Different Types Of Extracts Research Articles

Effect of Different Types of Extractants in the Separation of Rare Earth Metals using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Method: A Review

Rare Earth Metals (REMs) are minerals which needed in modern technology because it has unique chemical, catalytic, electrical and paramagnetic properties, so REMs have the potential to be applied in various fields. The similarity in the physical and chemical properties of REMs causes them to be difficult to separate from their parent minerals. Emulsion Liquid Membrane is an effective and efficient method for REMs purification and separation because in practice it only requires a small amount of solvent, the diffusion rate and mass transfer are high, fast, and simultaneous compared to the solvent extraction method which requires many extraction steps and requires a lot of solvents. In the emulsion liquid membrane method, one of the factors that can determine the success of the extraction process is the selectivity of the ligands/extractants. The extractants must be highly selective against the target REM ions, both in the external aqueous phase and the internal aqueous phase. Therefore, this review aimed to determine the selectivity of various types of extractants such as D2EHPA, Cyanex 302, Cyanex 572, (RO)2P(O)OPh-COOH, Aniline, and TBP on extraction efficiency and stripping efficiency in the separation of rare earth metals through the emulsion liquid membrane method.

Therapeutic potential of Hibiscusrosa sinensis - A Review

Hibiscus sinensis is an annual/Perennial plant belongs to Malvaceae family commonly referred to as "roselle" famous for its medicinal value found world wide and native to West and East Africa, South-East Asia, Northeastern India. Roselle is cultivated in humid and warm climate. The plant consist phytoconstituents like malic, citric, tartaric, allo-hydroxycitric acid also reach in vitamin C, Vitamin A. Roselle is popular for it's therapeutic and nutritional value. Seeds, leaves, fruits and roots are utilized in herbal medicine for hair growth treatment. The Roselle, having various medically important compounds called photochemical, is documented for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Many parts of Roselle including seeds, leaves, fruits and roots are utilized in various foods also as in herbal medicine as a possible non-pharmacological treatment. In the treatment of various medical conditions, including several cardiovascular diseases, helmentic disease and cancer, different extracts from Roselle play an important role. Phytochemical research has reported that flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids are the most bioactive compounds responsible for their medicinal effects. Experiments from recent studies have shown that different types of extracts from all Hibiscus. The components of rosa sinensis showed a good range of beneficial effects, such as hypotensive, anti-pyritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, wound healing, and abortifacient activities. Hibiscus rosa sinensis has been utilized in many herbal mix and drinks. This review plan to highlight the therapeutic application of Hibiscus rosa sinensis.

Extraction, Purification and Characterization of β-Galactosidase from Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum)

β-galactosidase enzyme EC (3.2.1.23), lactase, can be described as an enzyme of glycoside hydrolase which performs the catalyzing of β-galactosidas hydrolysis to monosaccharides by breaking glycosidic bond. The objective of this study was to extraction and purification β-galactosidase from tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum.), ten Different types of extraction were investigated to selection of the best extraction of the enzyme, The Na. phosphate buffer (0.1M and pH6) had given a highest Specific activity of crude enzyme has been 212.27 U/mg. protein. The purification procedures were performed with the use of the precipitation of ammonium sulfate, Ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. ammonium sulfate (70) % saturation has been the best method for precipitation and partially purification of enzyme with a purification fold 1.83 and enzymatic yield 88.31%. This followed by the use of ion exchange chromatography by DEAE sephadex A50 column, the purification times of the enzymatic extract were 2.36, with an enzymatic yield 25.48%. After the final purification step of gel filtration chromatography using SephadexG-100 column, the enzyme has been purified 3.92 fold with 16.33% of enzymatic yield. The optimum enzymatic activity was found at pH (6). The plant extracts tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum) were used to characterize the enzyme in the term of pH, temperature,. The enzyme activity measured by its ability to hydrolyze the substrate 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG). The enzyme activity was reached maximum at 45°C and at pH 5.5. The enzyme’s molecular weight has been estimated to 74 KDa by the gel filtration chromatography method, and 73 k D on SDS-PAGE.

Synergistic organic liquid formulation for succinic acid extraction from simulated aqueous solution

Bio-succinic acid (SA) is a new compound that will replace petroleum based succinic acid. The application of bio-based succinic acid is still restricted due to its excessive downstream processing cost. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is one of the promising methods for the successful extraction of SA. Single extractant in the LLE formulation commonly had drawbacks of long extraction time and tiny loading capacity. The aim of this study is to create synergistic formulation to enhance the SA extraction performance. The diluent is fixed as palm oil as the characteristic shows that it is safer, renewable, and non-toxic to environment. Four different types of extractants including Aliquat 336, Trioctylamine (TOA), Tributylamine (TBA) and Tributyl-phosphate (TBP) was tested to find the best combination of synergist extractants. The result shows that almost 100 % of SA was extracted using synergistic mixture of TOA and Aliquat 336 at 0.2M with synergistic coefficient (SC) of 640. In conclusion, synergistic mixture has high potential to extract SA

The phytochemical composition and biological activities of different types of extracts of Achillea ageratifolia subsp. serbica

Achillea ageratifolia subsp. serbica is a poorly investigated endemic of the Balkan area and there are almost no data about the potential application of this plant. The purpose of this study was the investigation of the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of its water, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts. The phenolic composition and flavonoids were established using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis, while the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts of the plant was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC and GC-MS). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as the inhibition ability of biofilm formation on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 biofilms, were also investigated. The total phenolic content ranged from 18.61 mgGAE/g to 43.78 mgGAE/g of extract. The total flavonoid content ranged from 10.79 mgRUE/g to 34.02 mgRUE/g. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts contained chlorogenic acid, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin. Analysis of the volatile specialized metabolites in the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts allowed for the identification of thirty-two constituents. The highest antioxidant activity was detected in the water extract of the aerial parts of the plant (IC50 = 641.06 ?g/ml) and in the ethyl acetate extract of the root (IC50 = 675.33 ?g/ml). Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus showed higher sensitivity to the tested extracts, while the antifungal activity of the marked extracts was significant. All extracts showed a moderate inhibitory effect on the ability of biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, while only the ethyl acetate inflorescence extract showed an effect on the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The tested extracts showed the potential for further investigation and possible application as biofungicides.

Phytochemical and anti-cancer properties of Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss. crude extracts

Context: Euphorbia hierosolymitana is a member of Euphorbia species having a restricted use in traditional medicine in eastern Mediterranean countries. Aims: To phytochemically analyze different extracts of Euphorbia hierosolymitana and to investigate their anti-cancer activity against a panel of different cancer cell lines. Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted by n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Each extract was subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the bioactive compounds. Additionally, the anti-cancer activity of each extract compared to positive control doxorubicin was evaluated against a panel of different cancer and normal cell lines by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the different extracts revealed different compounds of alkane hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, indol alkaloids, terpenoids, pyridine derivatives, and desulphosinigrin. Regarding anti-cancer activity, the n-butanol extract exhibited a significant selective concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the colon cancer cell line (Caco-2) compared to other normal and cancer cell lines. This selective differential was comparable to the positive control, doxorubicin. The ethyl acetate extract, however, showed a significant cytotoxic activity among all the tested cell lines compared to the positive control. This cytotoxicity was in a concentration-dependent manner and weak to normal cell line (Wi38). Conclusions: The selective differential in anti-cancer activity between different types of extracts is attractive and holds significant promise for the development of new cancer therapies.

Экстракты Serenoa repens в лечении расстройств мочеиспускания у больных ДГПЖ: дискуссия об эффективности и комплексном механизме действия

Introduction. The review analyzes the clinical efficacy and mechanism of action of lipidsterol extracts of the American dwarf palm fruit Serenoa repens (SRE), including the drug Permixon (Pierre Fabre), used for the treatment of urination disorders in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Material and methods. When writing the review, data from the PubMed database was used (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) and scientific electronic library Elibrary.ru (https://elibrary.ru/). Search keywords for articles on the review topic were «BPH», «therapy of urinary dysfunction», «Serenoa repens», «Permixon», «mechanism of action», «bladder receptors». As a result, 48 publications were selected in peerreviewed foreign and domestic journals. Results. It is noted that the composition of extracts from different manufacturers and for different types of extraction (supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide under high pressure, extraction with hexane, ethanol or diethyl ether) differs significantly, which may affect the effectiveness of therapy. At the same time, according to the authors, the greatest effect is observed when using preparations with hexane extraction of SRE components, which include Permixon. The main ingredients that provide antiandrogenic, adreno- and cholinolytic and antiinflammatory effects of SRE drugs were determined. Analysis of the effectiveness of the Permixon in the form of monotherapy, in comparison with the traditionally used α-blockers and in combination with them, showed a significant improvement in the quality of urination in patients with BPH during treatment with this drug, comparable to the effect of α-blockers. Data are discussed indicating that the mechanism of action of SRE can be associated not only with the effect on the prostate gland, but also on the bladder, improving the contractile function of detrusor due to α-adrenolytic, M-cholinolytic and antiinflammatory actions, which helps to reduce the dysfunction of urine accumulation in the spectrum of lower urinary tract symptoms. Conclusion. The mechanisms of action of SRE in LUTS/BPH should be considered more broadly and comprehensively, including the possible effect of drugs not only on the prostate, but also on the obstructive bladder. However, there are few objective data on this issue, which requires new special studies.

Assessment of antibacterial potential of methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform Moringa oliefera leaf extracts

Bacterial infections and their increasing resistance to common antibiotics is posing serious threat to global public health. To this end, finding new alternatives and evaluating their antibacterial efficacy is always desirable. Therefore, in the present study we used methanol (MeOH), n-hexane (n-Hex), ethyl acetate (ETAC) and chloroform (CHCl3) to prepared four different types of extracts from Moringa oleifera (M. oliefera) leaves aiming to inhibit five selected bacteria. Initially, agar well diffusion methods was used, and zones of inhibition were measured as an indicator of bacterial susceptibility. MeOH, n-Hex, ETAC and CHCl3 leaf extracts showed highest zone of inhibition against E. coli, B. cereus, S. pyogenes, S. aureus and S. enterica, respectively. Moreover, highest zones of inhibition were observed at lowest incubation (24hr) and lowest zones were observed at highest incubation period (72hr) for all tested concentrations. Later, macrodilution method was used to access the antibacterial susceptibility in liquid medium. Results confirmed the susceptibility of all test bacteria with different level of IC50 values ranging from 7.07 ± 0.44 to10.91 ± 0.10 mg/ml for MeOH extract, 1.66 ± 0.08 to 2.11 ± 0.11 mg/ml for n-Hex extract, 2.58 ± 0.13 to 3.84 ± 0.21 mg/ml for ETAC extract and 3.73 ± 0.75 to 8.36 ± 0.20 mg/ml for CHCl3 extract. Interestingly, none of the tested bacteria showed resistance against any of the tested extract in well diffusion or macrodilution method expressing the M. oliefera leaves extracts as potent candidates to kill bacteria in semisolid or in liquid medium to fulfill medical needs in future. Keywords: Bacteria; M. oleifera; Macrodilution method; Zones of inhibition http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90207

Viscum album L. homogenizer-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extracts as potential sources of bioactive compounds.

Viscum album L. (Mistletoe) is one of the most famous plants in many countries utilized for several purposes. The current study aimed to describe chemical profiles and biological activities of homogenizer-assisted extract (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted extract (UAE)) of V. album parts (leaf, fruits, and seeds). Antioxidant (radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelation, and phosphomolybdenum assays) and enzyme inhibitory properties (cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase) were selected for biological evaluation. Chemical profiles were studied by HPLC-MS/MS and 32 compounds were identified in the extracts; caffeoylquinic acids and its derivatives, dimethylated flavonoids were the most significant compounds. Generally, the leaf extracts exhibited the best antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects in our tests. Multivariate analysis was performed to obtain more information for these data, then strong correlations between total bioactive compounds and tested parameters were observed. The present findings encourage us to further investigate V. album as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Viscum album L. commonly called European mistletoe is a woody perennial shrub growing on coniferous trees with lathery leaves, small flowers, and white berries. It belongs to the Santalaceae R. Br. family from Europe and western/southern Asia. Traditional medicine recognizes mistletoe as a folk remedy to manage inflammation, hypertension, ulcers, and other diseases due to the presence of different bioactive compounds, among them mistletoe lectins and viscotoxins. Recent studies documented the possible therapeutic applications of Viscum extracts in association with cancer's therapy leading to improvements in health and patient's quality of life. Thus, this work gives novel data regarding the phytochemical characterizations and antioxidant/enzymatic inhibitor activities of different types of extracts from seeds, leaves, and fruits of Viscum L. obtained by homogenizer-assisted and ultrasound-assisted techniques, in order to increase the data set of potential applications in medicine.

Efficacy of neem seed extracts on developmental stages of Lernaea cyprinacea

The efficacy of neem (Azadiracta indica) against Lernaea cyprinacea was studied. Two types of neem seeds powder, viz; (1) dried and powdered neem seeds and (2) solvent extracted neem seeds powder prepared by treating dried seeds powder with petroleum ether were used in the present study. These experiments were carried out in the month of August 2014. Different types of extracts were prepared by separately solubilising both types of neem` seeds powder in i) 1% NaCl solution and (ii) water at two temperatures (28 oC and 90oC). These extracts were tested at varying concentrations (10, 25, 50 and 100 µg mL-1) against Lernaea. Results indicated that neem seeds powder treated with solvent and further solubilized with hot water (90 oC) at a concentration of 100 µg mL-1 was effective in preventing the hatching of L.cyprinacea eggs and their further development. Nauplii and copepodid-I stages were also exposed to above mentioned neem seed extracts at a concentration of 100µg mL-1. Nauplii became inactive within 2 hrs and copepodids died after 43 minutes exposure to solvent treated neem`s powder extracted with hot water. Fishes (Labeo fimbriatus) survived for an average period of 5 and 30 min in all types of neem seeds extracts except the one extracted with water at 28oC (both solvent treated and untreated neem`s seeds powder).

Moringa oleifera L. Extracts as Bioactive Ingredients That Increase Safety of Body Wash Cosmetics.

The work attempts to obtain a multifunctional plant extract derived from Moringa tree leaves. Obtained results indicate a strong antioxidant potential of the tested extracts. It was shown that Moringa oleifera leaf extract is a rich source of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it shows a strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. In vitro toxicity studies showed that the tested extracts in concentrations up to 5% showed a positive effect on cell proliferation and metabolism and may contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress in cells. It was noted that the tested model formulation of cosmetic (1% SCS) with the addition of different types of extracts might contribute to the reduction of skin irritation and improve the safety of the product.

Isolation and determination of phenolic compounds from freshwater Cladophora glomerata

Marine algae biomass has gained widespread interest in the world of science and many industries. The growing number of publications proves that these algae are an interesting and essential natural resource. This interest is due to the presence of a variety of biologically active compounds that give algae extracts a broad spectrum of biological and functional properties. However, there is little data on the chemical composition of algae obtained from freshwater. This work focuses on the isolation and determination of phenolic compounds from freshwater algae of the species Cladophora glomerata. Different types of extraction and extractants were used to isolate these bioactive compounds. For the first time, the impact of the extraction type and the kind of solvent on the efficiency of antioxidant isolation from freshwater algae was determined. Three types of extraction and five different solvents with different polarity were used to isolate antioxidants, including phenolic compounds. The obtained results show that the microwave-assisted extraction with water was the most effective for isolation of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. The extracts were analysed for the assessment of their antioxidant activity, which is one of the commonly described properties of phenolic compounds. The analysis was carried out using colourimetric and spectrophotometric methods as well as the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. Regardless of the extraction method and extractant used, both phenolic acids and flavonoids, were determined in all tested extracts. Nine phenolic compounds (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin) were identified using qualitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. These studies show that algae extracts have great potential in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical or agricultural industries. They can be valuable components of many products that protect against free radical attack and also prevent diseases associated mainly with oxidative stress.

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies, applications, environmental, and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts, traditional biorefinery practices, and possible applications).

Tropical fruits represent one of the most importantcropsin the world. The continuously growing global market for the main tropical fruits is currently estimated at 84million tons, of which approximately half is lost or wasted throughout the whole processing chain. Developing novel processes for the conversion of these byproducts into value-added products could provide a viable way to manage this waste problem, aiming at the same time to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio-economy perspective. Given the ever-increasing concern about sustainability, complete valorization through a bio-refinery approach, that is, zero waste concept, as well as the use of green techniques is therefore of utmost importance. This paper aims to report the status on the valorization of tropical fruit byproducts within a bio-refinery frame, via the application of traditional methodologies, and with specific attention to the extraction of phenolics and carotenoids as bioactive compounds. The different types of byproducts, and their content of bioactives is reviewed, with a special emphasis on the lesser-known tropical fruits. Moreover, the bioactivity of the different types of extracts and their possible application as a resource for different sectors (food, pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences) is discussed. Consequently, this review presents the concepts of tropical fruit biorefineries, and the potential applications of the isolated fractions.

A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Medicinal plant Barleria cristata

Barleria cristata belongs to the family Acanthaceae, is an indigenous widespread perennial shrub found throughout India. It occupies a remarkable place in Ayurvedic medicine of India, due to its biological and pharmacological activities. The general use of the genus Barleria is to treat boils, bee bite, snake bite, asthma, leprosy, cough, jaundice and tooth ache. The various phytochemical screening of different types of extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavanoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, anthraquinones and saponins. This review aimed to provide a scientific overview of Barleria cristata with reference to its geographical, botanical aspects, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity. The ethnomedicinal uses of this plant show the treatment of respiratory diseases like asthma, cough, bronchitis and tuberculosis. The investigated pharmacological studies reported the presence of anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant property, wound-healing activity, thrombolytic activity, brine-shrimp lethality assay and hepatoprotective activities in Barleria cristata.

Phytotherapy of Hypertension: An Updated Overview.

Cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. Hypertension is the main risk factor that contributes to the development of many diseases. The use of herbal therapies, medicinal plants and their derivatives for the remedy and management of hypertension is well-recognized and popular among a wide part of the world population. The aim of the current review was to collect, treat, and critically analyze the published research studies relative to experimental and clinical investigations which have studied the blood pressure lowering abilities of medicinal plant derivatives in the last decade. This review was organized into three principal axes; the first axis was attributed to the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies; the second treated the clinical trials; while, the last one is devoted to analyze the mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic antihypertensive effectiveness of phytochemicals. Different types of extracts and isolated molecules obtained from a large variety of species demonstrated their efficiency in improving the increase of blood pressure either experimentally or clinically. Medicinal species such as garlic (Allium sativum), celery (Apium graveolens), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and Ginseng (Panax) are among the most common and therapeutically used plant derivatives for controlling hypertension while Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae are among the botanical families which were frequently studied in the last decade. Isolated compounds such as allicin and apigenin have received more interest in this field. Recent evidence from clinical trials suggests that a wide variety of herbal preparations and plant extracts or natural isolated compounds have a favorable therapeutic impact on blood flow. Interestingly, phytochemicals can either act directly on blood vessels via a vasorelaxant effect involving a variety of signaling cascades or indirectly through inhibiting or stimulating diversity of systems such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the diuretic activity. Hence, based on the findings of the present review medicinal plant derivatives could be used as preventive and curative agents in the case of cardiovascular disorders, particularly hypertension and could play a promoting function for the discovery of new antihypertensive agents. The analysis of the published data shows that a great effort remains to be done to investigate the medicinal plants cited as antihypertensive through published ethnopharmacological surveys. The analysis of the literature in this field shows the lack of standardization at the level of experimental study methods as well as the need to study purified molecules. Moreover, the mechanistic studies when they exist remain in the whole partial. On the other hand, few advanced clinical studies have been conducted. Finally, the determination of the efficacy/safety ratio remains absent in almost all studies.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL OINTMENTS FROM EUPATORIUM GLANDULOSUM HORT. EX KUNTH

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of an ointment prepared from alcohol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of Eupatorium glandulosum Hort. ex Kunth.
 Methods: The dried plant materials of E. glandulosum were individually extracted using alcohol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform by Soxhlet method. These three different types of extracts were used for the preparation of ointment and evaluated for the phytochemicals, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, tube extrudability, stability, and antimicrobial activity. The activity of prepared ointments was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ointments of plant extracts was performed by cup plate methods. The most effective antimicrobial ointment was determined by comparing the results of the zone of inhibition of all the ointments of each solvent extract.
 Results: The antimicrobial activity of optimized formulation was showed significant activity against the tested bacterial pathogens.
 Conclusion: The present study confirmed the antimicrobial activity of the formulations. Furthermore, it can use as a potential dosage form for clinical utility. The results are the justification for the use of the plant in folk medicine.
 
 
 
 

Material properties and tensile strength prediction model of traditional Chinese medicine tablets based on PCA-RBF neural network

This paper constructs a prediction model of material attribute-tensile strength based on principal component analysis-radial basis neural network( PCA-RBF),in order to predict the formability of traditional Chinese medicine tablets. Firstly,design Expert8. 0 software was used to design the dosage of different types of extracts,the mixture of traditional Chinese medicine with different physical properties was obtained,the powder properties of each extract and the tensile strength of tablets were determined,the correlation of the original input layer data was eliminated by PCA,the new variables unrelated to each other were trained as the input data of RBF neural network,and the tensile strength of the tablets was predicted. The experimental results showed that the PCA-RBF model had a good predictive effect on the tensile strength of the tablet,the minimum relative error was 0. 25%,the maximum relative error was2. 21%,and the average error was 1. 35%,which had a high fitting degree and better network prediction accuracy. This study initially constructed a prediction model of material properties-tensile strength of Chinese herbal tablets based on PCA-RBF,which provided a reference for the establishment of effective quality control methods for traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

English

The medicinal plants Annona senegalensis Pers. and Allophylus africanus P Beauv. are used in Tanzania traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer. However, there is no scientific documentation on their therapeutic effectiveness. The present study evaluated antiproliferative potential as an indicator of anticancer activity of A. senegalensis and A. africanus plant species from Tanzania. A. senegalensis and A. africanus were collected from Ugweno village at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Different types of extracts were prepared in dichloromethane/methanol (DCM:MeOH), petroleum ether, DCM, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), MeOH and water respectively. Antiproliferative activity against HCC 1396 (breast), HEp-2 (throat) and CT 26 (colon) cancer cell lines was assessed by the MTT cell viability assay. The results of the present study showed that the antiproliferative activity varied between plant extracts and the cancer cell lines. The highest antiproliferative activity was achieved with petroleum ether extract of A. senegalensis against HEp-2 with an IC50 value of 0.42 ± 0.09 μg/ml. This also depicted the highest selectivity to cancerous cells (SI value 94.19) compared to the other extracts. A. africanus also depicted good antiproliferative activity against HEp-2 with IC50 values of 1.00 ± 0.41 and 2.37 ± 1.45 μg/ml for DCM:MeOH and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. The findings validate the traditional use of A. senegalensis and A. africanus in the treatment of cancer. Results also support previous studies which demonstrated the effect of extraction solvent used in extraction of bioactive agents from medicinal plants. Further studies involving the isolation of pure antiproliferative compounds against cancer cells from the two plants are recommended to elucidate bioactive molecules. Key words: Annona senegalensis, Allophylus africanus, antiproliferative, cancer cells, plant extracts.

Phytochemical Screening of a Pandanus Species from Ando Island, Borongan City, Philippines

Objectives: An endemic species of Pandanus found in Ando Island Borongan City was subjected to phytochemical analysis to verify presence of some secondary metabolites products by the plant sample. Methods: Qualitative analysis was used in phytochemical testing and color, odor and miscibility testing, while Quantitative analysis was used in pH, boiling point and density of four (4) different types of extracts namely; Dried Leaves (DLE); Dried Fruit (DFE); Fresh Leaves (FLE); and Fresh Fruit (FFE) in determining the extracts’ physical and chemical properties. Results: Results showed that the color of most plant extracts ranges from brown to dark brownish-green, strong odor, a density range from 0.77 to 0.87 g/cc. All extracts are basic and a boiling point range of 92.7 to 102.7 OC. Moreover, all extracts are soluble to polar solvents, but insoluble to non-polar solvent. Phytochemical screening found out that alkaloid is present only on the fruit extract; saponin, steroid, and terpenoid are found to be positive, while tannin was found negative in all extracts. Flavonoid is present in FFE while glycoside is present only on Dried Fruit Extract (DFE). Improvements: It is hereby suggested that a quantitative analysis be carried out on the present secondary metabolites to determine if there is a new type of naturally-occurring compound present in the fruits or leaves of the Pandanus species and perform phytochemical analysis to other parts of the plant such as roots, bark, trunk, etc. Keywords: Extracts Phytochemical Analysis, Pandanus, Secondary Metabolites

Improving physicochemical, antioxidative and sensory quality of raw chicken meat by using acorn extracts

The aim of this study, was to investigate the effectiveness of valonia, ordinary and holy oak acorns extracts on the physicochemical, antioxidative and sensory properties of chicken thigh meat during refrigerated storage (2 °C/14 days). Chicken meats were divided into four experimental groups; control (without extract), valonia (A1), ordinary (A2) and holy (A3) acorn extracts and then each experimental group was dipped into 1000 ppm solution of the respective extracts. pH, color, total phenolic content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, lipid oxidation, protein oxidation and sensory analyses were performed. The results showed that L* values were statistically difference between days (P < 0.05). Except for day 0 and day 1, a* values were different on all storage days (P < 0.05). The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activities were found higher in acorn treated groups than control groups. The acorn extracts showed high efficiency as antioxidant against lipid and protein oxidation when compared to control. Treatment of chicken thigh meat with acorn extract did not affect sensory characteristics (color, juiciness, astringency and overall acceptability) negatively. It is concluded that these three different types of extracts have a potential to be used as natural and may be adapted in food industry.