Species Differences In Sensitivity Research Articles

Oocyte Destruction by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ubiquitous environmental pollutants, destroy oocytes. Oocyte destruction by polycyclic hydrocarbons requires distribution of the parent hydrocarbon to the ovary where ovarian enzymes metabolize the compound to reactive intermediates responsible for ovotoxicity. Descriptive assays of polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolic activation such as the aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase assay (AHH) are not good predictors of strain or species differences in sensitivity to polycyclic hydrocarbon ovotoxicity. Using benzo(a)pyrene as a probe of ovarian metabolic processing suggests that the rate of formation of metabolites along the metabolic pathway to the 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide may be the appropriate measure of the role of metabolic activation in strain or species differences in sensitivity to oocyte destruction. The multistep metabolic pathway involved in ovarian metabolic processing of benzo(a)pyrene may represent a useful model for exploring the roles of metabolic activation, detoxification, intrinsic sensitivity, and repair in reproductive toxicity.

Relative sensitivity of Daphnia Magna, rainbow trout and fathead minnows to endosulfan

AbstractFlow‐through and static tests were conducted with fathead minnows, rainbow trout and Daphnia magna to determine their relative sensitivities to measured concentrations of the insecticide endosulfan and to compare responses of fish in replicated static and flow‐through exposure procedures. Fathead minnow 96‐h static LC50 values were 1.3, 0.8 and 1.3 μg/L endosulfan. The 96‐h LC50 values for fatheads in flow‐through tests were 1.7 and 1.0 μg/L. Rainbow trout 96‐h static LC50 values were 1.7 and 1.6 μg/L. The 96‐h LC50 values for rainbows in flow‐through tests were 0.3 and 0.4 μg/L. Acute 48‐h static EC50 values for D. magna were 343 and 271 μg/L endosulfan. These results suggest that differences in species sensitivity can be as great as three orders of magnitude.

THE CAERULEIN-INDUCED CONTRACTION IN THE ILEAL LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES

An effect of caerulein was studied on a contractile response of the ileal longitudinal smooth muscle isolated from seven animal species, monkey, dog, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat, vole and mouse. In isotonic recording, caerulein induced a contraction in the muscle isolated from all animal species . Sensitivities of ileal strips to caerulein in the contractile response was divided into three groups. That is, a high sensitive group; dog and guinea-pig, a middle sensitive group; rabbit and vole, a low sensitive group; monkey, rat and mouse. In another series of experiment, effect of several antagonists was examined on the caerulein-induced contraction in ileal muscle of dog, rabbit or guinea-pig. TTX inhibited the contractions in all the ilea. As the contraction was inhibited by atropine and scopolamine in dog ileum but not in rabbit one, the contraction may be due to an excitation of the cholinergic neuron or an excitation of non-cholinergic excitatory neuron, respectively. On the other hand, it is supposed that the contraction in guinea-pig ileum is involved to both the neurons because the contraction was inhibited partially by scopolamine and not by atropine . In conclusion, the ilea isolated from seven animal species showed species differences in sensitivity to caerulein in contractile response, and caerulein seems induces the contractions involving to different nervous systems in dog, rabbit or guinea-pig ileum, respectively.

Mechanism of species differences in sensitivity of monkeys and dogs to the emetic action of various drugs

Mechanism of species differences in sensitivity of monkeys and dogs to the emetic action of various drugs

The use of inhibitors of DNA repair in the study of the mechanisms of induction of chromosome aberrations

If cells exposed to X-rays or chemical agents are incubated with inhibitors of DNA repair (cytosine arabinoside or aphidicolin), it is possible to accumulate single-strand gaps in the DNA at repairing regions. Upon reversal of the inhibition, these gaps can interact to form chromosome aberrations. It appears that the aberration frequency observed following treatment with radiation or chemical agents is greatly influenced by the rate repair of damage that is converted into aberrations. This argument also extends to considerations of the different cell-cycle-stage sensitivities, the relative sensitivities of different species, and the probability of observing interactive effects between two agents. These aspects are discussed in terms of their contribution to the interpretation of the mechanisms induction of chromosome aberrations.

Biochemical basis of a species difference in sensitivity to alloxan

FEBS LettersVolume 133, Issue 1 p. 181-182 Full-length articleFree Access Biochemical basis of a species difference in sensitivity to alloxan Francine Malaisse-Lagae, Francine Malaisse-Lagae Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorAbdullah Sener, Abdullah Sener Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorWilly J. Malaisse, Willy J. Malaisse Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author Francine Malaisse-Lagae, Francine Malaisse-Lagae Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorAbdullah Sener, Abdullah Sener Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorWilly J. Malaisse, Willy J. Malaisse Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels University School of Medicine, Brussels 1000, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 12, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(81)80500-5Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume133, Issue1October 12, 1981Pages 181-182 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Inhalation toxicity of butylene oxide

Exposure of male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice to 0,400, 800 or 1600 ppm butylene oxide vapors 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 9 days during a 2-week interval revealed a definite species differences in sensitivity to these high concentrations of the test material. All mice in the 1600 ppm group were dead prior to the 3rd day of exposure while all rats exposed to 1600 ppm survived until scheduled sacrifice with no obvious signs of distress except for a pronounced retardation of growth. Inflammatory and degenerative changes in the nasal mucosa were detected histopathologically in rats in the 1600 ppm group. Myeloid jyperplasia in the bone marrow, and elevated mean white blood cell counts for male and female rats in the 1600 ppm group may possibly have been related to the inflammatory nasal lesions or to generalized stress. A subchronic inhalation toxicity study in which Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0,75, 150 or 600 ppm for 13-weeks resulted in no treatment-related mortalities. Slight growth retardation, particularly for female rats and mice, was apparent for animals in the 600 ppm group. Histopathologic examinations revealed treatment-related lesions of the nasal mucosa in both rats and mice in the 600 ppm group. There were no histopathologic observations in rats or mice in the 75 or 150 ppm groups which were considered to be related to exposure to the test material.

Perinatal toxicity of endrin in rodents. II. Fetotoxic effects of prenatal exposure in rats and mice

The fetotoxic potential of endrin in the CD rat and CD-1 mouse was investigated. Endrin was administered as a solution in corn oil to groups of pregmant animals by gastric intubation at multiple dose levels throughout the period of organogenesis. The dams were sacrified prior to term and the fetuses were examined for skeletal and visceral anomalies. In addition, maternal livers and fetuses from rats in each dose level were analyzed for endrin content. In the mouse, endrin caused maternal liver enlargement at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day and reduced maternal weight gain at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day. Fetal weight and skeletal and visceral maturity were adversely affected at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day, but no teratogenic effect or embryo lethality was evident even at a dose level that produced maternal lethality (1.5 mg/kg/day). In the rat, endrin markedly reduced maternal weight at doses above 0.150 mg/kg/day but produced no apparent effects on the fetus. The data suggest that species differences in sensitivity to endrin may in part be due to differences in metabolism. Although endrin levels in rat fetuses at a maximally tolerated dosage level resembled those previously reported for the hamster, relatively less 12-ketoendrin was present, paralleling the change in fetal sensitivity.

Simulated deposition rates for SO 2 on a southeastern U.S. landscape

Atmospheric transport and deposition of SO 2 are simulated over a circular area (22 km in radius) of representative landscape in East Tennessee. Data from aerial photographs were used to determine surface parameters which in turn allowed us to estimate deposition rates on the different ground cover types by taking account of both aerodynamic and surface related components of the process. Patterns of deposition rates are shown and are compared with spatial patterns of ground cover type. Area averaged values of deposition velocity are deduced for representative times of the year. We speculate on the influence of various physical factors as they bear upon the perceived sensitivity of different species to SO 2 damage.

Inhibition by digoxin and SC4453 of (Na + + K +)-ATPase prepared from human heart, guinea-pig heart and guinea-pig brain

SC4453 is a digoxin analogue with a pyridazine instead of a lactone ring on C 17β. SC4453 was compared with digoxin with respect to inhibition of (Na + + K +)-ATPase prepared from human heart, guinea-pig heart and guinea-pig brain. SC4453 was slightly less potent than digoxin but showed a similar sensitivity to K +. As for cardenolides, species differences in sensitivity to SC4453 were accounted for by differences in the rate of dissociation from the receptors. These observations confirm that the human heart is one of the tissues most sensitive to cardiac glycosides.

Deicing Salt Spray Injury in Selected Pinus spp.1

Abstract Needle surface characteristics and NaCl penetration rates were compared and related to deicing salt spray injury for resistant Austrian pine, Pinus nigra Arnold, and susceptible Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Stomata in longitudinal rows separated by parallel ridges characterized needle surfaces of both species; surface fine structure was free of trichomes or other recognizable structures. Pinus nigra in comparison to P. strobus had greater surface area (3.64 cm2/needle vs. 1.87 cm2/needle) and larger quantities of epicuticular wax 183 μg/cm2 vs. 75 μg/cm2). Thin-layer chromatography indicated no distinct differences in epicuticular wax chemistry. Surface wettability, measured by contact angle, was similar. Retention of an aqueous solution was similar when needles were attached to fascicles. Penetration of 36C1 was significantly greater in needles of P. nigra on a surface area basis (P. nigra = 9,839 dpm/cm2, P. strobus = 3,503 dpm/cm2). No differences in penetration occurred when expressed on a fresh weight basis. Electron microprobe analysis substantiated a greater penetration of Na+ and Cl- in needles of P. nigra. Levels of Na+ were higher than Cl− in both species. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride studies indicated greater sensitivity to increasing concentrations of NaCl in needles of P. strobus and in P. nigra. Differences in species sensitivity appears to be related to protoplasmic sensitivity rather than to differences in penetration of Na+ and Cl− ions.

Glucocorticoid Receptor and Effector Mechanisms: A Comparison of the Corticosensitive Mouse with the Corticoresistant Guinea Pig*

In terms of steroid effector systems, one of the areas least explored is the often described species difference in sensitivity to administered glucocorticoids. We have compared a species reported to be corticosensitive (mouse) with a more corticoresistant species (guinea pig) in terms of 1) the affinity with which tritiated dexamethasone ([3H]DM) is bound in spleen cytoplasmic preparations from adrenalectomized animals, 2) the sensitivity to DM of phytohemagglutinin-treated spleen cells in vitro, measured by inhibition of tritiated thymidine incorporation, and 3) the effect of adrenalectomy 1 day before sacrifice on the spleen cell response to DM in vitro. The affinity of mouse spleen glucocorticoid receptors for [3H]DM is represented by a Kd at 4 C of ∼5 nM; in the guinea pig, the same tissue has a 20- fold lower affinity (Kd at 4 C, ∼0.1 μM). The concentrations of DM necessary for half-maximal inhibition of tritiated thymidine incorporation (mouse, 5 nM; guinea pig, 0.08 μM) closely approximate the half...

Muscle sensitivity differences in two avian species to anatoxin-a produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1

An example of species sensitivity differences between mallard ducks and ring-necked pheasants was found for the toxin (anatoxin-a) produced by the freshwater cyanophyte Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. The oral LD90 (dose required to kill 90% of animals) for pheasants was found to be 2.4 times the oral LD90 for ducks. The sensitivity of a gastrocnemius muscle sciatic nerve preparation in pheasants was about three times less than that of the duck. Comparison of muscle sensitivity with decamethonium bromide did not show this species difference. The species difference was also observed in the intraperitoneal LD90 which was 50 mg/kg body weight for ducks and 120 mg/kg body weight for pheasants. This is used as evidence for an example of species sensitivity variation to the toxin at its site of action and indicates one way in which animal losses due to field poisonings by these toxic blooms can differ.

On the mechanisms of some pharmacological actions of the hypoglycaemic toxins hypoglycin and pent-4-enoic acid. A way out of the present confusion

Preclinical drug safety evaluation studies, typically conducted in two or more animal species, reveal and define dose-dependent toxicities and undesirable effects related to pharmacological mechanism of action. Idiosyncratic toxic responses are often not detected during this phase in development due to their relative rarity in incidence and differences in species sensitivity. This paper reviews and discusses the metabolic idiosyncratic toxicity and species differences observed for the experimental non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, panadiplon. This compound produced evidence of hepatic toxicity in Phase 1 clinical trial volunteers that was not predicted by rat, dog or monkey preclinical studies. However, subsequent studies in Dutch-belted rabbits revealed a hepatic toxic syndrome consistent with a Reye's Syndrome-like idiosyncratic response. Investigations into the mechanism of toxicity using rabbits and cultured hepatocytes from several species, including human, provided a sketch of the complex pathway required to produce hepatic injury. This pathway includes drug metabolism to a carboxylic acid metabolite (cyclopropane carboxylic acid), inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and effects on intermediary metabolism including depletion of glycogen and disruption of glucose homeostasis. We also provide evidence suggesting that the carboxylic acid metabolite decreases the availability of liver CoA and carnitine secondary to the formation of unusual acyl derivatives. Hepatic toxicity could be ameliorated by administration of carnitine, and to a lesser extent by pantothenate. These hepatocellular pathway defects, though not directly resulting in cell death, rendered hepatocytes sensitive to secondary stress, which subsequently produced apoptosis and hepatocellular necrosis. Not all rabbits showed evidence of hepatic toxicity, suggesting that individual or species differences in any step along this pathway may account for idiosyncratic responses. These differences may be roughly applied to other metabolic idiosyncratic hepatotoxic responses and include variations in drug metabolism, effects on mitochondrial function, nutritional status, and health or underlying disease.

Interactions between DDT and river fungi. II. Influence of culture conditions on the compatibility of fungi and p,p'-DDT.

The persistent insecticide [l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane~ (DDT) is widely distributed throughout the aquatic ecosystem (DALTON, et al., 1970). Microbial communities, by virtue of their contribution to primary production and organic decomposition are important components of aquatic food chains (0PENHEIMER, 1963; WOOD, 1967; SPARROW, 1968). Recent in vitro studies have shown that DDT can alter the metabolism and growth of certain marine (WURSTER, 1968; MOSSER et al., 1972) and freshwater microorganisms (DALTON et al, 1970; DE KONING & MORTIMER, 1971; BATTERTON et al., 1972). Environmental factors appear to modify the effects of the insecticide (COLLIN & LANGLOIS, 1968; DE KONING & MORTIMER, 1971; BATTERTON et al., 1972), and with some micro-organisms differences in species sensitivity have been detected (MOSSER et al., 1972). The present work describes the effects of DDT on the growth of river fungi and the influence of culture conditions on the interactions between them.

Toxicity of rotenone to some species of coarse fish and invertebrates

The toxicity of rotenone was determined for seven species of fish and three species of invertebrates. The results show that there is a marked variation in sensitivity of different species to rotenone. The survival times of roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) were reduced by a rise in temperature and also by a reduction in water hardness. Temperature affected the rate at which rotenone is degraded; 3 days after being prepared a solution containing 2 mg/1 of 5 % rotenone was non‐toxic to roach over a 7‐day period at 20°C, but it was still toxic for at least 11 days at 11.5°C. The data are discussed in relation to the use of rotenone in fisheries management.

Species and tissue differences in the rate of dissociation of ouabain from [formula omitted

The rates of the association and dissociation reactions of ouabain with (Na + + K +)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3) were compared. The enzymes were prepared from kidney, heart and brain tissues obtained from guinea pig, dog and cat. The rate of dissociation of ouabain from (Na + + K +)-ATPase varied about 60-fold between different species. The dissociation rate also differs between tissues within a given species. The rate of association of ouabain with these enzyme preparations did nog differ appreciably. The results suggest that the species differences in sensitivity to the cardiac glycosides are principally related to the different rates of dissociation of the drug-enzyme complex.

Absorption and excretion of 35sulphur by biliary fistulated rats and guinea-pigs following administration of 35S-sporidesmin

The absorption, and the biliary and urinary excretion of radioactivity was studied in biliary fistulated rats and guinea-pigs given 35S-sporidesmin in an attempt to determine the factors responsible for the species difference in sensitivity to the mycotoxin sporidesmin. The absorption and excretion of radioactivity by both species was similar in both magnitude and rate. The enterohepatic circulation of sporidesmin or of its metabolites is reported. It is suggested that differences in the species' sensitivity to sporidesmin must lie in variations in sensitivity at the enzyme level, rather than in differences in absorption and excretion, leading to differing toxin concentrations within the susceptible tissues.

Effect of cycloheximide on protein biosynthesis in rat liver

1. The liver ribosomes of rats given cycloheximide by intraperitoneal injection incorporate less amino acid into protein than ribosomes from control rat liver when they are incubated in vitro with excess of Sephadex-treated cell sap. The effect is rapid, marked and persistent. 2. Cell sap from liver of cycloheximide-treated animals is inhibitory but the inhibition can be relieved almost entirely by treating the cell sap with Sephadex. No damage has been done to the cell-sap factors: it is suggested that the dissolved cycloheximide in the cell sap causes the inhibition. 3. Cycloheximide added in vitro inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein in the presence or absence of polyuridylic acid. The inhibition is lessened by addition of excess of cell sap but is not abolished. 4. The differences between these results and those obtained with mouse liver (Trakatellis, Montjar & Axelrod, 1965) might arise because of species differences in sensitivity to the drug.

Adreno-cortical and medullary responses to adenosine 3'.5'-monophosphate.

By means of direct arterial perfusion of the isolated intact dog adrenal glands it has been found that adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate stimulates the continuous secretion of hydrocortisone. During the period of administration of the nuclcotide, the character and magnitude of steroid secretion was comparable to that seen during perfusion of ACTH. Steroidogenesis by rat and guinea pig adrenal slices incubated with 3′,5′-monophosphate was alsostudied, and a species difference in sensitivity of response has been demonstrated. Cathechol amine secretion, studied in the dog adrenal preparation, was unaffected by perfusion of either ACTH or the nucleotide.