Different Types Of Physical Training Research Articles

Plastyczność układu nerwowo-mięśniowego - adaptacja do zmienionego poziomu aktywności ruchowej

Plastyczność układu nerwowo-mięśniowego to trwająca całe życie zdolność do reorganizacji struktury i funkcji pod wpływem doświadczenia. Obok plastyczności związanej z rozwojem organizmu, procesami uczenia się lub odnową funkcji po uszkodzeniach, wyróżnia się plastyczność adaptacyjną, która polega na dostosowaniu właściwości neuronów i/lub włókien mięśniowych do zmienionego poziomu aktywności ruchowej. Celem niniejszego artykułu było zebranie aktualnej wiedzy na temat zmian adaptacyjnych jednostek ruchowych w oparciu o wyniki kilku serii eksperymentów wykonanych na modelach zwierzęcych. Podobieństwo struktury i mechanizmów sterowania pracą mięśni u wszystkich ssaków uzasadniają wnioskowanie na temat podobnych procesów u człowieka. W pierwszych rozdziałach prezentujemy pojęcie jednostki ruchowej, składającej się z jednego motoneuronu i grupy włókien mięśniowych unerwianych przez ten motoneuron, przedstawiamy charakterystykę histologiczną, biochemiczną i elektrofizjologiczną trzech typów jednostek (S, FR i FF) o odmiennych cechach skurczu oraz omawiamy ich udział w różnych formach wysiłku fizycznego. W kolejnych rozdziałach prezentujemy wyniki projektów badawczych, przeprowadzonych w celu odpowiedzi na pytania, w jaki sposób odmienne rodzaje treningu fizycznego (prowadzonego w celu wzrostu wytrzymałości lub zwiększenia siły), przeciążenie mięśni, unieruchomienie kończyny lub ograniczenie ruchu wpływają na cechy skurczu włókien mięśniowych oraz właściwości elektrofizjologiczne motoneuronów różnych typów jednostek ruchowych. Omówione obserwacje doświadczalne dowodzą, że plastyczność jednostek ruchowych to procesy zachodzące równolegle w neuronach i włóknach mięśniowych. W zależności od rodzaju treningu i jego intensywności oraz od czasu trwania zwiększonej lub ograniczonej aktywności ruchowej mogą one polegać na transformacji włókien mięśniowych jednego typu w inny, modulacji podstawowych cech skurczu, zmian odporności na zmęczenie, zmian pobudliwości motoneuronów, lub częstotliwości generowanych przez nie impulsów nerwowych. Zwykle jednostki ruchowe szybkie (FF i FR) wykazują większą dynamikę procesów adaptacyjnych niż jednostki wolne (S).

A High-Intensity Exercise Intervention Improves Older Women Lumbar Spine and Distal Tibia Bone Microstructure and Function: A 20-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: The effects of ageing on bone can be mitigated with different types of physical training, such as power training. However, stimuli that combine increasing external and internal loads concomitantly may improve bone quality. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of a combined power and plyometric training on lumbar spine and distal tibia microstructure and function. Methods: 38 sedentary elderly women between 60 and 70 years were randomly allocated in experimental (N = 21) and control group (N = 17). The effects of the 20-week protocol on lumbar spine microstructure and tibia microstructure and function were assessed by trabecular bone score (TBS), high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and microfinite element analysis. Results: when compared to the effects found in the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvements in lumbar spine TBS (Hedges’ g = 0.77); and in distal tibia trabecular thickness (g = 0.82) and trabecular bone mineral density (g=0.63). Conclusion: our findings underscore the effectiveness of the proposed intervention, suggesting it as a new strategy to slow down and even reverse the structural and functional losses in the skeletal system due to ageing.

Effect of different types of physical training on the function endothelial in hypertensive individuals

IntroductionEndothelial dysfunction is a characteristic of systemic arterial hypertension and an early marker of atherosclerosis. Aerobic training (AT) is known to improve endothelial function, but little is known about the effects of resistance training (RT) and combined training (CT) on endothelial function. Objective: To evaluate the effect of AT, RT and CT on endothelial function in individuals with hypertension.MethodsThirty-seven individuals with hypertension (53.8 ± 10.6 years old, systolic blood pressure 134.3 ± 13.1 mmHg, and diastolic 84.3 ± 12.1 mmHg) were randomly allocated in 3 groups: AT (n = 13, 40 min of cycle ergometer at 65% maximum heart rate – HRmax), RT (n = 12, 6 exercises, 4 sets/12 repetitions at 60% maximum strength – 1RM) and CT (n = 12, RT + AT, as follows: 6 exercises, 2 sets/12 repetitions at 60% 1RM, and AT: 20 min in cycle ergometer at 65% HRmax). All of them performed two sessions/week, 40 min/session, during 8 weeks. Endothelial function was evaluated by the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We conducted Generalized Estimating Equation, post-hoc Bonferroni, to assess differences among groups (p < 0.05).ResultsAll parameters (age, blood pressure, and FMD) were similar among groups at study entry. The different modalities of exercise determined similar benefits in %FMD, when compared pre- and post-training moments (within each modality): AT 9.96 ± 4.34 versus 13.13 ± 5.74% (Δ3.17%, p < 0.001); RT 9.84 ± 4.53 versus 14.35 ± 6.41% (Δ4.51%, p = 0.001) and CT 9.68 ± 4.95 versus 16.23 ± 8.44% (Δ6.55%, p = 0.001). When %FMD was compared among groups, no difference was observed (p = 0.248).ConclusionsThe different modalities were efficient and similar in improving endothelial function, through flow-mediated dilatation, in individuals with hypertension.

Exercise and reproductive function in polycystic ovary syndrome: protocol of a systematic review

BackgroundAlthough many post-participation outcomes in different types of physical training (e.g., aerobic and strength) have been previously investigated for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, there is no recent systematic review of the relationship between various types of intervention and the reproductive function of women with PCOS. The current paper describes a systematic review protocol on the benefits of physical exercise and dietary or drug interventions on endocrinological outcomes in women with PCOS.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Bireme, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library (Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies (CENTRAL) databases will be searched. Studies randomized controlled trials reporting on intervening changes in exercise interventions with or without interventions compared such as diet, medication and acupuncture on the menstrual cycle, and fertility in women with PCOS will be included. Results will be on the decrease of the characteristics of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and obesity. Studies published since 2010 and in the English language will be included.DiscussionThis systematic review will identify improvement strategies and types of interventions that are geared toward improving endocrine and consequently metabolic parameters. Thus, the use of such strategies may increase the types of low-cost non-drug therapies that aid in the treatment of PCOS.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42017058869

Balance and walking performance are improved after resistance and aerobic training in persons with chronic stroke

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different types of physical training on balance performance and whether improved balance correlates with improved walking performance.Methods: Forty eight participants with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to aerobic training on cycle ergometer (AT-group), resistance training of the lower extremities (RT-group), or sham training of upper extremities (ST-group). Participants exercised 3 d/week for 12 weeks. Balance (Berg Balance Scale), peak oxygen uptake rate, isometric knee extensor strength, maximal gait speed, and 6 minute walk test were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks.Results: Training specific effects were observed; the AT-group improved peak oxygen uptake rate by 15.5 (6.0–25.0)%, the RT-group improved non-paretic knee extensor strength by 35.1 (18.3–51.9)% and the ST-group improved non-paretic knee extensor strength by 8.9 (0.7–17.1)%. All groups improved balance (6.0 (95% CI: 3.2–8.8)%), maximal gait speed (10.2 (6.5–14.0)%), and 6 minute walk distance (12.4 (8.8–15.9)%) but balance improvements did not correlate with improvements in muscle strength, peak oxygen uptake rate, or walking.Conclusions: Physical exercise improves balance and walking performance, but improved balance is not a prerequisite for functional improvements in chronic stroke.Implications for RehabilitationAerobic training and progressive resistance training show small significant improvements in balance and walking, indicating a possible clinical relevance of these training modalities.Improvements in balance may not be a prerequisite for improvements in walking distance when assistive devices are allowed during walking tests.

Effects of water-based endurance training, resistance training, and combined water and resistance training programs on visfatin and ICAM-1 levels in sedentary obese women

Summary Objective This study investigated the effects of different types of physical training on visfatin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese women. Methods Thirty-two postmenopausal women (45–60 years) were randomly assigned to water-based endurance training, resistance training, combined (water and resistance) training, or control group ( n = 8 each). Training groups performed endurance (45 min swimming at 40–60% of maximal heart rate (HR max )), resistance (three sets of 10–12 repetitions at 40–60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)), or combined (swimming plus resistance) training (22 min resistance training, two sets of 10–12 repetitions at 40–60% of 1RM and 22 min endurance training at 40–60% of HR max ) three days per week for 10 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 48 h after training. Results Endurance and combined training caused significant ( P P Conclusion Water-based endurance training and combined (endurance plus resistance) training have a more favorable effect on metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease risk, diabetes risk, and serum visfatin in obese women than resistance training alone.

Effects of Different Types of Physical Training on Bone Mineral Density in Men and Women

Now, Osteoporosis (OP) is considered one of health threatening diseases in men and women. Physical activity can act critical for bone development, bone health, and fracture risk reduction. It is an effective, low cost and sound way to inhibit the progression of OP if perform regularly and have a structured base. Progression of OP is often related to either little accumulation of peak bone mass before to obtain of skeletal maturity or to excessive rate of bone loss in aging process. Given the rapid aging of societies worldwide, and the fact that no cure exists for osteoporosis, without adequate preventive strategies, the burden of these fractures is likely to grow exponentially. The purpose of this review was to convey the effects of different types of physical training on bone mineral density (BMD) principally at the hip and spine in men and women.

Lymphocyte CD4+ cell count, strength improvements, heart rate and body composition of HIV-positive patients during a 3-month strength training program.

There is a lack of information regarding the positive effects of different types of physical training on HIV-positive patient immune function, body composition and physical fitness. The goal of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine the effects of a three-month progressive strength training program on lymphocyte CD4+ cell counts in HIV-positive patients; and 2) to measure strength improvements, body composition and cardiovascular alterations in HIV-positive patients after a strength training program. Sixteen HIV-positive male subjects participated in a strength-training program. CD4+ cell count, heart rate body composition and strength measurements were acquired at rest two days before and two days after the program. The average CD4+ cell count was increased (%=23%, P=0.0005), and all strength tests also showed improvement (%=95%, P=0,0001). Patient resting heart rate decreased (%=9%, P=0.0042), as did the skinfold sum (%=16%, P=0.002). Limb circumference sum and body weight did not change. Considering that a decrease in CD4+ cell count, muscle mass and overall physical fitness are expected results of HIV infection, the strength training protocol described here is an effective and safe way to improve immune function, body composition and cardiovascular fitness in HIV-positive patients. The results provided an important evidence for the effectiveness of a 3-month progressive resistance exercise training program at increasing immune function and physical fitness, strongly recommending its inclusion in the standardized treatment plan of HIV-positive patients.

Efeitos da composição corporal na capacidade aeróbia de animais submetidos ao exercício de natação

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p136 The aim of this study was to verify the influence of body composition on the CAER of animals submitted to different types of physical training. Twenty-three Wistar rats were divided into groups according to the training protocol: control (CTLE); aerobic training (TAE); anaerobic training (TAN); and concurrent physical training (TCc). The critical load test (CC) was carried out for determining the anaerobic threshold at the beginning and end of the training period. TAE was composed of swimming exercise with intensity corresponding to 70% of the anaerobic threshold; TAN was composed of water jumps with overload of 50% of the body weight of each animal; and TCc was composed of a combination of aerobic and anaerobic protocols described above. After four weeks of training, the weight of epididymal adipose tissue and soleus, plantar and gastrocnemius muscles was collected and measured. Dispersion analysis was used to draw graphics and analysis of the simple linear regression model was performed to identify the influence of each variable on CAER. Body Fat demonstrated positive influence of 5% on the relationship with the Anaerobic Threshold. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles showed negative influence of 13.1% and 37.0%, respectively. The plantaris muscle showed no influence on the Anaerobic Threshold. Body composition influenced the CAER of the animals analyzed. Moreover, it was verified that body fat favored floatability, while higher muscle mass impaired it.

Training-induced cognitive and neural plasticity

Training-induced cognitive and neural plasticity

Individual typological features in the EEG of athletes after acute hypoxic treatment

In athletes with different types of physical training and various temperaments, variability of the main rhythms of the EEG (α, β, and θ) and the parameters of the desynchronization response of the α-rhythm, the individual extent of the decrease in the power of the α-rhythm during eye opening under the conditions of hypoxia growing from 20.9 to 10% of O2 were studied. Twenty-four 18- to 26-year-old athletes, including 11 swimmers and 13 skiers, were involved in the study. We found that, in contrast to normoxia conditions, hypoxia was associated with the instability of the spectrum of the EEG rhythms and phasic changes during a 25-min hypoxia. The EEG response during hypoxia depended on individual typological features estimated using Strelau’s temperament questionnaire. Negative correlation between the psychological construct “endurance” measured using the FCB-TI questionnaire (Formal Characteristics of Behavior-Temperament Inventory) and the power of the EEG α-rhythm was found. The parameters of training and the features of the respiration pattern that appeared as a consequence of training modulated the sensitivity of brain structures to hypoxia, which was reflected in the changes in the EEG α-rhythm under hypoxia conditions.

Effects of intermittent and continuous resistance training on proteinuria and hematuria in trained young women

Sir, Following the study of effects of endurance training on proteinuria and hematuria in untrained young females [1], we conducted an investigation surrounding the effects of resistive training (RT) on proteinuria and hematuria in 36 trained (regular practice during prior 2 years) healthy women. They aged 20–25 years (22.19 ± 1.81) with body mass index of 21.8 ± 1.51 kg/m2 and VO2max of 38.4 ± 1.54 mL/kg/min. The participants were randomly assigned into Group A (intermittent RT), Group B (continuous RT) and control Group C (each, n = 12). Two days before the RT program, the participants of Groups A and B met in a training session with the intensity of 20% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), while urine samples were obtained at pre-training1 and post-training1 (0 and 1 h) stages. A1RM is the maximum weight that can be lifted one time with proper technique, which was calculated for each movement in each trainee. The participants performed the training protocol (3 days/week) during 8 weeks with an increasing intensity rate of 5% of 1RM per week from 20 to 55%. Each session consisted of two circuits including seven 2.5-min movements consisting attempts against compression on different organs (breast, arm and foot) and lateral traction. There were 2- and 1-min resting intervals between two circuits and two movements, respectively. Indeed, the total time for each session was 65 min which included: a 10-min light warming up, RT protocol for 47 min and a cool-down exercise for 5–10 min. Group B performed each movement with a constant speed (V = one attempt per 2.5 s), continuously. Group A was asked to do each movement with different speed (2V for 10 and ½V for 20 s), intermittently. The speed of movements was controlled by a metronome. Two days after termination of training workouts, following an effort of 20% of 1RM, similar urine samples were collected as pre-training2 and post-training2 stages. Table 1 shows urinary protein levels at different stages. Table 1 Urinary protein levels of participants at different stagesa A significant increase in all urinary protein levels (mixed type, predominantly albuminuria) was observed compared to basal levels, particularly following RT program (P = 0.02, 0.001 and 0.002 for total protein, albumin and β2 microglobulin, respectively), without any significant difference between the two experimental groups (all P > 0.05). No microscopic hematuria was detected in urine samples (all in luteal phase). It seems that different types of physical training (resistive, endurance, continuous or intermittent) have no preference each other in urinary protein loss [1], however, some studies oppose this finding [2]. In addition, physical training may have a protective effect against exercise-induced hematuria in untrained and trained females. Undoubtedly, further researches regarding this issue are needed.

Lipoprotein(a) and body mass in mice which were submitted to Hypercholesterolemia and strength and aerobic physical trainings

Introduction: The objective of the study was to verify the effects provoked by strength and aerobic exercises on the lipoproteic plasmatic concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and body mass in mice which were submitted to a hypercholesterolemic diet. Materials and Methods: 43 8-week-old male mice from Wistar family and weight between 230g and 250g were used in the sample. They were divided into six groups: strength training with hypercholesterolemic diet (FD, n=7); aerobic training with hypercholesterolemic diet (AD, n=6); strength training with conventional diet (FN, n=6); aerobic training with conventional diet (AN, n=9); hypercholesterolemic diet (CD, n=7); and conventional diet (CN, n=8). The strength and the aerobic exercises were accomplished during 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the plasmatic concentrations of Lp(a) were dosed. Results: No differences have been verifi ed in the plasmatic concentrations of Lp(a) with the different types of physical training. The prolonged treatments with hypercholesterolemic diet did not alter the levels of Lp(a). Discussion: The strength and aerobic trainings in animals with hypercholesterolemic and conventional diet did not provoke changes in the plasmatic concentrations of Lp(a).

Improving Fatigue Resistance for a Firefighter Physical Ability Test

This article helps develop a basic understanding of the different types of physical training needed to pass a Firefighter Physical Ability Test (PAT). The article also helps organize the training modalities into a usable platform for anyone willing to strive for improving his or her PAT time

Filling and emptying characteristics of lower limb venous network in athletes. Study by postural plethysmography.

Leg volume changes were assessed in healthy volunteers by mercury strain gauge postural plethysmography in order to study the effects of different types of physical training on lower limb venous distensibility and emptying. Seven endurance trained subjects (E), seven muscle strength trained subjects (M) and seven sedentary subjects (S) were submitted to a tilt table test. The test measured leg filling volumes FV (ml.100 ml-1) during 30 head-up tilt, half-emptying time T1/2 (seconds) and venous output at the 6th second of emptying (VO6) (ml.100 ml-1.min-1) during return to horizontal position. Comparative tests were made using an ANOVA test. Results showed significantly higher values for FV and VO6 in E (FV: 3.9 +/- 0.2 ml.100 ml-1 in E vs 2.5 +/- 0.2 and 2.2 +/- 0.2 ml.100 ml-1 in M and S, respectively; VO6: 9.2 +/- 1.1 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 in E vs 6.9 +/- 0.7 and 5.5 +/- 0.5 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 in M and S, respectively) whereas no significant differences were observed between groups for T1/2. M and S had the same physiological responses to orthostatic stress. Endurance training seems to increase lower limb venous distensibility without affecting venous emptying and venous return from the lower limbs. These results suggest that the greater venous distensibility in endurance-trained subjects does not result from alterations of the visco-elastic properties of deep vein walls and that it is probably a physical response to hypervolemia consecutive to chronic aerobic training.

身体トレーニングの相違が末梢組織におけるinsulin actionにおよぼす影響について

身体トレーニングの相違が末梢組織におけるinsulin actionにおよぼす影響について