Abstract
Achillea ageratifolia subsp. serbica is a poorly investigated endemic of the Balkan area and there are almost no data about the potential application of this plant. The purpose of this study was the investigation of the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of its water, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts. The phenolic composition and flavonoids were established using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis, while the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts of the plant was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC and GC-MS). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as the inhibition ability of biofilm formation on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 biofilms, were also investigated. The total phenolic content ranged from 18.61 mgGAE/g to 43.78 mgGAE/g of extract. The total flavonoid content ranged from 10.79 mgRUE/g to 34.02 mgRUE/g. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts contained chlorogenic acid, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin. Analysis of the volatile specialized metabolites in the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts allowed for the identification of thirty-two constituents. The highest antioxidant activity was detected in the water extract of the aerial parts of the plant (IC50 = 641.06 ?g/ml) and in the ethyl acetate extract of the root (IC50 = 675.33 ?g/ml). Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus showed higher sensitivity to the tested extracts, while the antifungal activity of the marked extracts was significant. All extracts showed a moderate inhibitory effect on the ability of biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, while only the ethyl acetate inflorescence extract showed an effect on the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The tested extracts showed the potential for further investigation and possible application as biofungicides.
Highlights
MATERIAL AND METHODSAn endemic of the Balkan Peninsula, Achillea ageratifolia subsp. serbica (Nyman) Heimerl belongs to the Asteraceae family
The highest percentage of extraction yield was recorded from the water extract of the aerial parts of A. ageratifolia subsp. serbica (16.16%), while the lowest was obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of the root (0.95%)
Our results indicate that the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the acetone extract from the aerial parts of A. ageratifolia subsp. serbica was higher than the methanolic extract of A. wilhelmsii
Summary
MATERIAL AND METHODSAn endemic of the Balkan Peninsula, Achillea ageratifolia subsp. serbica (Nyman) Heimerl belongs to the Asteraceae family. Many studies indicate the wide application of bioactive components isolated from the representatives of the genus Achillea (Tuberoso et al 2009; Saeidnia et al 2011; Mohammadhosseini et al 2017). The medicinal properties of the plant are related to the presence of specialized metabolites, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, terpenoids, and sterols (Saeidnia et al 2011). Luteolin, and quercetin are the most frequently identified flavonoids (Tuberoso et al 2009), while Achillea millefolium L. is the most studied plant species of the genus Achillea, used in folk medicine (Fierascu et al 2015; Georgieva et al 2015; Shah & Peethambaran 2017; Abou Baker 2020). Si et al (2006) indicated that plant extracts of Achillea clavennae L., A. holosericea Sm., A. lingulata Waldst. & Kit., and A. millefolium have a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans
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