Different Methods Of Investigation Research Articles

A subset of CD56+ large granular lymphocytes in first-trimester human decidua are proliferating cells

Objective: To determine whether the unusually high number of CD56+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in the decidua of early human pregnancy arises from selective migration or in situ proliferation. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: Academic research environment. Patient(s): Thirty healthy women undergoing therapeutic abortion of an intact pregnancy at 5–11 weeks’ gestation. Intervention(s): Decidua was obtained by suction curettage; tissue and isolated cells were subjected to immunohistochemical and flow cytometric investigation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Proliferation rate of LGL. Result(s): The proportion of CD56+ cells positive for the proliferation-associated Ki-67 antigen was found to be 7%–23.5% by three different methods of investigation. These findings are consistent with those of flow cytometric analysis of the nuclear phase, which revealed 6%–22% of the LGL nuclei to be in the phases S+G 2+M. Conclusion(s): The various methods of investigation revealed marked proliferative activity in the LGL of early pregnancy decidua. This finding suggests that in situ proliferation may be responsible for the high density of these cells in the decidua.

Das Ameloblastom der Nasenhaupthöhle: Eine elektronenmikroskopische Studie

The morphological demonstration and classification of rare tumor types occurring in the region of the head and neck may involve a number of problems. In the following the exceptional case of a plexiform ameloblastoma located in the main nasal cavity is presented. The morphological peculiarities of this locally destructive tumor are revealed by light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic investigations show one-layered epithelial units which are interlinked in a plexiform manner and extend as far as up to the surface epithelium. The electron microscopic investigations show solid and loosened areas. The organelles are well developed, their number varied; rough endoplasmic reticulum is scarce. Glycogen incorporations occur regularly. The tumor cells are connected with a number of desmosomes. The cell surface is characterized by microvilli. The combination of different methods of investigation is sometimes justified for diagnostic purposes. Especially electron microscopic studies may serve to demonstrate decisive structural peculiarities to classify a certain tumor type. Complete surgical removal is recommended. Postoperative radiation is generally advisable.

Effectiveness of UI Noncompliance Detection

Abstract: This article reports on the different methods of investigation employed to detect noncompliance with UI regulations, and their relative effectiveness. It considers a previous evaluation of the Unemployment Insurance program for which a national random sample of UI claimants was selected from the active claimload and referred to Investigation and Control Officers for in-depth enhanced investigations. Results of these investigations, along with details of the specific control and investigation activities, were reported for analysis. A variety of investigation methods were generally combined, which meant that these were intercorrelated, making it difficult to apply standard regression analysis. Instead, principal components method is used for grouping of variables, and these are then entered into a logit regression model.

Characterization of the surfaces of treated glass fibres with different methods of investigation

In the present work four different methods of investigation were used to characterize the surfaces of treated glass fibres. The capillary rise technique and the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) are methods to determine the surface free energy of solids. The zeta potential measurement gives information about the chemical properties of solid surfaces. In addition, the coating homogenity was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Glass fibres with four different treatments were used in this work: polyethylene-(PE)-dispersion treated fibres, polyurethane/aminosilane-dispersion treated fibres, fibres treated with an epoxy resin/ aminosilane-dispersion and fibres with a cationic silane treatment. FE-SEM has shown that the surfaces of the glass fibres were completely covered by the polyethylene and the cationic silane. The polyurethane and the epoxy-resin covered only a part of the glass fibre surface. A statement about the distribution of the aminosilane cannot be made, because the thickness of the monolayer is less than the resolution of the FE-SEM. Zeta potential, IGC and capillary rise technique measurements lead to comparable results about the different chemical properties of the glass fibres.

Using triangulation in nursing research

Triangulation is proposed by many nurse researchers as a means of solving the quantitative/qualitative debate and integrating the two approaches. While this view is accurate, it does not take into account the possible complexity and usefulness of triangulation, nor does it fully recognize the two goals of triangulation: confirmation and completeness of data. In this paper the five types of triangulation (data, investigator, theoretical, methodological, and unit of analysis) are described and the advantages and disadvantages of using this method are discussed. It is argued that the view that triangulation is merely the combination of different methods of investigation is a narrow one, and it is recommended that nurse researchers increase their utilization of the four less frequently used types of triangulation: data, investigator, theoretical and unit of analysis. When using triangulation of methods, researchers should also consider whether the use of within-method triangulation would be beneficial to their study. Sequential use of quantitative and qualitative methods to develop and refine tools of enquiry may also be more effective for certain studies than the more usual simultaneous use. The 'triangulation state of mind', the conscious employment of multiple data sources and methods to cross-check and validate findings continuously, should permeate all studies and lead to the goal of confirmation. Above all, triangulation must be chosen deliberately, for the correct reasons, and an adequate description of the rationale, planning and implementation of procedures should be given in reports, to give credence to this emerging method of research.

Failure investigation of polymer and composite material structures in the mechanical engineering industry

Despite efforts to process high-quality composite material parts, some untimely failures may occur because of defects introduced during manufacturing, because of data that were not taken into account during design, or because of a misuse of the materials' structure. A skilled postmortem failure analysis provides many pieces of information that shed light on the process and the design phase, improving the quality of the structures. The failure analysis of mechanical composite material parts follows the same system as for metals. It is based on different methods of investigation that complement each other and enable us to hypothesize and conceive different and gradually more and more precise ways of research to reach the most probable result. This work shows how failure problems involving composite materials in the mechanical industry may be solved. We also consider the economical aspects of failure in the industrial world with the skill and knowledge acquired by the personnel of CETIM.

Engineering geology of soils in highway construction: a general overview

Abstract By its linear nature, a major highway is likely to encounter a large variety of geological materials with different engineering properties. Therefore, highway designers and contractors are faced with materials having different properties and in situ characteristics, requiring different methods of investigation, types of design and ways of handling. They are also required to maximize the use of these materials. Technical methods are available for achieving this objective, particularly for applications in general fills, capping and slope stability. The input from engineering geology in the construction process is an important element in achieving the best use of materials.

Diamond-like amorphous carbon films prepared by r.f. sputtering in argon

In depositing thin carbon films by the r.f. sputtering of a graphite target in argon, an optimal parameter window was found in which it is possible to prepare adherent, IR-transparent, insulating, hard layers. Approximations for the sputtering process (total sputtering yield, energy of the sputtered carbon particles on the substrate) are demonstrated. A characteristic dependence of the film properties on the target voltage, an essential sputtering parameter, exists. In all cases, the target voltage influences the bombardment of the growing film by charged energetic particles. An anisotropic layer behaviour was established for more strongly absorbing films by three different methods of investigation. Finally, preliminary considerations concerning the film structure were made.

Silicon Surface Cleaning by A Plasma in Afterglow

ABSTRACTMicrowave plasma surface cleaning opens an interesting possibility for thin layer preparation. We have investigated the effect of hydrogen and NF3plasma induced by a microwave source. The sample is exposed in the downstream region achieved by a plenum. The cleaning process has been applied to a silicon (100) substrate. The cleaned surface has been analyzed by different methods of investigation: HRTEM, XPS, Therma-Wave and MOS capacitor (C-V) characteristics. The HRTEM observations show a defect-free interface, between the hydrogen cleaned silicon surface and the thermal oxide grown immediately after cleaning. In addition, the silicon crystalline network is not perturbed by induced defects. This was confirmed by Thermal Wave measurements which gave an excellent surface qualification.

AC conductivity in ionic glasses: analysis of different methods of investigation

The comparison between the most used methodsof investigation of ac conductivity shows that the characteristic parameters do not behave as simply as expected. Therefore, theoretical models ased on the observation of these behaviours should be more careful about their interpretations.

Les mesures de l'érosion chimique dans les bassins-versants de roches cristallines: comparaison des résultats obtenus par différentes méthodes d'investigation dans le massif des Maures (Var - France)

Les mesures de l'érosion chimique dans les bassins-versants de roches cristallines: comparaison des résultats obtenus par différentes méthodes d'investigation dans le massif des Maures (Var - France)

The development of reading: as you seek so shall you find.

In this paper we critically examine different methods of investigation of reading development and reading disability. We argue that there is need for longitudinal studies of reading where a differential design allows assessment of the relative degree of involvement of associated skills. We then describe one study of this type. The results chart the development of children who become skilled readers and of those with generalized or specific reading disability. They also demonstrate the crucial effects of decisions regarding subject matching, test design, and measurement of differential abilities on the outcomes of such investigations. A cohort of 40 children was assessed for their abilities on 44 variables which involved reading, spelling, vocabulary, short-term memory (STM), visual skills, auditory-visual integration, language knowledge, rote knowledge and ordering ability as they developed from five to eight years old. Three groups were extracted at age eight on the basis of reading and IQ scores. Group A showed a relatively specific reading disability (high IQ, low reading), Group B were good readers of similarly high IQ, Group C showed a more generalized reading deficit whereby they were at the same level as Group A in reading but their IQ scores were low. The data were then searched retrospectively to describe the development of these patterns of ability from the very beginnings of reading acquisition. The children with specific reading retardation differed from their better-reading peers in terms of relatively few variables which concerned phonological segmentation, STM and naming. The children with generalized reading disability differed from their better-reading peers in almost every respect, but the strong discriminators concerned phonological processing. The children with specific reading disability differed from those with generalized reading disability in terms of abilities which involve visual processing. These patterns of ability were replicated at each age from five to seven years old.

A Sense of National Identity: Fact or Artefact?

Four approaches which have been used to assess national allegiance among Protestant and Catholics in Northern Ireland are briefly reviewed. Three of these techniques (bipolar nationality rating scales; questions about ‘Your Country’; and self-descriptions in response to open-ended questions) were applied to 135 secondary intermediate pupils, half of whom were Catholic, half Protestant; and half from city schools, half from country town schools. Results suggests that the pattern of national identification is far more complex than is often realized. Different methods of investigation can yield discrepant results.

Partial disorder and LEED diagrams: I. The S/Pt(110) system

The LEED diagram observed for S/Pt(110) in the 4 12 − 5 12 coverage range shows a small coincidence unit mesh with some zero intensity spots. It can be interpreted by partial disorder and occupancy modulations. Two different methods of investigation have been used to get a structure model. The major part of this model is made of ordered structural elements of the configurations corresponding to the lower and higher concentrations and belonging to a single preponderant antiphase. The remaining part is made of atoms belonging to the other antiphases which are disordered with respect to the preponderant region. A unique system of modulations is obeyed in all regions, which combine to produce the zero intensities of the missing spots.

Investigations for a submarine tunnel beneath the Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand : CORNWALL, WL HIGH, R 5F, 7R. 2ND AUS-N.Z. CONF. GEOMECH, BRISBANE, 1975, INST. ENGRS, AUST. NAT. CONF. PUBL. NO. 75/4, P218–222

The investigations for a tunnel beneath the Waitemata Harbour employed three different methods of investigation. Firstly geological field mapping established the stratigraphy and regional structural trends from outcrops on the margin of the harbour. Secondly an extensive inshore seismic reflection survey helped delineate the lithostratigraphic units and finally, a limited marine drilling programme confirmed the geological and seismic interpretations.

On the Earth's bow shock motion and speed

The Earth’s bow shock has been shown to have often a speed rather high (50–150 km s−1) on the basis of different methods of investigation (Formisano et al.,1971; Greenstadt et al., 1972; Formisano et al., 1973; Guha et al.,1972). The causes of the shock motion and speed are not well understood, the resonant oscillator proposed by Smit (1968) being not suitable for the Earth’s magnetosphere. Shen and Dryer (1972) studied the interactions of the Earth’s bow shock with interplanetary shocks as these are causes of bow shock motions; the frequency of interplanetary shocks is rather low (1 per month) so this kind of interaction cannot be invoked to explain the bow shock motion and speed.

Zusammenhang zwischen Fehlordnungsgrad und Bildungstemperatur bei synthetischen Cristobaliten

By hydrothermal hydrolysis of silicium nitride cristobalite with different degrees of disorder was formed metastably in the stability range of quartz. The synthesis conditions were 2 kbars $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ , temperatures between 200 and 610° C, and run durations of two days. Differential thermal analysis was applied to investigate order-disorder phenomena in the newly formed phases, since it turned out to be most sensitive to disorder effects; the results have been corroborated by infraredspectroscopic, electron optical, and X-ray investigations as well. In the DTA curve the degree of disorder of cristobalite can be recognized by four characteristic features: 1. the temperature of inversion (t i) from tetragonal (low-) to cubic (high-) cristobalite, 2. the width of the inversion temperature interval, 3. the shape of the inversion peak, and 4. the hysteresis between (t i) measured during heating and subsequent cooling. With increasing order, (t i) and the sharpness of the peak increase, whereas the inversion temperature interval decreases. The heating-cooling hysteresis, which is negative in poorly ordered crystals, becomes increasingly positive with improving degree of order. All the different methods of investigation have shown that the degree of order increases with increasing synthesis temperature if all other conditions are kept constant. The relatively low temperatures of formation can be understood as a consequence of high SiO2 supersaturations due to the rapid decay of Si3N4 under hydrous conditions. Substitution of NH 4 + ions in cristobalite which might behave like alkali ions has not been observed.

Slow deformations of the Earth's crust and their relation to earthquakes in the U.S.S.R.

Slow tectonic deformations of the Earth's crust and the associated stresses give rise to faulting and earthquakes. A correlation between earthquakes and slow recent deformations may be observed by geophysical and geodetic methods for short periods of time (up to tens of years). A correlation between earthquakes and long-continued deformations is determined by a tectonophysical interpretation of geomorphic and tectonic data. Thorough investigations of slow deformations by a number of various methods are necessary to learn the processes preceding earthquakes. For the different methods of investigation, corresponding sizes of the objects of study and periods of time differ by many orders of magnitude. First, one consequence of such a change of scale is that we obtain different mean velocities of movement and crustal strain rates. Second, each particular method brings out qualitatively different peculiarities of crustal deformations. With small objects and short periods of time, we get violent irregularities in deformation processes and faulting in space and time. The mosaic small-block structure of the crust becomes especially prominent and non-tectonic deformations may exceed tectonic ones in amplitude. With large objects and long periods of time, the effect of summing up deformations and fault displacements over time and area becomes foremost in importance; a general tendency of large-scale tectonic processes becomes apparent.

A polarization microscopic and micro X-ray diffraction study on the organic matrix of developing human enamel

Ground sections from enamel of developing deciduous incisors of stillborn infants were demineralized in EDTA. The demineralized sections were immersed in a series of media with refractive indices ranging from 1.40 to 1.66 and the retardation of polarized light was measured in selected areas. The 75 imbibition curves obtained exhibited the typical parabolic shape characteristic of form birefringence and from the minima of these curves the refractive index of the organic matrix was calculated to be 1.560 ± 0.006. After freeze-drying, the organic content in the areas investigated optically was determined by contact microradiography. From the amount of organic matter and the birefringence in corresponding areas, the intrinsic birefringence of the enamel organic matrix was (+)0.0003 ± 0.0001. Micro X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded from the areas earlier investigated. All patterns contained a relatively intense ring at 4.7 Å and a fainter broad ring at 9.7 Å. None of these showed maxima indicative of preferred orientation of the protein macromolecules. From the results obtained by the different methods of investigation, it is concluded that the organic matrix of dental enamel is arranged in the form of submicroscopic elongated micelles more or less parallel to the direction of the enamel prisms. The organic material constituting these elongated elements seems on the other hand to be completely disordered at the molecular level.

Vesicocolic fistula due to diverticulitis.

A retrospective review of 35 patients treated for vesicocolic fistula due to diverticuclitis has been undertaken. The relative value of different methods of investigation and treatment is discussed. Pneumaturia was the most frequent presenting symptom. There was no mortality after staged surgical intervention, in contrast with the occurrence of two deaths after one‐stage resections.SummaryThirty‐five cases of vesicocolic fistula have been reviewed. Pneumaturia was the most frequent presenting symptom, and sometimes the only urinary symptom present. Both barium enema examination and cystoscopy were valuable investigations, frequently providing com‐ plementary information. There were two operative deaths following one‐stage resections, and none after staged procedures.