Different Types Of Entrepreneurs Research Articles

Mind the Digital Gap: The Role of Regional-Level General and Digital Human Capital in Shaping ICT Use of Different Types of Entrepreneurs

Mind the Digital Gap: The Role of Regional-Level General and Digital Human Capital in Shaping ICT Use of Different Types of Entrepreneurs

The career history of Chinese entrepreneurs and their life outcomes: a life history study using sequence analysis

Chinese entrepreneurs, whose population has been steadily growing since the Reform and Open Up in 1978, are a diverse group of people. Though previous research has analysed Chinese entrepreneurs by special cases, few have conducted a nationally representative study of their typology. And even fewer have analysed the life outcomes of the different types of entrepreneurs. Relying on two waves of the panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and with the technique of sequence analysis, for the first time, we explored the heterogeneous career trajectories of Chinese entrepreneurs and their corresponding life outcomes. We successfully depicted four unique entrepreneurial trajectories in China since the 1950s, which are necessity entrepreneurs, employee entrepreneurs, persistent entrepreneurs and farmer entrepreneurs. Our empirical results can support both the cumulative disadvantage theory and the set-point theory in health-related studies. Among all the entrepreneurs, farmer entrepreneurs have the worst self-rated health in the long run, which supports the cumulative disadvantage theory. At the same time, all types of entrepreneurs have similar depressive symptoms and economic returns, which supports the set-point theory.

Направленность предпринимательства как фактор устойчивости региональных экономических систем

The article scrutinizes the problem of the influence of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial structures operat-ing in the territory of a particular region – the subject of the Russian Federation, on ensuring the sustainability of the regional economic system. According to the criterion of orientation to the interests of the region as the terri-tory of location of entities and objects of entrepreneurship, the authors proposed a typology of entrepreneurial activity. The forms of influence of different types of entrepreneurship on the sustainability of the regional eco-nomic system are determined. The concept of “region-oriented entrepreneurship” as a specific characteristic of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activity carried out in the interests of the development of a particular region is proposed and substantiated, the coefficient and methodology for assessing this indicator are suggested. Conclusion dwells upon the significance of the aggregate region-orientation of entrepreneurship as a factor of its socio-economic development and one of the key factors in ensuring the sustainability of the regional eco-nomic system.

Government expenditure and entrepreneurial activity: considering the types of entrepreneurial motivations

ABSTRACT As a cross-national study, we analyze the relationship between the functional-level government expenditure and the different types of entrepreneurship, that is, whether it is an opportunity- or necessity-based entrepreneurship. Our analysis of 17 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations revealed that government investments in economic affairs are positively related to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, but negatively to necessity-driven entrepreneurship. On the other hand, government spending on education is positively related to necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Further, we find that larger government expenditure on education in Asian countries encourages more entrepreneurs to start their businesses than the rest of the OECD.

The Robustness of Social Capital in The Wildlife Tourism Micro Entrepreneurship Arena

Purpose: Tourism plays an essential role in the country's economic development. Diversifying tourism products and services to meet the growing demand requires advanced business sector involvement. Due to geostrategic conditions, rural livelihood can be improved with the help of micro-entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Egypt. One of the fast-growing tourism in the country is supporting natural-based business such as wildlife truism micro-entrepreneurship, which provide the opportunity for people to participate in different types of entrepreneurship instead of working full-time or part-time in wildlife tourism entrepreneurship; people face many difficulties and hinders in small scale business based on nature. The main obstacle to micro-entrepreneurship is the need for social capital. Therefore, this study examines the role of social capital in wildlife tourism micro-entrepreneurship. Design/Methodology/ Approach: This quantitative approach is based on cross-sectional data. The study employed a survey questionnaire to collect the facts from the respondents doing micro-entrepreneurship in Egypt. The analysis used a convenience sampling method to get a quick response from the respondents. The sample size is 156 usable cases. Findings: The correlational and regression analysis show bonding social capital's positive and significant effect on wildlife tourism micro-entrepreneurship. On the other hand, bridging social capital has a significant negative impact on wildlife tourism micro-entrepreneurship. Research, practical and social implications: The study's findings would be beneficial to improve the economic conditions of Egypt, especially for the rural areas rich in natural resources, and people can have part-time or full-time opportunities for small-scale business or micro-entrepreneurship. This may bring economic prosperity and change people's livelihoods. Originality/ value: This study may be crucial to address the gaps in the empirical evaluation of Egyptian micro-entrepreneurship.

Fritz Redlich e o empreendedor como Deus e demônio

ABSTRACT This work recovers the contribution of Fritz Redlich (1892-1978) to the economic thought. Redlich wrote important works in the disciplines of economic history, entrepreneurship and business history. Amongst Redlich’s main ideas on the entrepreneur there is his distinction among different types of entrepreneurs. Redlich was also one of the first authors to analyze the structural problems of entrepreneurial action, proposing the idea of “demonic entrepreneur”, in which the accumulation of power caused by the entrepreneurial activity destroys the innovative spirit of the system, turning the entrepreneur into an enemy of society.

When entrepreneurship becomes a tool for political hegemony

Orientation: From a critical entrepreneurship perspective, this article examines the potential hegemonic nature of the mainstream entrepreneurship discourse.Research objectives: (1) To determine what mainstream entrepreneurship assumptions and resulting discourses are being reproduced in the South African media discourse. (2) To determine if and how this current discourse is naturalising knowledge claims about ‘entrepreneurship’. (3) To highlight the hegemonic possibilities of producing and reproducing this discourse in a South African context. (4) To provide recommendations that could mitigate the potential hegemonic entrepreneurship discourse in South Africa.Motivation for the study: Everything labelled ‘entrepreneurship’ is not contributing to job creation and economic development equally. From a critical standpoint it is becoming evident that the assumptions underlying mainstream entrepreneurship discourse – especially when entrepreneurship is used as a development tool – have to be challenged.Research design, approach and method: Random purposive sampling is employed by searching English print media articles containing relevant key words that were published in South African English newspapers between 01 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. The sampling frame was obtained from Sabinet through the University of Pretoria Library SA Media database. A critical discourse analysis is conducted on the final sample of 63 articles.Main findings: The South African media discourse replicates the mainstream entrepreneurship knowledge claims that any and all type of entrepreneurial activity is essentially the same and that anything labelled ‘entrepreneurship’ will lead to economic development and job creation. These knowledge claims have become normalised in the South African discourse. The dominance of this mainstream discourse on entrepreneurship is opening the way for political hegemony in a South African context.Practical/managerial implications: The South African scholarly community has to take up its responsibility as actors of social change and challenge the reigning public discourse in the field of entrepreneurship that is resulting in political hegemony.Contribution/value-add: This article shows that the failure to distinguish between different types of entrepreneurship is providing a fertile ground for political hegemony.

The Effects of The Characteristics of Entrepreneurs on the Creation Process of SMEs

The theme of this review is to elucidate how entrepreneurial traits affect the start-up process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which aims to learn more about the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and the early stages of SMEs. While most of the previous literature has focused on the mode of operation of the company, there is very little literature on the early stages of entrepreneurship in SMEs which play a vital role in the world economy. It is hoped that this review will help to provide deep insights to those who wish to start their own business. By identifying gaps in existing research and focusing on how entrepreneurial characteristics affect the start-up stage of SMEs creation, the review provides direction for future research and ideas for entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. The review finds that different types of entrepreneurs influence the future direction of an enterprise, and that entrepreneurial personality qualities and business development are positively linked. The extroversion of entrepreneurs in the Big Five personality theory makes entrepreneurs more willing to interact and collaborate with others, thus influencing the performance and growth of the start-up.

Strangers in my home: the 2015 refugee event in Europe and founder social identities of nascent entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT How does the grand challenge of refugees influence nascent entrepreneurs in host countries? To explore this question, we build on social identity theory and analyse how the 2015 European refugee event is related to the strength of different founder social identities (i.e. Darwinian, Communitarian, and Missionary founder social identities) of nascent entrepreneurs in the countries accommodating the refugees. Using a dataset of 6,096 nascent entrepreneurs from 24 European countries, we reveal a positive relationship between the refugee event and the strength of the Communitarian founder social identity. This relationship is even stronger when the previous percentage of foreign migrants in a country is lower and is mediated by the human health and social work industry. Interestingly, we do not find significant relationships between the refugee event and the strengths of the Darwinian or Missionary founder social identity, respectively. Hence, refugees as a grand challenge are likely to have divergent influences on different types of entrepreneurship in society.

Income Taxation and Hours Worked in Different Types of Entrepreneurship

Income Taxation and Hours Worked in Different Types of Entrepreneurship

Job burnout and work engagement in entrepreneurs: How the psychological utility of entrepreneurship drives healthy engagement

What is the real value of entrepreneurship? We propose a framework of psychological utility by integrating Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory with a recovery approach from a personal agency perspective. We hypothesize that personal agency together with the positive JD-R pattern of entrepreneurship generates outstanding psychological utility, which maintains and rewards a healthy, strong work engagement that spills over to off-work time. This benefits entrepreneurs, but also their businesses reliant on strong work engagement that avoids burnout. We validate our framework by means of panel data comprising four waves (348 entrepreneurs and 1002 employees), where we also analyze different types of entrepreneurs.

Working Hours, Working Time Flexibility and Stress at Work of Different Types of Entrepreneurs

Les études ont montré que le stress au travail peut affecter la santé des individus. La qualité du temps de travail (l’étendue et la flexibilité du temps de travail) en particulier, s’est avérée être un antécédent important du stress au travail. Des recherches antérieures en entrepreneuriat ont montré que non seulement les exigences et le contrôle du travail, mais également, la qualité du temps de travail diffère entre les indépendants et les salariés, ce qui a une incidence sur le stress au travail. Cependant, nous savons peu de choses sur la façon dont la qualité du temps de travail et le stress au travail diffèrent entre les différents types d’entrepreneurs. Notre étude comble cette lacune. En examinant 47 000 travailleurs indépendants et salariés de l’UE-28, nous constatons que les travailleurs indépendants ont des horaires de travail plus longs, une plus grande flexibilité et des niveaux de stress perçus plus élevés que les salariés. En comparant différents groupes d’indépendants, nous constatons que les indépendants ayant des salariés sont ceux qui travaillent le plus, ont le moins de flexibilité et des niveaux de stress perçus plus élevés. Contrairement à nos attentes, nous ne trouvons pas de différences concernant les heures de travail, la flexibilité et le stress perçu entre les travailleurs indépendants et les travailleurs indépendants-salariés. Nos résultats ont des implications importantes pour la recherche en entrepreneuriat et la pratique.

The effects of FDI on innovative entrepreneurship: A regional-level study

A growing number of studies report findings on FDI's impacts on entrepreneurship activities in the host country, but less attention is given to the question of how FDI spills over to different types of entrepreneurship. This study empirically tests how FDI innovation activities influence innovative entrepreneurship entry and growth. Fixed-effect panel data analysis was applied to examine original field data from multiple official databases in China in 31 provinces from 1998 to 2007. The study shows that FDI innovation activities increase innovative entrepreneurship entry. The relationship is positively moderated by IPR protection. Moreover, FDI innovation activities also promote entrepreneurial growth. These findings contribute to a better understanding of dissimilar FDI spillovers to different entrepreneurship types. Such insights help expand the theoretical and practical research of FDI spillover on entrepreneurship from entrepreneurship as a whole to the attributes and processes of entrepreneurship.

Do not judge a business idea by its cover: The relation between topics in business ideas and incorporation probability

It is of key importance to identify the degree of novelty and probability of incorporation of business ideas in an early stage, so that targeted support of these different types of entrepreneurship is possible. Selection of business ideas for investments and support programs rely on quantitative and qualitative metrics. The qualitative assessment, however, is biased by subjective impressions and experiences of the decision-maker. Therefore, this paper examines the narrative of business idea descriptions to improve the identification of the degree of novelty and to enhance the estimation of the incorporation probability by advancing the objectivity of qualitative metrics. The paper aims to answer two questions: (1) Are there differences in topic prevalences in novel and non-novel business ideas?, and (2) Does the composition of topics related to a business idea influence its incorporation probability? Structural topic modelling and classification tree analysis are applied on business idea descriptions from a competition in Bremen, Germany, from 2003 until 2019. The results show that business idea descriptions are a rich source of information to identify novel and non-novel business ideas with higher incorporation prospects.

The enforceability of non-compete agreements and different types of entrepreneurship: evidence from Utah and Massachusetts

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expand the empirical literature on the association between non-compete agreement (NCA) enforceability and entrepreneurship by investigating how NCA policies affect different types of entrepreneurship with incorporated and unincorporated businesses.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate difference-in-differences regressions based on individual-level data. This allows to control for heterogeneity at the individual level. Additionally, the authors provide graphical evidence using the synthetic control method (SCM).FindingsThe authors' findings show that the decrease in the enforceability of NCAs in Massachusetts resulted in a higher rate of unincorporated entrepreneurship among low-wage workers. At the same time, there was no sizable effect on the rate of incorporated entrepreneurship. For Utah, the authors' results indicate that the reform increased both types of entrepreneurship. The findings imply that states can promote entrepreneurial activity by reducing the enforceability of NCAs. The way of changing the enforceability of NCAs matters, as different provisions encourage different types of entrepreneurship in a given state.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the literature on NCA enforceability effects on entrepreneurship in three ways. First, the authors utilize two quasi-experiments, the NCA policy changes in Utah in 2016 and Massachusetts in 2018, limiting NCAs to one year for all workers. Second, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first individual-level analysis that separates self-employment with incorporated and unincorporated businesses as two different types of entrepreneurship to analyze potentially heterogeneous effects of NCAs. Third, this is the first study to utilize American Community Survey (ACS) data in this literature.

Older Entrepreneurs and Different Types of Entrepreneurship

We test whether an individual's age influences their perception of time, which affects the decision to undertake different types of entrepreneurial activity, and whether access to resources such as knowledge, skills, and finances moderates this effect. Using a sample of 194,937 entrepreneurs, we find that formal education and entrepreneurial education play an important but different role for entrepreneurs in various age groups. For example, middle-aged (45-64) and older individuals in the upper-income household are more likely to undertake both social and market-driven entrepreneurship, while younger entrepreneurs (25-44) belonging to the upper-income household are more likely to engage in market-driven entrepreneurship. While entrepreneurial experience is vital for both types of entrepreneurship, age negates the positive influence on entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial Learning and Disincentives in Crowdfunding Markets

Reward-based crowdfunding has enabled entrepreneurs to interact with consumers even before product launches. However, this market persistently suffers from a high failure rate; that is, entrepreneurs fail to launch and deliver their products as promised. We investigate the extent to which this high failure rate is because of information distortion—entrepreneurs have uncertainty about consumers’ evaluation of the new products. We model the product launch decisions of different types of entrepreneurs who raise funds through preselling on reward-based crowdfunding platforms and subsequently decide whether to continue with the product launch. To do so, we collect structured and unstructured data from Kickstarter’s digital video game category and classify attributes using supervised learning methods. We develop and estimate an integrated model of crowdfunding demand and entrepreneurs’ product launch decisions. We find that the information entrepreneurs gather from crowdfunding sales has sizable impacts on the product launch decisions of entrepreneurs with low managerial capital or new to the crowdfunding platform. Our counterfactual simulations suggest that platform policy regulating overfunded projects can reduce the product launch failure rate by about 13%. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

The impact of the institutional environment on entrepreneurial activity: an analysis of developing and developed countries

PurposeEntrepreneurship can be understood as a systemic phenomenon, thus relying on sets of influential factors associated with socioeconomic contexts. Institutional conditions play a pivotal role in this regard, affecting the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts. The goal of this research is to verify to what extent do the pillars of Countries' Institutional Profiles – regulatory, cognitive and normative – affect both the prevalence and quality of entrepreneurship, assessing the differences between developing and developed countries both in total entrepreneurial activity and in the following qualitative frames: innovation rate, high job creation expectations and motivational index.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ assessment uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with a longitudinal approach for 112 countries over the period 2003–2019. Dynamic panel data regressions are applied.FindingsBy comparing developing and developed countries, findings highlight that institutional effects are heterogeneous among developing and developed countries, with informal institutions being more relevant for developing countries than formal ones. Also, using a broad range of institutional indicators, the authors’ assessment indicated that the association between institutional conditions and productive entrepreneurship seems to be far more intricate than argued by theoretical literature.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings indicate the need for developing countries to address formal institutional voids in order to generate more effective conditions for productive entrepreneurship to emerge. Following prior literature, this can have systemic impacts on trajectories for economic growth and development.Originality/valueThe originality of this research consists in using a longitudinal and integrative approach to compare institutional effects on different types of entrepreneurship, as well as comparing these effects in countries at different stages of development.

The Enforceability of Non-Compete Agreements and Different Types of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Utah and Massachusetts

The Enforceability of Non-Compete Agreements and Different Types of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Utah and Massachusetts

Entrepreneurship and the Post-COVID-19 Recovery in Emerging Economies

ABSTRACTEntrepreneurs play a focal role in a society's economic recovery from major disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that entrepreneurs’ ability to identify and act on entrepreneurial opportunities during the crisis reflects their resilience, and their innovations facilitate new patterns of work, learning, and leisure activities in post-COVID-19 societies. However, how, how quickly they act, and how influential their actions are depends on their context in terms of institutions, resource access, and market volatility. In China, some entrepreneurs have shown great resilience by utilizing network relationships and digital technology, not only to overcome short-term disruptions in 2020 but to shape the evolving ‘new normal’ where behaviors and capabilities have changed as a consequence of the experience of the pandemic. We discuss drivers of such resilient entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and call for further research on the interplay between external disruptions, different types of entrepreneurship, and the consequences for resilience in emerging economies.