Different Types Of Entrepreneurs Research Articles

The interaction and influence of digital and non‐digital structures, cultures and social norms on entrepreneurship

AbstractEntrepreneurs interact with other digital platform users to pursue opportunities and develop their businesses. However, although digital platforms are important for entrepreneurs, little empirical research exists on how entrepreneurs interact using digital platforms to meet their goals. Existing research is overwhelmingly conceptual, digital‐centric, focused on high‐growth entrepreneurship, and in countries in the global north. This paper addresses this gap with empirical evidence on how digital platforms are used for interacting by different types of entrepreneurs at different stages of development, in Trinidad and Tobago. It explains how online and offline structures, rules, social norms and culture interconnect to influence entrepreneurship using the theory and method of technology affordances and constraints, the entrepreneurial ecosystems concept, and a multi‐qualitative method.

When money isn’t everything—Exploring different patterns of entrepreneur resource acquisition

Entrepreneurs use business pitches to persuade and gain support from investors. While scholars have examined what makes business pitches successful, they have narrowly defined success as financial capital acquisition. Yet, different types of entrepreneurs (i.e., early-stage vs. late-stage entrepreneurs) need different types of resources. In a qualitative field study of social entrepreneurs, we identify social ties formation as a key outcome of the relationship between early-stage entrepreneurs and investors, one that is key to access other resources. Building on our qualitative findings and the literature on strategic ties formation, we theorize that firms use language referencing relational processes when they prioritize investor relational commitment, while they use language referencing money when they seek investor financial commitment. We test our hypotheses on a database of in person, one-to-many pitches of social entrepreneurs. We find that early-stage firms attract a broader range of investors and a higher amount of financial resources. Also, the benefits of using relational language are higher for early-stage firms who seek to acquire investor relational commitment, whereas later-stage firms using financial language can reduce their disadvantage with respect to the acquisition of financial commitment. These findings add to the literature on strategic ties formation by increasing our understandings of pitches as a proactive networking tool for less-endowed firms.

Assessing Entrepreneurial Types and Goals With Diverse Student Groups

Students should clearly understand that different types of entrepreneurship exist. It is effective to connect the diversity of entrepreneurial form with students from a multidisciplinary scope of knowledge in the form of engaged learning. This learning innovation exercise helps diverse student bodies such as science, technology, engineering, arts, and math students (STEAM), to apply their knowledge of entrepreneurship basics and each entrepreneurship type and to be prepared to verbally defend their decisions in the presence of other future entrepreneurs. Although this exercise follows Steve Blank’s categorization of entrepreneurship types (i.e., small business entrepreneurship, scalable startup entrepreneurship, large company entrepreneurship, and social entrepreneurship), educators adopting this exercise can readily replace or add other entrepreneurship types that are more relevant to a specific course or that (s)he wishes for students to more fully understand. This learning innovation is intended for implementation at the undergraduate level in medium sized introduction to entrepreneurship courses that includes students from STEAM. Students will gain experience in analyzing and problem solving related to the different types of entrepreneurship. Students will also be provided the space for group discussion and personal decision making thus fostering the development of crucial entrepreneurial skills necessary after graduation.

Measuring performance differentials across entrepreneurship types

It is increasingly being recognized that different types of entrepreneurs exist with different performance levels and different contributions to the economy. Two common classifications of entrepreneurship types are based on professional status and start-up motive, where independent own-account workers are assumed to perform better than dependent self-employed and opportunity entrepreneurs are assumed to perform better than necessity entrepreneurs. However, these supposed performance differentials are seldomly tested or quantified. Using recent data drawn from the European Working Conditions Survey for the EU-28, we explore self-employment earnings (as an indicator of performance) across these different entrepreneurship types. Our results from OLS and multilevel linear regressions show that dependent self-employed workers are indeed observed to have significantly lower earnings than independent own-account workers, but the difference is only 10%, suggesting that the precarious nature of the dependent self-employed may be overstated in certain policy circles. Regarding start-up motive, our paper highlights the importance of distinguishing the group of entrepreneurs who simultaneously have both opportunity and necessity motives to start a business.

Personal values as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of university students

Considering entrepreneurship as a set of actions performed by a subject, and behavior one of the main predictors of actions, this work presents a study based on the Theory of Human Values, that aims to analyze the influence of personal values on entrepreneurial intention of university students; understanding as well the personal values as cognitive characteristics that explain the attitudes of a subject towards entrepreneurship, the hypotheses of this work establish a positive relation between values associated to individualism and the entrepreneurial intention as well as a negative relation between values associated to collectivism and the entrepreneurial intention of university students. For this, a sample of 488 undergraduate students from the University of Guadalajara in Mexico is used and statistical analysis is performed through the SPSS software. Using a quantitative methodology, an exploratory factorial analysis and a linear regression model are performed to calculate the predictive capacity of the different types of personal values on the entrepreneurial intention of students at the University previously mentioned. Personal values associated to individualism prove to be highly related to entrepreneurial intentions while those related to collectivism show low or null effect. Some exceptions are discussed and lead to future lines of research regarding different types of entrepreneurship.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE IN DESIGN EDUCATION

Abstract. The aim of the article is to analize the current state of design education in Ukraine, update the training curicula of future designers to start their own business and successful entrepreneurship activities in the field of design as a prerequisite for self-realization of professionals in a market economy, identify components of entrepreneurial competence and substantiate recommendations to develop it during the training of future designers. The theoretical significance of the article is that it is analyzed the current state of design education from the standpoint of preparing students for self-realization in a market economy and successful professional activity in a society of sustainable development, which is possible by starting their own successful business; the essence of the main directions and modern approaches to the development of entrepreneurial competence of future designers are revealed; the preconditions for effective training of future designers for entrepreneurship are determined; empirical data obtained as a result of implementation of the authots’ consept are analyzed; the main directions of design that will be successful for business activities are revealed; the updated content and effective ways of development of entrepreneurial competence in design education are presented. The practical significance of the article is to present the program of the authors’ modular course, the introduction of which will promote the development of entrepreneurial competence of future designers, as well as practical cases of business plans and business projects are presented. It ts characterized the features of entrepreneurial activity in the field of design as a process of development of innovative ideas and projects of young people — authors of extraordinary methods and technologies, inventors of new ways of society development. According to the qualification characteristics of the profession, the main professional functions of a designer are defined, different types of entrepreneurs in the field of design are systematized. Creative and innovative ideas are transformed by entrepreneurs in the field of design into sustainable business models, various innovative approaches are introduced. Today it is possible to identify a wide range of entrepreneurs in the cultural sector, who operate in the field of culture and art, engaged in various fields of creative industries. Problems and prospects of training of future designers for entrepreneurial activity are revealed, directions of further searches are outlined. The methodological basis for training of future designers are presented as an amalgam of socio-cultural, utilitarian-consumer and aesthetic-entrepreneurial functions of design. It is substantiated that entrepreneurs in the field of design must have a broad mindset, high intellectual potential and level of culture, ability to self-improvement solutions which have to be implemented in design education. Keywords: design, entrepreneurship, entrepreneur, professional training, content of professional training. JEL Classification I21, L33 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 18.

The Impact of Institutional Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students—International Evidence

Acknowledging the role of different forms of entrepreneurship to continued economic prosper-ity and the role of institutional dimensions on entrepreneurship, this paper investigates if and to what extent a selected number of institutional dimensions influence students’ intentions to ei-ther start a company or take over an existing one. Based on a Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESS) dataset and international country-level databases, evidence shows that both entrepreneurship options are hampered by corruption and limited business freedom while promoted through favourable labour regulations and trade freedom. Property rights, fiscal freedom, government spending, monetary freedom, and investment freedom only affect start-ups, while financial freedom adversely affects both options. The study provides new insight into the impact of institutional dimensions on different types of entrepreneurship. Thus, in contrast to extant research in this area, it goes beyond the typical focus on start-ups. Evidence also suggests that male students prefer starting a new company, while female students seem to prefer a takeover. This improved understanding could help in not only designing more targeted entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial financing policies but also in improving entrepreneurship education.

Honeybees diversity, pollination, entrepreneurship and beekeeping scenario in NEH region of India

The north-eastern region of India with diverse forage resources encompasses great potential in beekeeping. The honeybee species existing in the north-eastern hill region are Apis dorsata, A. florea, A. cerana himalaya, A. mellifera, A. laboriosa and Trigona iridepennis. Modern agriculture has come to depend greatly on the bees to fulfill its pollination needs. Pollen analysis from North-eastern hill region revealed that the dominant sporomorphs were Brassica sp., Solamun sp., Helianthus sp., Wendlandia sp., Clematis sp., Adhatoda sp. and Mussaenda sp. Bee flora was identified as 107 plants from North-eastern region of India. Different types of entrepreneurship can be developed through beekeeping like honey bees rearing, sale of honey bees colonies, consultancy to farmers for honey bee rearing, processing of honey at large scale and marketing of honey products. Available information on honeybee’s diversity, pollination, entrepreneurship and beekeeping scenario for sustainable agriculture of north-eastern hill region are reviewed and discussed.

Analysis of entrepreneur mental model and construction of its portrait

Previous studies have shown that the mental model of entrepreneurs has a significant impact on the growth of entrepreneurial enterprises. This paper explores a new method to analyze entrepreneur mental model and construct its portrait. Firstly, according to existing research results, this paper summarizes three key factors that affect entrepreneurial mental model: prior knowledge, personality characteristics and opportunity perception. Since then, the methods of entrepreneur mental portrait are introduced, which including cluster analysis method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the investigation and analysis of 277 entrepreneurs, our study shows that the above construction method of mental model can accurately describe the entrepreneur mental model. The contribution of this paper is to explore the mental division of different types of entrepreneurs, and give the method of mental portrait of entrepreneurs, which provides a meaningful reference for promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education and training.

Comparisons of entrepreneurial passion’s structure and its antecedents: latent profile analyses in China and South Korea

How to motivate entrepreneurial passion is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research. Although individual factors have been tested, national-level factors are overlooked. This study focuses on the national entrepreneurial environments in China and South Korea and employs a person-centred approach to identify the different types of entrepreneurs according to their passion level and structure and determine how entrepreneurial environments link to various profiles of entrepreneurial passion. The results showed that although non-passionate and explorative entrepreneurs exist in China and South Korea, expansive and mature entrepreneurs are unique in China, while conservative and growing entrepreneurs are unique to South Korea. To enhance entrepreneurial passion, the Chinese government should improve entrepreneurship education and training, and the South Korean government should provide better entrepreneurship policies and socioeconomic conditions.

Taxonomy of Entrepreneurship - A Means-Oriented Approach

The growth of entrepreneurship literature spurred a discussion on the distinct characteristics of the different types of entrepreneurship, with most attention being given to market, social, and political entrepreneurship. In organizing the inquiry around these supposedly distinct types of entrepreneurship, scholars tend to focus on the goals entrepreneurs pursue: market entrepreneurs are portrayed as driven by profit, political entrepreneurs are driven by rents, and social entrepreneurs are thought to be driven by other, supposedly less venal, motivations. This paper presents the shortcomings of this ends-oriented taxonomy and offers an alternative approach for organizing inquiry, one that originates from Richard Wagner’s framework of Entangled Political Economy and his distinction between voluntary and involuntary investors. I argue that instead of focusing on the ends, the taxonomy of entrepreneurship should focus on the means, in particular, on whether the resources that support the venture were obtained through cooperation or coercion.

Self-employment by US county: key predictors

PurposeSome US counties are more likely to generate entrepreneurial opportunities than others. This paper aims to determine the linkages between US counties with disproportionately high shares of entrepreneurs and specific attributes of the entrepreneurial support system.Design/methodology/approachNon-farm proprietorship (NFP) has been used as a proxy for entrepreneurship and self-employment. NFP employment data were collected from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis by county. Data on all independent variables were obtained from the US Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis by county and subject to stepwise linear regression analysis.FindingsResults revealed a strong positive relationship between the percent of NFP employment by county and the percent real estate, rental and leasing employment and construction employment as well as percent Hispanic and median age.Practical implicationsIn attempting to encourage NFP employment, policymakers should be more aware of the key predictors that shape county-wide entrepreneurial ecosystems to enhance competitive advantage. Better understanding of the needs and experiences of different types of entrepreneurs and ecosystems can enhance overall quality of life and economic opportunity levels in a community.Originality/valueThe explicit spatial context of this paper has sometimes been overlooked in the traditional entrepreneurship literature, as such, this paper helps fill that gap. The findings provide a disaggregated analysis that can help better understand the key predictors that can drive the local choices of entrepreneurs and help local policymakers to build more competitive communities.

An Integrated Conjunctive Model of the Drivers of Entrepreneurial Intention for Different Purposes

A common framework for the analysis of commercial, social, and other types of entrepreneurial intention (EI) is developed and tested. The model treats profit, psychic-income, social-impact, and innovation outcomes as interdependent goals underlying the perceived desirability of entrepreneurship. Heterogeneous valences of these goals generate multiple pathways to EI which evoke the different types of entrepreneurs found in the extant literature. The model is tested using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, revealing multiple configurations that each culminate in EI of one type or another, and reveal fine-grained information about interdependent causation and asymmetric data relationships consistent with the complexity of entrepreneurial behaviour.

Institutional and self-efficacy effects on systemic entrepreneurship: evidence from South Africa

Research indicates that institutional weaknesses in several African economies often leads to uncertainty, but also provides opportunity so that different types of entrepreneurship may become more or less feasible in these economies. Recognizing that it is not always clear which institutions really matter, this study is important as it empirically examines the impact of formal and informal institutions, as well as the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, on systemic entrepreneurial growth intentions. Hypotheses were statistically tested using primary data from early-stage enterprises (n = 292) in South Africa. Findings highlight a significant relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy as well as the normative institutional dimension and systemic entrepreneurship. By weaving in the entrepreneurial and institutional context of South Africa, this study has extended the theoretical and empirical reach of institutional theory to the domain of systemic entrepreneurship. Study implications relate to creating empirical links between the different institutional dimensions, self-efficacy and systemic entrepreneurship, which is vital for an African market setting as the context for entrepreneurship is often a distinctive one.

How can entrepreneurship and educational capital lead to environmental sustainability?

Absract This inquiry extends previous literature by assessing the role of educational capital (educational levels and government spending on education) in modulating the negative impact of different types of entrepreneurship on environmental quality for 32 developing economies. Four different types of entrepreneurship are included in the analysis, namely: opportunity entrepreneurship, necessity entrepreneurship, formal entrepreneurship, and informal entrepreneurship. The followings are the main findings provided by the system Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM): (i) all the four types of entrepreneurship increase carbon emissions; (ii) necessity and informal entrepreneurship have the highest contribution to carbon emissions compared to opportunity and formal entrepreneurship; (iii) the conditional impact of educational capital, particularly tertiary education and government expenditure on education, reduces carbon emissions in the models pertaining to opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship; however, only tertiary education reduces carbon emissions in the models pertaining to formal and informal entrepreneurship; (iv) the net impacts on carbon emissions from the complementarity between educational capital and both opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship are negative and significant only for the tertiary education and government expenditure in education, indicating that these later can be used to modulate the negative impact of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship on environmental quality; (v) the net impacts on carbon emissions from the complementarity between educational capital and both formal and informal entrepreneurship is negative and significant only for the tertiary education, meaning that this later can be used to modulate the negative impact of formal and informal entrepreneurship on environmental quality. Contributions to the theoretical and empirical literature, implications to policymakers and practitioners, and future research directions are also discussed.

Degrees of integration: how a fragmented entrepreneurial ecosystem promotes different types of entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) are expected to support high growth entrepreneurship. Yet, little is known about how they actually promote entrepreneurial activities. Based on Giddens’ structuration theory, this paper takes the entrepreneurs’ perspective to understand how they actually use the resources provided by an EE. Based on semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and other relevant actors in the Berlin EE along with participant observation at entrepreneurship events, this case study focuses on the resourcing practices of different types of entrepreneurs. It shows that the Berlin EE comprises two distinct subsystems. On the basis of this evidence it is proposed that EEs can have different degrees of integration and that this characteristic strongly impacts how entrepreneurs can actually acquire resources from the EE and thus how specific EEs promote different types of entrepreneurs. Heterogeneous structures therefore do not only exist between EEs but also within EEs. This heterogeneity needs to be recognized in order to understand how EEs function, enhance the comparability of research results, and design suitable political instruments to promote entrepreneurship effectively.

The Nexus between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis on Groups of Countries

Our paper examines the potential effect of different types of entrepreneurship (in particular, early-stage entrepreneurship, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, and necessity-driven entrepreneurship) on economic growth at a national level and aims to identify whether the contribution of entrepreneurship to economic growth differs according to the stage of economic development of a country. Our empirical analysis is based on the panel data, which covers 17 years (2002–2018) and 22 European countries, classified into two groups. The results suggest that all three types of entrepreneurship have a greater impact on economic growth for the entire sample of European countries, and some types of entrepreneurship are more important than others. We find that opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and early-stage entrepreneurship would be key factors in stimulating economic growth across the sample of European countries. Our estimations also show that opportunity-driven entrepreneurship would have a greater impact in transition countries, while necessity-driven entrepreneurship would have a stronger influence in the innovation-driven countries. The results of our research could be of interest to policymakers, as it can help in identifying and implementing the most appropriate measures to eliminate the obstacles in the macroeconomic environment that entrepreneurs face, and measures to support innovative entrepreneurial activities.

The Case for a Tri-Continuum of Entrepreneurial Behavior

Entrepreneurship is the foundation of the hospitality industry. the study of entrepreneurship has yield three main types of entrepreneurship: a traditional entrepreneur, a lifestyle entrepreneur, and a social entrepreneur. This research sought to determine if these types of entrepreneurs are really as siloed as presented or if there is a gray area between them. No one person was solely one type of entrepreneur (traditional, social, or lifestyle). We present the cases of entrepreneurs existing on a continuum: A lifestyle-traditional entrepreneur, a traditional-social entrepreneur, and a social-lifestyle entrepreneur. If classified by also the prevalence of one typology over another, it is possible for 6 different types of entrepreneurs to be identified. Not all entrepreneurs go on to open their own business. Some individuals with a strong entrepreneurial spirit go on to be successful in the corporate world. If the hospitality industry is to better understand the motivations behind these individuals, they may better be able to match them with tasks and projects.

Examining the Industrial Energy Consumption Determinants: A Panel Bayesian Model Averaging Approach

The paper explores the impact of early stage and established entrepreneurs on industrial energy consumption across European countries for the period 2001–2017. It proposes that industrial energy consumption is a complex multifaceted result of value-added activities conducted by different types of entrepreneurs and the quality of macroeconomic and entrepreneurial framework conditions, which support or hinder entrepreneurial activity and consequently energy use. After selecting the most appropriate model using a panel Bayesian averaging model approach, a fixed effects panel regression analysis was conducted to investigate more deeply the impact of different types of entrepreneurs on industrial energy consumption. The results show that early stage and established entrepreneurs exhibit different behavioral patterns with respect to energy use. The former follows, although statistically insignificantly, a U-shaped energy use curve. By contrast, the latter follows statistically significantly an inverted U-shaped curve. Additionally, the results confirm the important role of the governments and other policy authorities in creating favorable framework conditions, which can support the changes in behavioral energy practices and the development of new or established businesses aiming for sustainability.

The role of innovation and institutions in entrepreneurship and economic growth in two groups of countries

PurposeEconomic growth is one the most relevant economic objectives for policy makers. In order to determine the variables that enhance such an objective it is important to consider different types of entrepreneurial activity. It is also necessary to consider the level of development and growth of a country to design the proper economic policy measures, given that entrepreneurship motivations and circumstances vary from country to country. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth, including the role played by institutions and innovation considering two types of entrepreneurship (necessity and opportunity) and countries.Design/methodology/approachData analysis of 31 countries with varying levels of growth and development yielded two large groups – either innovation-driven economies or efficiency-driven economies – following GEM classification based on the phases set out by the World Economic Forum. In order to test the hypotheses, a partial least squares analysis is carried out to show the existing relationships between the different variables, specifically: innovation, institutions, entrepreneurship and economic growth.FindingsThe empirical analysis used demonstrates that innovation positively affects economic growth and entrepreneurship. In addition, adequate functioning of institutions is shown to enhance economic growth and opportunity entrepreneurship. Finally, there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth.Originality/valueUnlike other studies, different types of entrepreneurship (by necessity and opportunity) are essential to this analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth. The country sample was divided considering some country-specific structural circumstances. Neither aspect is considered in the literature and should be considered relevant for designing measures to enhance economic activity.