Different Types Of Lubricants Research Articles

RESEARCH OF AEROSOL APPLICATION SYSTEMS FOR APPLYING LUBRICATING MATERIAL IN THE «WHEEL-RACK» CONTACT

The article discusses various methods of lubricating the «wheel-rail» contact zone aimed at reducing friction coefficient and improving the efficiency of energy resource utilization, safety of movement, and environmental indicators. Technologies for delivering lubricating materials to this zone, such as lubricating rods, stationary systems using brushes, or railhead applicators, are outlined. The article highlights issues with existing technologies, including excessive lubrication, the need for component replacements, high lubricant material consumption, and uneven or incorrect application. It is emphasized that precision in the application and dosage of lubricating material is crucial to prevent its transfer onto the wheel and rail surfaces, which could reduce traction. The aerosol method of applying lubricant to the wheel edge is stated to be more accurate and cost-effective. The article mentions the company «SKF» and their EasyRail systems utilizing nozzles with the SP9-2 and SP9-2-S7 metering valves. Schematic representations of the nozzle and its working principle are provided. Sécheron is also mentioned, offering a nozzle for spraying lubricant onto the wheel edge through a two-tube system for oil and oxygen supply. An image of this company's nozzle is included. The text delves into the equipment of the lubrication system by Sécheron, specifically detailing the product's technical characteristics. Information about the development and manufacturing of the locomotive wheel flange lubrication system by the company "Scientific and Production Firm «Yugtekhnotrans» is presented. The article introduces the TrainSys-AL system for lubricating the rail head/running surface, providing a detailed description of its features and technical specifications, including the use of friction modifiers «HeadLub 90» and «RailLub». The products of the company Dropsa are mentioned, specifically the spray valve of the 1132330 series for the lubrication system of railway rolling stock and tracks. The overall context of the text is oriented towards the technical aspects and features of modern lubrication systems in railway transport.The study reviews existing designs of rail and wheel lubrication devices, revealing that there is no ideal design that meets all requirements for material consumption and precision in applying lubricating material. Consequently, a new nozzle for aerosolized oil spray is developed, and a laboratory setup for researching this process is manufactured. The setup operates on compressed air and includes a compressor with a reservoir tank for stabilizing nozzle operation. The hydraulic scheme of the setup is described, with key elements such as a ball valve, pressure reducing valve, pressure gauge, tank, and nozzle. The preparation of the setup for operation and its functioning principle are demonstrated. Research results indicate that the developed setup effectively sprays both dense and liquid lubricants depending on the air pressure and nozzle diameter. Graphs illustrating lubricant consumption for different types of lubricants and various nozzle parameters are provided.

Impact of Three Chainsaw Lubricants on Forest Soil Bacterial Community, Soil Respiration and Seedling Growth

Lubricants are applied onto chainsaw blades to achieve their optimum cutting performance; however, during logging or timber operations, lubricants may penetrate the forest soil. The persistent organic pollutants in lubricants may cause environmental damage, and different types of lubricants vary in terms of their environmental impact. Hence, selecting appropriate lubricants for timber operations is important for sustainable forest management. In this study, the effects of three lubricant types—biodegradable oil (bio-oil), petroleum-based bar-and-chain oil (mineral oil), and petroleum-based recycled oil (recycled oil)—on soil health were evaluated. The study was conducted in a controlled nursery setting, simulating post-logging reforestation. Sixteen types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil samples were analyzed. Bio-oil facilitated faster recovery from soil contamination, whereas mineral oil exhibited slow and incomplete recovery. Recycled lubricants appear to be more environmentally sustainable options, indicating lower long-term soil contamination risks than petroleum-based lubricants. From a productivity perspective, the lubricant that supported the growth of seedlings was bio-oil. The findings of our study contribute to responsible lubricant selection for enhancing the overall health and sustainability of forest ecosystems.

Leakage Rate Control of Magnetic Powder Seals by Lubricant Coatings on Magnetic Nanoparticles and Flow Field Simulation

Magnetic fluid seals (MFSs) have been a popular sealing method, with unique advantages compared to traditional mechanical seals, such as zero leakage, long lifetime, and low resistance torque. However, restricted by the properties of carrier fluids, MFSs cannot work under extremely high or low temperatures. To ensure stability, the pressure capability per stage is also limited. Recently, a novel sealing method using nano-micro magnetic powders has been presented to solve the problems, and leakage rates turn out to be a main focus. Here, we realize the leakage rate control by lubricant coatings on magnetic nanoparticles. Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> nanoparticles coated with solid lubricants are prepared by the high-energy ball milling method. Effects of different types of lubricants and ball milling parameters on the leakage rate are studied by magnetic powder sealing experiments. Permeability of magnetic powders is estimated from the experimental data. Furthermore, the flow field distribution of a real magnetic powder seal (MPS) is simulated.

Reduction of side wear of rails and wheel parts of the wheel pairs due to different types of lubrication

Reduction of side wear of rails and wheel parts of the wheel pairs due to different types of lubrication

A field study, laboratory test and cost estimation of solid and liquid lubricants in directional wells to reduce friction coefficient and improve ROP

Drilling fluid is being used to facilitate drilling operation from the surface to a target formation. Due to the complexity of well geometry in directional drilling operations and high torque and drag forces, minimizing the coefficient of friction (CoF) is important. Excessive torque and axial drag cause mechanical erosion on the drill string, which ultimately leads to fatigue, wash out and twist off. Field data for 9 wells in one of the Iranian oilfields showed that slide drilling was practically impossible beyond 4000 m due to the unexpected high torque and drag during directional drilling despite the presence of liquid lubricants in drilling fluid at concentrations up to 5 vol% as per drilling program. Based on the results, the primary source of torque and drag in the wells with proper hole conditioning is sliding friction. Using different types of lubricant in drilling fluid system is the most practical methods to reduce the drag force (sliding friction) caused by the contact between drillstring and well casing or borehole. This paper investigates the effect of solid and liquid lubricants on the CoF in laboratory and field applications. Based on the successful implementation, a specific instruction was designed for the use of glass bead as a solid lubricant in drilling fluid to reduce the CoF. Cost estimation indicates that compared to the liquid lubricants, solid lubricants can reduce drilling fluid costs significantly. Moreover, based on Experimental results, no more than 5–6 percent of liquid lubricants can be used to reduce friction coefficient. This limitation, along with the issue of lubrication regimes, leads us to use solid lubricants. Laboratory and field test results showed that addition of glass bead as a solid lubricant can improve the performance of water-based drilling fluids as evidenced by improvement in ROP up to 240% (average ROP: 160%).

THE INFLUENCE OF KINEMATIC CONDITION AND LUBRICANT PROPERTIES ON FRICTION IN COMPLEX SLIDE–ROLL MOTION

The paper presents the results of preliminary studies into the influence of selected lubricants (greases) and the variable temperature of the friction joint on the value of friction during complex slide-roll motion. The experiment was carried out for three different types of lubricants: bentonite grease (Benterm 2), lithium grease (GREASEN ŁT4S2), and calcium grease with the addition of graphite (GREASEN GRAFIT) at different temperatures. Tribological investigations were carried out in a roller-plate system at a wide range of plate dislocation velocities and at a constant slip rate; rheological investigations consisted in determining the changes in shear stress as a function of shear time at constant average shear velocity of 50 mm/s. The results showed a significant influence of kinematic conditions on the value of friction. Four different cases of lubricant flow during friction were identified. The least resistance to motion was found when the lubricant was applied in the same direction along the surface of the roller and plate. It has been shown that the greatest influence of the kinematics of working elements on friction occurs at low temperatures, i.e. at -10°C. This phenomenon is closely related to the rheological properties of the lubricant. It was also found that the lubricant thickened with bentonite is the most susceptible to kinematic changes of the friction joint.

Analytical, numerical, and experimental investigation of the influence of lubrication on the drawing behavior of copper alloy

Environmentally friendly products are increasing demand and the challenge is to combine them with optimal efficiency in industrial processes. In cold drawing, lubrication improves the surface and dimensional quality of the workpiece, reduce tool wear, work loads, and maintenance intervention. Ester-based, vegetable-derived lubricants have interesting properties, such as biodegradability and low toxicity, but their application in forming processes has not yet been investigated despite their use in machining operations. In this work, we evaluated the drawing strength , surface roughness, and microhardness of electrolytic copper in the dry (non-lubricated) condition and using three different types of lubrication: powdered graphite, molybdenum sulfide grease, and ester-based oil, a possible environmentally friendly lubrication substitute for petroleum-derived lubricants. The drawing strength proved to be 23.4% lower when using grease and ester-based oil compared to the dry process, and the grease and ester-based oil presented the same result regarding process performance and material characteristics. Thus, combined with the fact that the ester-based oil led to the lowest friction coefficient between cooper and tool steel among the tested lubricants, it was possible to demonstrate that it can be used as an alternative to conventional products in cold- drawing operations of the tested cooper alloy.

Износостойкость сопряжений с зазором, восстановленных полиамидоэпоксидными пористыми покрытиями

The using of polymeric materials as coatings for the restoration of worn–out machine parts has found application in the industry of repairment. Their wider use is hampered because of poor adhesion strength, shrinkage, ageing, low wetting ability and other properties of polymeric materials. To improve the physical and mechanical properties of polyamide P12, it is advisable to add to the composition of various substances that help to reduce shrinkage, ageing, increase wear resistance. It is proposed to increase the oil absorption of the surface layers of polymer composite coatings by introducing 5...10% of sodium chloride (NaCl) into the composition. The obtained porous coatings were further subjected to wear tests under various lubrication conditions. The wear rate of the composite material under different lubrication conditions is different, so after 240 hours of testing, friction wear without lubrication was 18.8 ±2 μm, when using water – 16.8 ±2 μm, and when using LITOL 24 grease – 10±1 μm ... When using LITOL 24, a positive gradient of interfacial resistance of molecular bonds and surface layers is provided. Abrasion of the latter, as a rule, is not abrasive, but frictional and manifests itself in the separation of different, configurations of particles from the surface layer. Also, the lubricant is in the friction zone for longer because it is retained in the artificially formed pores of the surface layer of the coating. The presence of grease in the friction zone reduces the wear rate of the metal counter body. In those cases when there was no lubrication or there was water, the wear rate of the metal counter body was higher and practically had the same character. So, after 240 hours of testing, the following results were obtained: with friction and without lubrication In.l.=14 ±1 µm; friction in the presence of running water Iwater=13±1 µm; friction when using Litol 24, I=9±1 μm. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that for a metal–porous polymer composite sliding friction pair, the types of lubricants affect the intensity of their wear. It should be noted that during the first hundred hours of testing, the evolution of the wear of the friction pair with different types of lubricant is practically the same and has a tendency to increase smoothly. This type of wear can be explained by the transfer of the composite material to the metal counter body. After removing this layer from the metal counter body, the process of its wear is different and depends on the type of lubricant. Metal counter bodies practically do not change the nature of wear when using water as a lubricant, as well as when friction without lubrication, but when using LITOL 24 lubricant, the wear rate is much less. The durability of friction pairs largely depends on the size of the gap. Thus, for the friction pairs studied with friction without lubrication, the linear intensity of the change in the gap value for 240 hours of testing will be 6.03 ∙ 10–8, for the condition of friction in running water and with Litol 24 lubricant, respectively 5.5 ∙ 10–8 and 3.6 • 10–8. In other words, we can say that in the studied area of 240 hours, the gap in friction pairs with friction without lubrication increased by 60 μm per 1 km of the distance travelled, when using water at 55 μm/km and 36 μm/km when using Litol 24 lubricant. It was found that the intensity of the increase in the gap in the friction pair when using a porous polymer coating based on a polyamide epoxy composition as a counter body in a metal–polymer friction pair, under lubrication conditions with Litol, is 1.64 times less than when using such coatings without pores. The obtained porous coatings showed higher wear resistance when using water as a lubricant (1.1 times less than that of the base one). The results obtained confirm that the creation of a porous surface layer in the coating of the polymer composition will contribute to an increase in the service life of the recovered friction pairs by replacing the usual metal–metal pair with a metal–polymer one.

Study on ameliorating friction noise of ABS materials by lubrication

In this study, the stick-slip mechanism of ABS resin friction noise and the effect of different lubricants on the friction noise were investigated by means of friction coefficient test instrument and self-designed noise test method. It was found that different types of lubricants have different effects on ameliorating the noise and stick-slip phenomena of ABS material. As the content of lubricant increased, the friction noise and stick-slip phenomenon of ABS were reduced. According to the study, reducing the dynamic and static friction △F was the key factor to reduce the stick-slip phenomenon and reduce the friction noise.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ROLLER WEAR

In the given work the method of noise-acoustic non-destructive control during carrying out of diagnostics of bearings of rolling of mats of wheels of cars is considered. The proposed non-destructive method of control provides an opportunity to check the efficiency of the selected lubricant, thereby increasing the life and performance of the bearings. A laboratory installation for the diagnosis of roller bearings has been created, which allows to obtain their acoustic parameters depending on the load of the bearing unit, the time of application and application of different types of lubricants in bearings. The mathematical model developed by the authors is aimed at determining the degree of wear of bearing shafts and allows them to predict their possible work life based on the received noise-acoustic parameters.

Characterization of interfacial shear strength and its effect on ploughing behaviour in single-asperity sliding

The shear strength at the interface contributes to the overall friction force experienced by the contacting bodies sliding against each other. In this article, an experimental technique to characterize the shear strength at the interface of metallic bodies in sliding contact has been developed. The boundary layers formed at interface in a lubricating contact have been varied by using two different types of lubricants in combination with both zinc coated and uncoated steel sheets. The empirical relations between the experimental parameters such as contact pressure and sliding velocity and the interfacial shear strength have been expressed by fitting the experimental results. These expressions have been incorporated in the Material Point Method (MPM) based ploughing model. The coefficient of friction and ploughing depth obtained from the numerical simulations have been validated relative to the experimental results with a good agreement for both lubricated and unlubricated substrates, different loads and spherical indenter sizes. Furthermore, the interfacial shear strength has been varied in the MPM-based ploughing model and ploughing experiments to study the contribution of interfacial shear strength to overall friction, deformation and wear.

New calculation method of the micropitting load carrying capacity of bevel and hypoid gears

A frequently observed phenomenon on highly stressed bevel and hypoid gears is micropitting. In contrast to cylindrical gears, where the micropitting load carrying capacity can be determined acc. to ISO/TS 6336-22, up to now no practical calculation methods for rating the micropitting resistance of bevel and hypoid gears are available. Within a research project focusing on the micropitting load carrying capacity of bevel and hypoid gears, comprehensive experimental investigations were carried out. Beside the investigation of the surface roughness and of different types of lubricant, a systematic variation of the hypoid offset was conducted to determine its impact on the micropitting load carrying capacity. Based on the results of the performed experimental investigations, a simplified method (based on ISO 10300-series) as well as a local approach for calculating the micropitting load carrying capacity of bevel and hypoid gears have been developed. The comparison of the results of the experimental investigations and the results of the local calculation method proves a good correlation for the calculated local safety factors and the damaged flank areas in the test.

Using acoustic emission signal categorization for reconstruction of wear development timeline in tribosystems: Case studies and application examples

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate how a new acoustic emission (AE) technique can be used to monitor friction surface degradation in a four-ball tribosystem under different types of lubrication. The AE method is based on a novel signal spectral categorization technique, and it was used to identify concurrent degradation processes in bearing steel. The correlation of AE features with the development of specific microstructural features on the contact surfaces has been used to identify the AE "signature" of specific damage mechanisms, and thus to monitor the progression of wear. The proposed approach enables the construction of a chronology of lubricant and/or contacting material degradation during tribological testing with a high degree of confidence. Furthermore, it provides an efficient means for automated wear monitoring and for real-time, non-supervised interpretation of the state of wear in a given tribosystem.

Utilization of Ring Compression Test to Investigate the Mushroom Effect and Adhesive Nature of AA2014 Billets

In the cold forging of AA2014, friction at the die/billet interface plays a significant role. AA2014 metallic rings of height 8 mm with an outer diameter of 24 mm and inner diameter of 12 mm was upset between H13 steel dies to different levels of deformation. Different types of lubricants namely, grease, molybdenum disulphide, white grease, palm oil were employed at the die/ring interface and ring compression test was also conducted for un lubricated condition. The values based on the changes in the geometry after different levels of deformation were fit into Male and Cockroft calibration curves to estimate the friction factor (m). The values of friction factors determined from the experiments were given as input to the finite element package, Deform 2D. The results obtained from the finite element studies were compared with the experimental results. After validation, the research was extended by considering ring geometries of different sizes. The effect of the friction between the die/billet interface and geometry were studied on the flow of metal. The zone of minimum velocity of particles, defined as neutral plane was analyzed for different friction conditions and different geometries of the ring.

The effect of surface grooves on transition to mixed lubrication

The purpose of this study is to describe the influence of artificially produced surface grooves longer than a diameter of the contact area on the transition from a full EHL regime to mixed lubrication in the point contact using optical interferometry. This article focuses on the influences of grooves orientation, length in the contact area, elastic modulus of contact surfaces, and different types of lubricants defined by pressure-viscosity coefficient. An empirical prediction model of groove influence on film thickness was established based on experimental data. The groove influence was incorporated into lubrication parameter. This modified definition was compared with the classic one. It showed that avoiding the groove influence leads to a significant underestimation.

Investigation of anti-wear performance of automobile lubricants using thin layer activation analysis technique

An investigation was carried out to examine the anti-wear behavior of automobile lubricants using thin layer activation analysis technique. For this study disc gears made of EN 31 steel were labeled with a small amount of radioactivity by irradiating with 13MeV proton beam from a particle accelerator. Experiments on wear rate measurement of the gear were carried out by mounting the irradiated disc gear on a twin-disc tribometer under lubricated condition. The activity loss was monitored by using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector integrated with a multichannel analyzer. The relative remnant activity was correlated with thickness loss by generating a calibration curve. The wear measurements were carried out for four different types of lubricants, named as, L1, L2, L3 and L4. At lower load L1 and L4 were found to exhibit better anti-wear properties than L2 and L3, whereas, L4 exhibited the best anti-wear performance behavior than other three lubricants at all the loads and speeds investigated.

Crucial for Rotating Machines: Types and Properties of Lubricants and Proper Lubrication Methods

Any rotating machine has at least one rotating element, which can be a rotor of an electric motor or a turbine, compressor, or pump and is supported by the sleeve bearings or rollingelement bearings. The reliable operation of rotating machinery can be critical for bottom-line production goals and financial results in petrochemical, transportation, and chemical products processing. Lubrication performs a crucial role in the reliable operation of rotating machines. This article will discuss the different types of lubricants, their properties, proper methods of lubrication, appropriate frequency, and consequences of not adhering to the proper maintenance processes.

Improved Coefficient of Friction Using Different Types of Lubricants in Drilling Operation

The key performance of any drilling operation depends heavily on the choice of drilling fluid used as well as how good it can overcome the drill pipe friction. It is essential that the drilling fluid be able to reduce bit wear, torque and drag. Drilling with oil-based drilling fluid offer less torque and drag. However, water based drilling fluid are cheaper and environmental friendly compared to oil-based and synthetic-based drilling fluids. Lubricants are added to drilling fluid to produce a thin film of liquid that separates the solid surfaces in contact to reduce the friction to an acceptable range. This study focused on the performance evaluation of two different commercial lubricants, which are EBL and EME salt to improve the lubricity of water based drilling fluid. The performances of lubricants were evaluated by ranging the concentrations from 1%, 2% and 3%. Fann Lubricity Tester is used to test the lubricity of these lubricants. The results reveal that the coefficients of friction for all lubricants were reduced after reaching the optimum concentration at the range of 1 - 2%. Some improvements were observed on the rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength when the lubricants were added to the drilling fluid. The values satisfy the requirement accepted by the industry. This study also showed that the applicants of EBL lubricant is better than EME salt in term of reducing the coefficient of friction in drilling fluid.

Impact of the hard facing technology and the filler metal on tribological characteristics of the hard faced forging dies

Subject review The forging dies are parts, which are operating at elevated temperatures, while simultaneously subjected to variable loads that can be compressive even impact and shear. Impact of the hard facing technology is very strong since varying of the hard facing parameters directly affects the output characteristics of the hard faced layers. The criterion for estimating that impact was based on results of performed tribological investigations. The tribological parameters that were monitored were the friction coefficient, the wear scar/trace width and the wear area of the hard faced layers, with the two different types of lubricants. Hard facing technology implied selection of the welding process, filler metals, preheating temperatures and other parameters of the hard facing process. The influence of the proposed hard facing technology was determined by monitoring hardness, microstructure and wear resistance of the executed joints after the hard facing and after tempering. The objective of this work was to establish the correlation between the selected hard facing technology, filler metals and applied heat treatment on mechanical and tribological characteristics of the executed hard faced layers.

Effect of lubrication on hardness in the ring compression test

This paper focuses on the hardness distribution in the AA2014-T6 ring specimens upset under rigid dies. Three different types of lubricants namely soap, boric acid and vaseline were employed as lubricants and the friction factor corresponding to the lubricant employed was evaluated using standard ‘Ring compression test’. The strain distributions obtained from the simulation studies were used to predict the hardness inside the ring specimen. The hardness measured experimentally was validated with the predicted hardness and it was found that the errors in the predicted results were less than 10%. The hardness variations inside the upset metallic ring specimens were compared with the deformed solid cylinders to understand the behavior of differential strain hardening. It can be reported from the experimental and predicted results that the hardness is not uniform inside the deformed ring specimen and it varies at the bulge head; on the surface and along the neutral plane.