Different Levels Of Iron Research Articles

Effect of Fe (iron) and Mo (molybdenum) application on the yield and yield parameters of lentil (Lens culinarisMedic.)

The study was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of iron (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg ha−1) and molybdenum (0, 2, 4 and 6 g kg−1 seed) on the yield and yield components in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic. cv. Sazak-91). The experiments were conducted in a factorial design with three replications during 2006–07 and 2008–09 in Van, Turkey. The highest seed yield was obtained from 20 kg ha−1 iron with 956 kg ha−1 and 6 g kg−1 seed molybdenum levels with 963 kg ha−1 in the first year, while it was obtained from 20 kg ha−1 iron with 1031 kg ha−1 and 6 g kg−1 seed molybdenum with 1010 kg ha−1 in the second year. Seed nutrient contents such as protein rate, phosphorus, manganese, copper and molybdenum significantly increased under the influence of iron and molybdenum treatments over control.

Exogenous abscisic acid application decreases cadmium accumulation in Arabidopsis plants, which is associated with the inhibition of IRT1-mediated cadmium uptake.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils is an increasingly serious problem. Measures need to be developed to minimize Cd entering the human food chain from contaminated soils. We report here that, under Cd exposure condition, application with low doses of (0.1–0.5 μM) abscisic acid (ABA) clearly inhibited Cd uptake by roots and decreased Cd level in Arabidopsis wild-type plants (Col-0). Expression of IRT1 in roots was also strongly inhibited by ABA treatment. Decrease in Cd uptake and the inhibition of IRT1 expression were clearly lesser pronounced in an ABA-insensitive double mutant snrk2.2/2.3 than in the Col-0 in response to ABA application. The ABA-decreased Cd uptake was found to correlate with the ABA-inhibited IRT1 expression in the roots of Col-0 plants fed two different levels of iron. Furthermore, the Cd uptake of irt1 mutants was barely affected by ABA application. These results indicated that inhibition of IRT1 expression is involved in the decrease of Cd uptake in response to exogenous ABA application. Interestingly, ABA application increased the iron level in both Col-0 plants and irt1 mutants, suggesting that ABA-increased Fe acquisition does not depend on the IRT1 function, but on the contrary, the ABA-mediated inhibition of IRT1 expression may be due to the elevation of iron level in plants. From our results, we concluded that ABA application might increase iron acquisition, followed by the decrease in Cd uptake by inhibition of IRT1 activity. Thus, for crop production in Cd contaminated soils, developing techniques based on ABA application potentially is a promising approach for reducing Cd accumulation in edible organs in plants.

Gene mining: A case study on putative iron-responsive cyanobacterial genetic locus using in silico bioinformatics, ecophysiology and expression-combined approach

Gene mining is an advanced approach used for annotating genetic loci and assigning them a putative function. In that regard, a Phormidium-like cyanobacterium was initially tested positive for its ability to produce iron-chelators. To mine for the putative genetic locus associated with these iron-chelators, a combined bioinformatics, ecophysiological, molecular and expression approach was applied. In order to test for the influence of iron limitation/starvation on the putative gene(s) involved, different levels of iron limitation/starvation were applied and the expression was quantified using real-time PCR. Mild iron limitation induced the expression of this iron-responsive locus at the beginning of iron stress but no detectable levels of expression were found as the stress continued. This possibly indicates the “switch off” of this putative genetic locus under conditions of extreme iron starvation. This locus is most likely involved in the synthesis of a membrane-associated protein that mediates iron transport or binding across membrane. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1.19751 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(1): 79-86, 2014 (June)

Iron Tolerance in Calla Lilies (Zantedeschia aethiopica)

Excess iron in soils affects many agricultural areas worldwide, causing great losses in cultivated plants particularly in waterlogged environments. Plants, such as the calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), which grows in such wetlands, have been widely used for the treatment of wastewater. White calla lily plants were grown hydroponically from seeds in a greenhouse in Tunja, Colombia, under either of three different levels of iron (0, 100 or 200 ppm Fe) to evaluate the plant’s tolerance to excess iron. The total dry mass production, water uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), dry matter partitioning and root to shoot ratio were recorded four months after transplanting. The dry mass production per plant decreased as the iron level increased. Although water uptake decreased inversely proportional to the iron level, the WUE was not affected by iron. On the other hand, iron affected dry matter partitioning to the plant organs, accumulating more dry matter in the roots than in the shoot with higher iron levels. Hence, we suggest that the calla plant is moderately tolerant to excess iron and would be appropriate for the phytoremediation of wetlands contaminated with this metal.

Utilization of Cottonseed Meal Supplemented with Iron for Detoxification of Gossypol in Nile Tilapia, Broodstock and their Impact on the Hatchability of their Progenies

Nile tilapia broodstock fish of an initial average weight 72.3 g were stocked in 15 glass aquariums (500 L each) at 12 fish per aquarium were fed on cottonseed meal (40% CSM) diets as a total replacement of fishmeal. The diets were supplemented with different levels of iron (67, 67, 290, 580 and 870 mg/kg diet-1) and supplemented with methionine and lysine to be similar to control diet. The fish fed twice daily at a rate of 2% of the total fish biomass daily until the end of the experiment. The results showed that final fish weight, specific growth rate and number of larvae produced increased with increasing iron level and reached maximum when fish fed diet contained 40% CSM supplemented with 580 mg Fe kg diet-1 without causing, significant reduction in growth performance. In addition, the best results of larvae obtained from broad stock fed on diet contained 40% CSM supplemented with 580 mg Fe kg diet-1. Red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin were increased with increasing levels of iron and significantly affected by dietary iron. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat dry matter and energy were relatively high for most diets supplemented with iron and increased by increasing iron supplementation. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences among fish fed diets 1 (100% FM) 4 and 5 which contained 100% CSM with additional 580 and 870 mg Fe kg diet supplemental iron. This study recommended that broodstock fed on diet contained 40% CSM supplemented with 580 mg Fe kg diet-1 was comparable to fishmeal basal diet and have higher economic evaluation

Effect of Using Different Levels of Iron with Zinc and Copper in Layer’s Diet on Egg Iron Enrichment

One hundred and eighty Mandarah laying hens (Egyptian local strain) at 24 wks of age were equally divided into twelve treatments to study the effect of iron, Copper and Zinc supplementation on egg iron concentration, performance and egg quality of laying hens. The experimental treatments included three levels of supplemental iron (Fe) 0,100 and 200 mg/kg diet, in combination with 0, 20 mg Copper (Cu), 45 mg Zinc (Zn) and 20 mg Cu+45 mg Zn /kg diet in factorial arrangement 3 x 4 during three interval periods (4 weeks each). The highest concentration of egg iron was observed for hens fed diet supplemented with 200 mg Fe/kg in combination with Cu and Zn. Followed by those fed 100 mg Fe/kg with the same previous elements being 3.85 and 3.59 mg/100 gm egg respectively. However, supplementation of Cu and Zn individually without iron gave the lowest values of iron in the egg. Iron supplementation either at the level of 100 or 200 mg/kg improved feed conversion and egg mass. The best value of feed conversion and egg mass was detected for those fed 100 mg Fe/kg with Zn supplementation. Egg quality was not affected by iron supplementation. Zn supplementation resulted in the highest value of shell percentage, while Zn + Cu supplementation showed the best value of Haugh Units. Blood hemoglobin g/100 ml and PCV % increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing iron level. Iron addition with Cu or/and Zn improved the economical efficiency as compared to the control.

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Iron Concentration in Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, Iron Absorption

Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, were fed with three vitamin C levels and two iron levels for 21 d: Diet 1 without vitamin C and with 30 mg of iron/kg; Diet 2 with 100 mg of vitamin C and 30 mg of iron/kg; and Diet 3 with 100 mg of vitamin C and 300 mg of iron/kg. Mortality was not observed during the feeding experiment. There were no changes in hematological parameters in fish that were fed the different diets. Iron contents in liver, muscle, and plasma were significantly different in fish fed with different iron content in the diets; when associated with vitamin C, changes were observed only for plasma iron. Therefore, tambaqui exhibits varied iron absorption in response to different levels of iron with and without vitamin C, a conclusion consistent with findings for other species of fish.

The effect of different dietary iron levels on growth and hepatic iron concentration in juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

An 83-day growth trial was conducted using a flow-through system to examine the effects of different dietary iron levels on growth and hepatic iron concentration in juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Six purified diets supplemented with different levels of iron (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 mg kg−1) (as ferrous sulfate) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight 2.12 ± 0.00 g per fish). The results showed that the addition of iron to the basal diet did not significantly affect the specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), survival, red blood cell amount (RBC), hemoglobin content (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Hepatic iron concentration and hematocrit (Hct) were significantly influenced by dietary iron level (P < 0.05). On the basis of the iron concentration for the maintenance of optimum hepatic iron concentration and Hct, it was concluded that the dietary iron concentration of juvenile gibel carp should be not less than 202 mg Fe kg−1 diet.

Effect of trace impurities on the creep behavior of a near α titanium alloy

The creep behavior of a near α titanium alloy was evaluated for the α + β and β heat-treatment conditions at two different levels of iron and nickel. Stress exponents varied from 4.6 to 7.9, suggesting that dislocation climb was the rate-controlling mechanism. The alloy containing lower iron plus nickel content exhibited superior creep resistance. The results were rationalized in terms of activation energy in the framework of dislocation creep.

Determination and Quantification of the Local Environments in Stoichiometric and Defect Jarosite by Solid-State 2H NMR Spectroscopy

The nature and concentrations of the local environments in a series of deuterated jarosite (nominally AFe3(SO4)2(OD)6 with A = K, Na, and D3O) samples with different levels of iron and cation vacancies have been determined by 2H MAS NMR spectroscopy at ambient temperatures. Three different local deuteron environments, Fe2OD, FeOD2, and D2O/D3O+, can be separated based on their very different Fermi contact shifts of δ ≈ 237, 70, and 0 ppm, respectively. The FeOD2 group arises from the charge compensation of the Fe3+ vacancies, allowing the concentrations of the vacancies to be readily determined. Analysis of the 2H quadrupole interaction indicates that the FeOD2 groups are mobile, undergoing rapid 180° flips on the NMR time scale; the D2O/D3O+ species (located on the A sites) undergo close to isotropic motion, whereas the Fe2OD groups are rigid and are hydrogen-bonded to nearby sulfate O atoms, with a (Fe)OD−O(S) distance of 2.79(4) A. No evidence for the intrinsic protonation reaction Fe2OH + H3O+ → Fe2OH...

IEC-6 Cells Are an Appropriate Model of Intestinal Iron Absorption in Rats

Regulation of iron absorption, which is the primary mechanism for maintaining body iron stores, occurs primarily in the proximal small intestine. Recent identification of proteins that are involved in iron absorption such as the uptake transporter-divalent metal transporter (DMT1), the basolateral transporter, IREG1, and the ferroxidase-hephaestin provide new opportunities to study this process. We evaluated the rat intestinal cell line, IEC-6, as a model of intestinal iron transport. This involved measuring the expression of DMT1 and IREG1 by Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy, and hephaestin by protein-dependent copper oxidase activity. DMT1 and IREG1 were expressed in IEC-6 cells. The uptake of 1 micromol/L ferrous iron [Fe(II)]:ascorbate and its efflux also was associated with the expression of DMT1 under different levels of iron loading. The expression of DMT1 changed inversely with iron levels as did the uptake of Fe(II). However, with different levels of cellular iron, IREG1 expression remained constant, as did the release of iron from the cells, suggesting that they could be related. Ceruloplasmin and apotransferrin did not enhance the rate or extent of iron release. Copper oxidase activity, considered to indicate hephaestin activity, was detected only intracellularly. Confocal microscopy showed DMT1 and IREG1 on the cell membrane of IEC-6 cells at 4 degrees C but at intracellular locations at 37 degrees C, indicating that these proteins can function at the cell membrane and intracellularly. In terms of iron absorption, IEC-6 cells have a villous enterocyte phenotype and are regulated by iron stores as occurs in vivo; therefore, they represent an appropriate cell model with which to study this process.

Dietary iron supplementation enhances DSS-induced colitis and associated colorectal carcinoma development in mice.

Chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) patients frequently require iron supplementation to remedy anemia due to blood loss. However, the effect of iron supplementation on UC-associated carcinogenesis is unknown. In this study, the effect of an iron-enriched diet on dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute and chronic colitis in mice was assessed. In a short-term study, mice administered 1% DSS in the drinking fluid and an AIN76A diet containing increasing levels of iron exhibited dose-dependent increases in the severity of acute UC as compared to mice fed a control diet. A marked increase in iron deposition on the epithelial surface of the colon and in the inflamed areas and immunostaining for iNOS and nitrotyrosine were observed in the animals supplemented with diets containing different levels of iron. In a long-term carcinogenesis experiment, a twofold iron-enriched diet significantly increased colorectal tumor incidence (14/16, 88%) as compared with animals fed the control diet (3/16, 19%; P < 0.001). The present findings have implications for the management of human UC and suggest that dietary iron can enhance UC and its associated carcinogenesis by augmenting oxidative and nitrosative stress.

Relationship between transferrin saturation and iron stores in the African American and US Caucasian populations: analysis of data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

AbstractIn previous analyses of transferrin saturation data in African Americans and Caucasians from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), subpopulations were found consistent with population genetics for common loci that influence iron metabolism. The goal of this new study was to determine if these transferrin saturation subpopulations have different levels of iron stores. Statistical mixture modeling was applied to transferrin saturation data for African Americans and Caucasians from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), and then the mean serum ferritin concentrations were determined for the transferrin saturation subpopulations that were identified. After adjustment for diurnal variation, 3 subpopulations of transferrin saturation were identified in each racial group. Satisfying Hardy-Weinberg conditions for major locus effects, in both racial groups the sum of the square roots of the proportion with the lowest mean transferrin saturation and the proportion with the highest mean transferrin saturation was approximately 1. When weighted to reflect the US adult population as a whole, these subpopulations of increasing transferrin saturations had progressively increasing mean age-adjusted serum ferritin concentration values in each ethnic grouping as stratified by sex (trend test, P < .002 for all). These results are consistent with the concept that population transferrin saturation subpopulations reflect different levels of storage iron.

Gene expression of divalent metal transporter 1 and transferrin receptor in duodenum of Belgrade rats.

Regulation of iron absorption is thought to be mediated by the amount of iron taken up by duodenal crypt cells via the transferrin receptor (TfR)-transferrin cycle and the activity of the divalent metal transporter (DMT1), although DMT1 cannot be detected morphologically in crypt cells. We investigated the uptake of transferrin-bound iron by duodenal enterocytes in Wistar rats fed different levels of iron and Belgrade (b/b) rats in which iron uptake by the transferrin cycle is defective because of a mutation in DMT1. We showed that DMT1 in our colony of b/b rats contains the G185R mutation, which in enterocytes results in reduced cellular iron content and increased DMT1 gene expression similar to levels in iron deficiency of normal rats. In all groups the uptake of transferrin-bound iron by crypt cells was directly proportional to plasma iron concentration, being highest in iron-loaded Wistar rats and b/b rats. We conclude that the uptake of transferrin-bound iron by developing enterocytes is largely independent of DMT1.

The influence of dietary iron on zinc in rat

The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of iron on zinc status. The animals were divided into four groups, consisting of five rats in each group. The control group was fed on basal diet with adequate levels of zinc and iron, whereas the experimental group was fed diets containing different levels of iron ad libitum for 15 d. Low levels of iron (LFe) significantly increased the zinc absorption percentage but there was a decrease in high (HFe) and very high iron (VHFe) level groups (p < 0.001). The retention percentage changes were found to be parallel to the changes in the absorption percentage curve. It was found that zinc (per total dry tissue) and Zn-65 (per total tissue) increased in the rats fed the LFe, whereas in general they decreased in the rats fed the HFe and VHFe diets. Significant changes were found in the duodenum and liver. Zn-65 (per g wet tissue) significantly increased in the brain and liver in the LFe group, but there was a decrease in the duodenum, ileum, kidney, liver, and brain in the HFe and VHFe groups. Changes in the level of zinc (per g dried tissue) were found to be parallel to the changes in Zn-65 in all the groups. The dietary proportions of iron appear to influence zinc metabolism at the intestinal and cellular transport levels over a given period of time.

Physiological characteristics ofRhizobium meliloti1021 Tn5 mutants with altered rhizobactin activities

Abstract Rhizobium meliloti 1021 and several Tn5 generated mutants were examined for physiological activities which would reflect the capacity of these strains for efficient iron metabolism. Rhizobactin production in liquid culture, as measured by CAS reactivity, was greatest in R. meliloti 1021 with lesser amounts formed by strains PRR 63 and PRR 62. Examination of the various strains of R meliloti grown under different levels of iron revealed that all strains tested were constitutive for ferric reductase. Evaluation of Medicago saliva L. cultivated in peat pots and inoculated with R meliloti revealed that greatest levels of growth was with R meliloti 1021, the only strain in this study with an efficient rhizobactin system. Evaluation of dinitrogen fixed by nodulated plants grown in a hydroponic system indicated that the amount of nitrogen fixed per bacteroid in the nodule was not constant but was correlated with the rhizobactin producing capability of the R. meliloti strains. Levels of dinitrogen fixed ...

Evaluation of the Dietary Iron Requirement of Penaeus vannamei

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the dietary iron requirement of juvenile Penaeus vunnamei. Prior to initiation of 28 day (Experiment I) and 35 day (Experiment II) feeding trials, 17–20day‐old postlarvae were fed the basal diet lacking iron supplementation but containing 12 mg Fe/kg for seven days. After conditioning, juvenile shrimp (mean weight: 0.038 g Experiment I, 0.047 g Experiment II) were fed one of four diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 80 mg Fe/kg from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Final weight gain of shrimp ranged from 1.03 to 1.28 g in Experiment I and 1.62 to 1.94 g in Experiment II. Although percent weight gain was in excess of 2700% in Experiment I and 3400% in Experiment II, there were no significant differences in growth or survival of shrimp fed the different levels of iron. Iron levels of the hepatopancreas and carapace increased linearly with dietary iron; however, there were no significant differences in the iron content of muscle tissue. Based on these results, the iron content of the basal diet appeared to satisfy physiological needs of the shrimp. Therefore, practical diets containing protein sources of animal origin which are rich in iron should not require iron supplementation.

Requirement of red sea bream for dietary iron. II.

In order to determine the amount of dietary iron required by red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, the effect of dietary iron on some biological and chemical characteristics of the blood were examined by using fish which received diets with different levels of iron over a 90-day feeding trial. The fish fed dietary iron levels lower than 15 mg/100 g showed lower values for mean corpuscular constants of blood and iron content and iron saturation index of blood serum, and higher values for total iron binding capacity and unsaturated iron binding capacity of blood serum than those found for the fish receiving higher dietary iron levels. From these results, it is concluded that the iron requirement of red sea bream is approximately 15 mg per 100 g diet.

Effect of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Iron Utilization in the Growing Chick

Day-old male broiler chicks were fed for three weeks a purified casein diet with the addition of different levels of iron and ascorbic acid. Dietary ascorbic acid fed at 0.4% increased the hemoglobin concentration and total body iron retention when the diets fed were low in iron (23 p.p.m.). At 0.1% level in the diet, ascorbic acid caused an increase in total body iron retention in chicks fed diets marginal in iron (40 p.p.m.) and did not affect either parameter in chicks fed diets adequate in iron (100 p.p.m.).

Growth of maize plants in flowing medium with different levels of iron

The flow of the nutrient solution stimulates significantly the growth of maize plants and enhances the absorption of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Especially the content of phosphorus in the shoots and in the roots is significantly increased, but its incorporation into organic compounds is considerably decreased. The plants grown, in flowing nutrient solutions have an altered distribution of iron with a higher amount of it remaining in the roots. In the shoots there is an increase in the P/Fe ratio, the ratio between ions changes in all parts of the plants in disfavour of N, K, and Fe, the production of dry matter is higher and the synthesis of chlorophyll is inhibited.