Different Levels Of Hierarchy Research Articles

Conscientiousness and perceived ethicality: Examining why hierarchy of authority diminishes this positive relationship

AbstractHuman resource (HR) managers hire conscientious employees because they are both productive and are viewed as upholding high ethical standards due to their propensity to engage in voice. Organizations may strive to create a work context conducive to all employees acting ethically, not just conscientious ones, by centralizing decision‐making authority and promoting formalization through a higher hierarchy of authority. Yet, we propose that from the social information processing perspective, in higher hierarchy of authority contexts, peers may view their highly conscientious colleagues as less ethical. We hypothesize these effects through the lens of trait activation theory, according to which in a higher hierarchy of authority context, others are less likely to notice the voice behaviors of conscientious employees. Problematically, when others fail to notice conscientious employees' voice, they may perceive these workers as being less ethical. We tested our hypothesized moderated mediation model in a matched sample of employees (N = 820), their supervisors (N = 445), and peers (N = 529). As predicted, hierarchy of authority moderated the positive relationship between conscientiousness and voice, which in turn explained others' perceptions of their ethicality. Conscientiousness was positively related to peer assessments of ethicality via promotive (not prohibitive) voice when hierarchy of authority was lower (but not higher), partially supporting our hypotheses. These results suggest HR practitioners should be cognizant of the differential evaluations of highly conscientious employees in contexts with different levels of hierarchy of authority, and continuing challenges associated with balancing flexibility and formalization.

Leader-Follower Based Online Reinforcement Learning Algorithm in Problem with Hierarchy Decision Makers

This paper presents an online integral reinforcement learning (RL) solution for problems with hierarchy decision makers. Specifically, we reformulate this model as a leader-follower game in which control input and deterministic disturbance act as decision makers at different levels of hierarchy: the control input plays the role of the leader while the disturbance plays the role of the follower. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows. First, we introduce online RL to deal with systems that have partially unknown information, meaning that accurate dynamic information is not required. Second, we solve the leader-follower coupled Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) and Riccati equations approximately online using the derived algorithm. Third, we provide turning laws for cost functions and controllers that ensure closed-loop stability simultaneously.

Assessing agglomeration processes in Russian second-tier urban agglomerations

<abstract> <p>One of Russia's strategic objectives is to identify and create conditions to ensure accelerated development of promising centers of economic growth in the country's regions. In practice, most of these centers are cities of different levels of hierarchy, which create or have the potential to create urban agglomerations on their basis. At the same time, at present, most attention is paid to the study of the largest and large urban agglomerations not only in domestic, but also in the world science; while the real prerequisites and processes of second-tier agglomerations development are studied rather poorly. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to analyze and identify the specifics of agglomeration processes in several Russian second-tier agglomerations. To achieve this purpose, we used a wide range of both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, structural-functional, etc.) and applied economic and mathematical methods (index method, correlation analysis, calculation of the Theil index). The main conclusions of the research was that the key trend of these agglomerations' development was the increasing concentration of an already high share of regional production, investment, and population against the background of growing intra-regional heterogeneity. At the same time, agglomeration processes themselves spread only to the territory closest to the core, which is manifested in the convergence of growth rates of these territories in terms of key socio-economic indicators. All this proves the underdevelopment of the satellite zone of second-tier agglomerations and the hypertrophied development of the core: weak interconnectedness of their reproductive processes, which may be a threat to the development of such agglomerations as integrated socio-economic systems and growth centers of regional and macro-regional significance in the future. The authors showed that a number of northern/arctic agglomerations (Surgut, Arkhangelsk) have a significant development potential due to not only the formed economic base of their satellite zone, but also socio-economic connectivity along the line "core-satellite zone". The scientific novelty of the presented research lies in the development of approaches, substantiation of methodological tools for assessing agglomeration processes, and identification of the specifics of these processes in Russian second-tier agglomerations on the basis of its testing.</p> </abstract>

The Interconnections of Music Structure, Harmony, Melody, Rhythm, and Predictivity

Repetition and structure have a significant place in music theory, but the structure hierarchy and its influences are often ignored in both music analysis and music generation. In this article, we first describe novel algorithms based on repetition to extract music structure hierarchy from a MIDI data set of popular music and show its effectiveness through evaluation. Then, we introduce new data-driven approaches to estimate and validate structural influences in music. Results show that the automatically detected hierarchical repetition structures reveal significant interactions between structure and harmony, melody, rhythm, and predictivity. Different levels of hierarchy interact differently, providing evidence that structural hierarchy plays an important role in our popular music data set beyond simple notions of repetition or similarity. We further study how musical structure has evolved over decades of popular music writing. Finally, we discuss the importance of this work in highlighting roles that structure can play in music analysis, music similarity, music generation, music evaluation, and other music information retrieval tasks.

Integration of multiple terminology bases: a multi-view alignment method using the hierarchical structure.

In the medical field, multiple terminology bases coexist across different institutions and contexts, often resulting in the presence of redundant terms. The identification of overlapping terms among these bases holds significant potential for harmonizing multiple standards and establishing unified framework, which enhances user access to comprehensive and well-structured medical information. However, the majority of terminology bases exhibit differences not only in semantic aspects but also in the hierarchy of their classification systems. The conventional approaches that rely on neighborhood-based methods such as GCN may introduce errors due to the presence of different superordinate and subordinate terms. Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel methods to tackle this structural challenge. To address this heterogeneity issue, this paper proposes a multi-view alignment approach that incorporates the hierarchical structure of terminologies. We utilize BERT-based model to capture the recursive relationships among different levels of hierarchy and consider the interaction information of name, neighbors, and hierarchy between different terminologies. We test our method on mapping files of three medical open terminologies, and the experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms baseline methods in terms of Hits@1 and Hits@10 metrics by 2%. The source code will be available at https://github.com/Ulricab/Bert-Path upon publication.

Spatially Resolved Chiroptical Spectroscopies Emphasizing Recent Applications to Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes.

Instrumental techniques able to identify and structurally characterize the aggregation states in thin films of chiral organic π-conjugated materials, from the first-order supramolecular arrangement up to the microscopic and mesoscopic scale, are very helpful for clarifying structure-property relationships. Chiroptical imaging is currently gaining a central role, for its ability of mapping local supramolecular structures in thin films. The present review gives an overview of electronic circular dichroism imaging (ECDi), circularly polarized luminescence imaging (CPLi), and vibrational circular dichroism imaging (VCDi), with a focus on their applications on thin films of chiral organic dyes as case studies.

Teacher personality domains and facets: Their unique associations with student-ratings of teaching quality and teacher enthusiasm

BackgroundPrevious research on the relationship between teacher personality and teaching performance yielded mixed results and typically considered only the broad personality domains while neglecting the narrower personality facets that constitute the domains. AimThe aim of this study was to examine the incremental value of teacher Big Five personality facets in explaining student-ratings of teaching quality and teacher enthusiasm. SamplesIn total, 1067 teachers and 18,814 of their students from 73 secondary schools in Croatia participated in the study. MethodTeachers self-reported their personality whereas students rated the teaching quality and displayed enthusiasm of their teachers. Each teacher was rated by one class of students. ResultsThe bifactor-(S-1) multilevel structural equation models for each Big Five personality domain showed that both the general reference factor and the specific factors explained the variance in student-ratings of teaching quality and teacher enthusiasm. ConclusionsA more fine-grained approach to examining the effects of teacher personality at different levels of hierarchy might be helpful for identifying specific parts of teacher personality with the greatest explanatory power in predicting teaching performance.

A STUDY ON ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND DESIGN

An organizational structure is a vital element of any company's success. It helps to define roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships, creating a framework for effective decision-making and communication. In this case study paper, we will examine the organizational structure of three major companies: Amazon, Netflix, and IBM. It analyses how organizational structure impacts the company's operations, culture, and overall success. The case study will focus on a specific company and its organizational structure, examining the different levels of hierarchy, the communication channels, and the decision-making processes. We will also explore how the organizational structure affects the company's ability to adapt to changes in the market and the industry. Overall, this case study paper will provide a detailed analysis of the importance of organizational structure in achieving business success. By examining a real-world example, we can gain a deeper understanding of how organizational structure influences a company's performance, and how it can be optimized to achieve better results. Keywords: organizational structure, organizational design, Amazon, Netflix, IBM

ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КИБЕРФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ НА ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

The author’s research is devoted to one of the most important technological areas of digital transformation of high-tech industrial enterprises — the formation of cyber-physical systems. The authors justify the relevance of digitalization of Russian industry, develop the author’s definition of the term “cyber-physical system”. The main economic and technological effects of the introduction of such systems in enterprises are defined. Also within the framework of disclosure of applied bases of formation of cyber-physical systems two variants of their structural decomposition are developed, reflecting different levels of hierarchy of such systems, as well as technologies and software products used in the framework of their construction. Real examples of implementation of cyber-physical systems at Russian enterprises are given as existing successful cases. The final part of the article develops a universal step-by-step algorithm for the formation of a cyber-physical system at a high-tech enterprise.

A methodical approach to prediction of the possible scale of air adversary actions on the basis of determining the size of the needed equipment of air attack means to defect the main objects of units and military units in battle

The experience of warfare [1,2] has shown that forecasting the likely scale of actions of the air enemy is one of the urgent issues that are being resolved by the chiefs of air defense, commanders of anti-aircraft units and headquarters during the planning of air defense and the conduct of combat operations. It allows you to determine the possible options for actions of the air enemy, to build or improve the air defense system (ADS) accordingly in order to ensure its sufficient effectiveness. The practice of air defense planning shows that when using traditional methods of forecasting the actions of the air adversary [3,4], an unacceptable overestimation or underestimation of the possible scope of the use of air attack means (AAM) is obtained. The forecasting results should be objective, because even minor changes in, say, the number of cruise missiles (CM), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) by subdivision and units significantly affect the required effectiveness of the air defense system [5]. In order to obtain more accurate results, a method of forecasting the possible scale of the air enemy’s actions is proposed by determining the size of the required AAM outfits to inflict damage on the main objects of subdivisions and military units that are taking cover in battle. The methodology can be included in the information and analytical system of ensuring decision-making processes for the creation of air defense systems of different levels of hierarchy.

A small library of C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds based on supramolecular architectures of 1,5-diketone malonates in the solid state

Structural supramolecular architectures in the solid state of 1,5-diketone malonates 1a-g are proposed to construct a small library of hydrogen bonds by C–H⋯O interactions by crystal structure analysis. A possible route of crystallization mechanism at different levels of hierarchy considers the next strategic steps: a) Intramolecular interactions provide a kite-like molecular conformation. b) Intermolecular interactions provide molecular recognition between the structural unit, synthon, and macrocycles. c) The supramolecular architectures obtained from the conjunction of the multiple functions performed by the C–H⋯O interactions. X-ray studies and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis are described.

Accimap and crowd flow in urban infrastructure: Case study of Elphinstone road railway station tragedy, Mumbai, India

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show how Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) methods can be used to improve urban public infrastructure systems in densely populated countries, such as India. In this case, we use Accimap analysis with crowd flow approaches to inform safety and policy. We demonstrate the need for sociotechnical systemic safety by a case study of accident analysis of the Elphinstone Road railway station stampede. On September 29, 2017, the Elphinstone Road, Mumbai, India, railway platform bridge stampede killed at least 23 and injured 39 other commuters who traveled through the Mumbai Suburban railway. In this study, we understand the accident as it is presented in newspaper articles. We analyze the accident by a sociotechnical accident analysis method called the Accimap. The Accimap method helps by identification of various stakeholders and their interactions in the different levels of hierarchy in a sociotechnical system. This ensures moving away from individualistic and blame‐based accounts of media reporting to a coherent sociotechnical account based on understanding the dynamics of the situation. The findings from the Accimap analysis identify the problem areas in the commuter transit system and provide recommendations. These recommendations range from commuter flow management to enforcement of rules for supporting pedestrian flow. The article concludes with an emphasis on the development of the sociotechnical dimension of public safety and infrastructure from a human factors perspective, above and beyond what is currently practiced in India.

Impact of Financial Inclusion on Financial Well-Being: Moderating Effect of Orientation towards Finance

The present study examines the impact of women’s orientation toward finance on their financial well-being. Along this, research also considers the financial capability of working women in the Lahore district's educational sector. For this purpose, the current study developed insight into the effect of financial inclusion on the financial well-being. In addition, the study is testing the mediation of financial capability and conditional process modeling of orientation towards finance of the working women as a teaching staff working in the different educational institutes such as schools, colleges and universities of Lahore. The research study adopted a quantitative strategy with using a deductive approach. The researcher used a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data from the research study's respondents. Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed among the respondents, and 600 were returned from the participants, out of which 550 questionnaires were fully filled. For analyzing data collected from respondents in the form of their responses, SPSS and AMOS have been used. The study's results indicated that the financially included working women have a high level of financial well-being. The findings also revealed that financial capability mediates the relationship between financial inclusion and financial well-being. The research outcomes showed that the working women’s orientation toward finance has a moderated mediation mechanism among financial inclusion and financial well-being and financial inclusion and financial capability. The prevailing study is significant for the women belonging to different working sectors as well as different levels of hierarchy. The study is also important for the policymakers and the governing bodies to focus on enhancing women's financial well-being by making sure that they are financially included.

Transfer Learning with Feature Extraction Modules for Improved Classifier Performance on Medical Image Data

Transfer learning attempts to use the knowledge learned from one task and apply it to improve the learning of a separate but similar task. This article proposes to evaluate this technique’s effectiveness in classifying images from the medical domain. The article presents a model TrFEMNet (Transfer Learning with Feature Extraction Modules Network), for classifying medical images. Feature representations from General Feature Extraction Module (GFEM) and Specific Feature Extraction Module (SFEM) are input to a projection head and the classification module to learn the target data. The aim is to extract representations at different levels of hierarchy and use them for the final representation learning. To compare with TrFEMNet, we have trained three other models with transfer learning. Experiments on the COVID-19 dataset, brain MRI binary classification, and brain MRI multiclass data show that TrFEMNet performs comparably to the other models. Pretrained model ResNet50 trained on a large image dataset, the ImageNet, is used as the base model.

Distributed energy resource management systems—DERMS: State of the art and how to move forward

AbstractDue to an ever‐increasing rise in proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs), the paradigm of passive electrical distribution networks is shifting toward active distribution systems. This new environment introduces a plethora of challenges that cannot be managed by traditional tools, whose utilization could compromise the reliability and efficient operation of distribution feeders. This article systematically reviews state of the art in different DERs management software solutions available today. Additionally, it establishes distinguished roles and responsibilities of different levels of hierarchy in distinct solutions that are all commonly called DERs management systems—DERMS (e.g., fully centralized versus fully decentralized DER management solutions). Lastly, it offers a viewpoint on the directions that hold potential for the power system community and industry to explore for further developments of more robust and intelligent DERMS, to successfully enable efficient transition into a new era of clean and sustainable power systems, encompassing active and dynamically changing distribution circuits.This article is categorized under:Climate and Environment > Net Zero Planning and DecarbonizationEnergy and Power Systems > Distributed GenerationEnergy and Power Systems > Energy Management

Steering the Intangible Wheel: The Effect of CEOs on Corporate Culture Change

In this study, we provide large-scale empirical evidence that leaders have a substantial impact on corporate culture change. We hypothesize that CEO succession leads to a higher level of corporate culture change, compared with the pre-succession period. In addition, the impact of CEO succession on culture change is contingent on executives’ commitment to the prior culture. Using novel measures of corporate culture based on machine learning, and 765 succession events in S&P 1500 firms from 2001 to 2018, we find an elevated corporate culture change following CEO successions. The effect of succession on culture change is robust in the subsample of predecessor death-driven successions, and stronger if (1) the predecessor does not stay on as board chair and (2) the successor is an outsider. Moreover, we measure corporate culture using both executive comments in earnings conference calls and employee reviews from Glassdoor and find that the culture change patterns are largely consistent across different levels of hierarchies. CEOs manage culture with “style” when they move across companies, and explain a substantial proportion of the variance in overall culture change. Overall, our study contributes to the literatures on strategic leadership and corporate culture by examining whether, when, and to what extent leaders affect corporate culture change.

Finding Key Structures in MMORPG Graph with Hierarchical Graph Summarization

What are the key structures existing in a large real-world MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game) graph? How can we compactly summarize an MMORPG graph with hierarchical node labels, considering substructures at different levels of hierarchy? Recent MMORPGs generate complex interactions between entities inducing a heterogeneous graph where each entity has hierarchical labels. Succinctly summarizing a heterogeneous MMORPG graph is crucial to better understand its structure; however it is a challenging task since it needs to handle complex interactions and hierarchical labels efficiently. Although there exist few methods to summarize a large-scale graph, they do not deal with heterogeneous graphs with hierarchical node labels.We propose GSHL , a novel method that summarizes a heterogeneous graph with hierarchical labels. We formulate the encoding cost of hierarchical labels using MDL (Minimum Description Length). GSHL exploits the formulation to identify and segment subgraphs, and discovers compact and consistent structures in the graph. Experiments on a large real-world MMORPG graph with multi-million edges show that GSHL is a useful and scalable tool for summarizing the graph, finding important structures in the graph, and finding similar users.

Regulatory and legal provision of food security in the conditions of the legal regime of maritime status (problem statement)

Problem setting. The right to an adequate level of social security, including a sufficient number of quality foodstuffs, is enshrined at both the international and national levels. Consumption of food is an integral part of human life, and therefore, food security is an urgent task of the state. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In turn, the selected issues were studied by the following specialists: V. P. Samokysh, O. V. Tarasyuk, V. R. Shishlyuk and others. Despite the sufficient number of scientific studies on this issue, in the context of full-scale armed aggression by Russia against Ukraine, we believe that the chosen issue is relevant and deserves detailed analysis within this study. The target of the research is to analyze the regulatory and legal framework for food security in the legal regime of martial law. The object of study – the legal relations that arise in the process of implementation and provision of food security in the legal regime of martial law. The subject of the study is directly the analysis of legal norms in the field of food security, in particular, in the legal regime of martial law. Article’s main body. The article studies the issues of regulatory and legal support of food security in the legal regime of martial law, analysis of regulations in this area, explores the meaning of “food security” in the legal regime of martial law. The chosen issue is especially relevant today, as the event that took place on February 24, 2022, namely the full-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation (hereinafter – Russia) against Ukraine, caused problems of both legal and socio-economic nature, which negatively affect the functioning of the food security system not only in our country, but also in other countries, as Ukraine is a recognized exporter of certain foods (cereals and oilseeds, etc.) to global markets. Therefore, in order to provide the population with necessary food and non-food products, as well as to prevent food crisis, both domestic and foreign markets, the legislator has developed and implemented a number of regulations of different levels of hierarchy, the content of individual norms or groups of norms aimed at preventing, overcoming and neutralizing the negative consequences of the functioning of the food security system of Ukraine. In particular, it should be emphasized that the content of these regulations relates to the order of economic activity under martial law, rules and procedures for providing the population with sufficient food in sufficient quantities (especially in regions where active hostilities), issues of use agricultural lands, rules and procedures for import and further distribution of humanitarian aid on the territory of Ukraine, etc. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Ensuring food security of the population in the legal regime of martial law is one of the priorities of the state. Quality food in sufficient quantities is one of the factors that directly affects the level of social security. Russia’s armed aggression poses threats and challenges to the functioning of the national economy, as it effectively eliminates opportunities for economic activity in Ukraine, and thus has a very negative impact on the functioning of the food security system not only in our country but also in the world. in general.

Network Theoretical Approach to Explore Factors Affecting Signal Propagation and Stability in Dementia's Protein-Protein Interaction Network.

Dementia—a syndrome affecting human cognition—is a major public health concern given to its rising prevalence worldwide. Though multiple research studies have analyzed disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Frontotemporal dementia using a systems biology approach, a similar approach to dementia syndrome as a whole is required. In this study, we try to find the high-impact core regulating processes and factors involved in dementia’s protein–protein interaction network. We also explore various aspects related to its stability and signal propagation. Using gene interaction databases such as STRING and GeneMANIA, a principal dementia network (PDN) consisting of 881 genes and 59,085 interactions was achieved. It was assortative in nature with hierarchical, scale-free topology enriched in various gene ontology (GO) categories and KEGG pathways, such as negative and positive regulation of apoptotic processes, macroautophagy, aging, response to drug, protein binding, etc. Using a clustering algorithm (Louvain method of modularity maximization) iteratively, we found a number of communities at different levels of hierarchy in PDN consisting of 95 “motif-localized hubs”, out of which, 7 were present at deepest level and hence were key regulators (KRs) of PDN (HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, EGFR, FYN, JUN, CELF2 and CTNNA3). In order to explore aspects of network’s resilience, a knockout (of motif-localized hubs) experiment was carried out. It changed the network’s topology from a hierarchal scale-free topology to scale-free, where independent clusters exhibited greater control. Additionally, network experiments on interaction of druggable genome and motif-localized hubs were carried out where UBC, EGFR, APP, CTNNB1, NTRK1, FN1, HSP90AA1, MDM2, VCP, CTNNA1 and GRB2 were identified as hubs in the resultant network (RN). We finally concluded that stability and resilience of PDN highly relies on motif-localized hubs (especially those present at deeper levels), making them important therapeutic intervention candidates. HSP90AA1, involved in heat shock response (and its master regulator, i.e., HSF1), and EGFR are most important genes in pathology of dementia apart from KRs, given their presence as KRs as well as hubs in RN.

Sustainable rural road network planning with a balance of urban and rural development

Rural roads are the backbone to any country and is always a key for sustainable development. Rural roads are often considered as an entry point for poverty alleviation and employment generation. Rural Connectivity is achieved in different levels of hierarchy through a traditional hierarchical structure – National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads, Other District roads and Village roads for achieving a long term objective of adequate road communication in India. The policies for connectivity of villages are followed mainly by population criteria. The connectivity through hierarchy is to be planned from the travel behaviour and activity generation, which depends on various profiles like demographic, socio – economic profiles, facility profile and the impedance values. This methodology proposes a strategic model that characterizes the varying profiles in an area and accounts the demand based on these profiles. An integrated model based on clustering analysis and GIS has been formulated for assessing the demand potential and thereby giving an orientation to a hierarchal rural road network configuration. This promises to be scientific tool as it was validated with the existing higher order road network such as National and State highways in the region. The study has been attempted on Medak district of Telangana state.