances and other cooperative relationships. The study of both theory and practice has shown that the cooperative relationship, no matter loose or close, is an important path for enterprises to obtain external innovation resources. However, scholars have different views on the effect of the two types of relationship on enterprise innovation. Therefore, this study will explore how to choose the right partners by identifying the roles of different types of relationship in the process of enterprise innovation, thereby guiding enterprise innovation activities.We randomly select a sample of 295 high-tech enterprises from the manufacturing industry in Hefei High-tech Zone, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone and Hefei Xinzhan District. The results show that neither strong nor weak alliance partnership in the dense network is conducive to improving enterprise innovation ability, while maintaining the appropriate strength of partnership is the most conducive to enterprise innovation performance. However, alliance routines can reduce the above mentioned effects. In the sparse network, the stronger the partnership, the more obvious the innovation performance of enterprises, and alliance routines also strengthen the relationship between them.The theoretical contributions are as follows: Firstly, we expand the previous literature on relationship strength and innovation performance, and study the effect of external relationships on innovation performance by bringing individual network and collective network into the same framework, which supplements the perspective of existing studies in explaining the relationship strength paradox. It is found that the effect of relationship strength on innovation performance is not the same under different network density conditions. Secondly, we reveal the moderating effect of alliance routines on relationship strength and innovation performance under different network density conditions by introducing alliance routines into this research framework. Thirdly, we deep the study on alliance routines, and provide important insight regarding the follow-up research in this field and how to improve innovation performance through properly levering alliance routines.The current research points out several directions for future research: Firstly, the variable of partnership can be measured from the perspective of relationship quality, relationship symmetry and relationship persistence, etc. Secondly, alliance routines may have different effects on radical innovation and incremental innovation. This study mainly investigates the moderating effect of alliance routines, and future research can explore the effect on radical innovation and incremental innovation. Thirdly, future research can be combined with different knowledge attributes to study the effect of relationship strength between enterprises and customers, suppliers, distributors and intermediaries on innovation performance under different network density conditions.

HEXACO and Dark Triad Personality Traits as Predictors of Male Attractiveness in Different Relationship Contexts

This study aimed to further investigate the perceived attractiveness of the Dark Triad (DT) personality in different types of relationships (i.e. friendship, short-term and long-term relationship) controlling for basic personality traits from the HEXACO model. The participants were 167 female students (M = 20.82 years, SD = 1.54) who rated personality and attractiveness of a man with highly expressed DT characteristics (n = 91) or a low-scoring DT character (n = 76) presented in a vignette. In line with recent findings, we observed a high negative correlation between the Honesty-Humility factor and DT personality (r = -.88, p &amp;lt; .001). As hypothesized, there was a significant difference in attractiveness ratings for the two characters in the context of different interpersonal relationships, with high DT character rated as significantly more attractive than the low DT character in the context of short-term mating. Furthermore, the hierarchical regression analysis showed that DT personality had a unique contribution in predicting attractiveness in the context of short-term relationship, after controlling for the basic personality traits.

Causal connective expressions in textbooks written in Spanish: A comparative study of four primary school subjects

The purpose of this study was to compare: 1) the connective expressions (CEs) used to signal causal coherence relations in primary school textbooks from four different school subjects (variety); 2) patterns of use of these CEs in terms of the types and number of causal relations they signal across subjects (functionality); 3) patterns of use of these CEs regarding the causal relations they specialize in across subjects (specificity). 2216 causal coherence relations extracted from school textbooks of Language, Mathematics, Science, and History were analysed. To describe variety and functionality, a descriptive statistical approach was adopted, while to determine specificity, a logistic model was built, which allowed us to predict the co-occurrence of CEs and a specific type of causal relation. 76 linguistic devices were identified in the overall corpus, being Conjunctions the predominant category. Regarding functionality, in each subject the most frequent CEs signal from two to five different types of relations. Four CEs showed a profile of specificity in the overall corpus and only two were determined as specific in the across subject analysis. Results suggest that polyfunctionality is the main pattern of use of Spanish causal CEs.