Sucrose Solutions Of Different Concentrations Research Articles

Evidence of preference for a high-concentration sucrose solution in alcoholic men

The purpose of this study was to test in humans the finding from animal studies indicating an association between preference for more concentrated sweet solutions and excessive alcohol drinking. The hedonic response to five different concentrations of sucrose solution was evaluated in 20 detoxified alcoholic and 37 nonalcoholic Caucasian men. All subjects repetitively tasted solutions with 0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.42, and 0.83 M sucrose concentrations and rated themselves on two scales measuring the intensity of sweetness and the likability of the solutions. A bimodal distribution of responses to the sweet solutions occurred in the nonalcoholic comparison group, with peaks at 0.05 M and 0.42 M. In the alcoholic group, 65% of the subjects preferred the highest sucrose concentration (0.83 M), compared with only 16% of the nonalcoholic group. The results of this exploratory study support the hypothesis suggesting a positive association between the preference for stronger sweet solutions and alcohol dependence.

5593598 Method and apparatus for closed loop recycling of contaminated cleaning solution : McGinness Michael P; Short Warren Pasadena, TX, United States

In the current study osmotic membrane distillation (OMD) was applied to reconcentrate osmotic dehydration spent sucrose solutions. The OMD experiments were performed at constant temperature of 35 °C, using PTFE membrane. During the experiments sucrose solutions of different concentrations (30–60 °Brix) were partially dehydrated using 50% (w/w) CaCl2 and 24.6% (w/w) NaCl as stripping solutions. CaCl2 as more efficient stripping solution was then used to reconcentrate spent solutions obtained from osmotic dehydration (OD) of apples. After experiments sucrose and reducing sugars presence in stripping solutions was analyzed and CaCl2 and NaCl presence was checked in sucrose and OD solutions. As far as feed solutions up to 60 °Brix were considered the water flux in OMD depended mainly on water activity in the stripping solution and the concentration of sucrose solution. However, for the feed solutions of 60 °Brix its viscosity was the determinant factor during the process. For OD spent solution water flux was lower due to the presence of suspended solids. Stripping solutions and sucrose solutions analysis showed that ions or sugars were retained and mainly water was transported through the membrane.

Potentiation of the effects of raclopride on sucrose consumption by the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin.

We examined the effects on sucrose consumption of a dopamine (DA) D2/D3 antagonist (raclopride, 0-0.3 mg/kg), a serotonin 5-HT2/2c antagonist (ritanserin, 0-0.4 mg/kg), and raclopride (0.15 mg/kg) combined with ritanserin (0-0.4 mg/kg). Three different concentrations of sucrose solution (0.7%, 7.0% and 34%) were tested. The concentration-intake function in drug-free rats was an inverted-U, with 7.0% sucrose supporting the highest intake. Raclopride (0.3 mg/kg) inhibited intake of 7.0% sucrose, but its effect on 0.7% sucrose fell short of significance (P < 0.06) and intake of 34% sucrose was unchanged. Ritanserin did not affect sucrose intake when given on its own, but synergized with a previously ineffective dose of raclopride (0.15 mg/kg) so as to cause a significant inhibition of 7.0% sucrose intake and increase in 34% sucrose intake. These data indicate that 5-HT2 antagonism potentiated the behavioural effects of raclopride and we speculate that this interaction might contribute to the efficacy of atypical neuroleptic drugs.

Vasopressin, glucose homeostasis, and sucrose taste preferences

Previous research indicates that vasopressin-containing (LE) rats are capable of adapting to the stress of food restriction, whereas vasopressin-deficient (DI) rats cannot adapt to this stressor. It has been postulated that abnormalities in glucose metabolism may be one of the factors leading to the demise of food-restricted DI rats. The present study was conducted to determine if taste preferences are altered in DI animals and if the presentation of exogenous glucose, in the form of sucrose solutions, can ameliorate the effects of the stress of food restriction. Four different concentrations of sucrose solutions were presented to LE and DI rats under the food-restricted condition. In both strains, an 8% sucrose solution was preferred over 0%, 16%, and 32% concentrations, with DI rats consuming more of this concentration than LE rats. Thus, when DI rats had the opportunity of maintaining glucose homeostasis by exogenous supplements, they maintained body weight, displayed no stomach pathology, and survived.

The effects of sucrose uptake from a vase medium on the starch metabolism of senescing Gladiolus inflorescences

Commercially mature Gladiolus inflorescences (var. Commando) were treated with sucrose solutions of different concentrations after picking. The vase life, general appearance, fresh mass and volume of medium uptake of the inflorescences improved with sucrose treatment. A concentration of 30 g sucrose/dm3 appeared to be the most effective treatment. Sucrose uptake from the vase solution replenishes intracellular respirable carbohydrates, allowing a sustained high respiration rate and a prolonged vase life. When 30 g sucrose/dm3 was added to the vase solution, the activities of α- and β-amylase, responsible for the noticeable decline in the starch concentration immediately after harvest, were lower during the final stages of senescence. Application of [U-14C] sucrose showed a higher accumulation of radio-activity in the less developed terminal florets compared with the more developed basal ones, thus promoting development of the terminal florets. This investigation emphasized the importance of sufficient intracellular carbohydrate reserves to ensure an optimum vase life of Gladiolus inflorescences. Kommersieel volwasse Gladiolus-bloeiwyses (var. Commando) is met verskillende konsentrasies sukrose in die vaasmedium behandel. Behandeling met sukrose het die vaasleeftyd, algemene voorkoms, vars massa en volume mediumopname verbeter. ’n Oplossing met 30 g sukrose/dm3 word as die optimum konsentrasie aanbeveel. Intrasellulêre respireerbare koolhidrate word deur sukrose via die vaasmedium aangevul en dit veroorsaak ’n hoër respirasietempo en ’n verlengde vaasleeftyd. Die aktiwiteit van α- en β-amilase wat vir die merkbare afname in die styselkonsentrasie onmiddellik na pluk verantwoordelik is, was laer tydens die finale stadia van veroudering met die behandeling van 30 g sukrose/dm3. Daar was ’n groter akkumulasie van radio-aktiwiteit in die minder ontwikkelde terminale as in die meer ontwikkelde basale blomme met toediening van [U-14C] sukrose in die vaasmedium. Sukrose in die vaasmedium bevorder die ontwikkeling van die terminale blomme en beklemtoon dus die noodsaaklikheid van genoegsame intrasellulêre koolhidraatreserwes vir blomontwikkeling en ’n optimum vaasleeftyd.

Transport characteristics of the isolated rectal complex of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor

The coupling between water and ion transport in the rectal complex of mealworms can be studied further using an in vitro preparation under oil. Preliminary investigations into the properties of such a preparation are described. The preparation remains viable over several hours when sustained with transportable cations, primarily potassium but not sodium, which appears to be the limiting factor in generating long-term water absorption. Potassium is selectively transported by the Malpighian tubules surrounding the rectum, thus generating osmotic forces necessary for water absorption from within the lumen. Reabsorption was studied using sucrose solutions of different concentrations in the rectal lumen. The preparation absorbed water from extremely low water activities down to the same threshold value (aw = 0.88) observed in intact animals. Absorption rates were less than half those observed in vivo, probably because of the viscosity of the sucrose solutions. Transported water emerging from the common duct of the preparation included a significant contribution from the haemolymph.

Effect of ventricular tonicity upon cerebrospinal fluid production in rabbits.

Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion in rabbits has been employed to examine steady-state relations between ventricular sodium and water fluxes and ventricular osmolality. These fluxes have been determined in individual rabbits when the ventricular fluid was either similar to normal cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) or when its osmolality was changed to one value within the range of about 150-300 mosmol/l. The ventricular osmolality was changed by perfusing the ventricles with sucrose solutions of different concentrations that were either ion free, contained a low concentration of sodium, or contained both sodium and furosemide to inhibit the active production of c.s.f. Results suggest that this experimental range of ventricular osmolality is without significant effect upon a constant active sodium-coupled water movement into the ventricles, whereas a passive osmotic water flux into the ventricles increases with ventricular osmolality.

Role of the CNS in the control of the water economy of the toadBufo arenarum Hensel

1. The water uptake (WU), urine production (U), overall water balance (WB) and body weight variations (bwv) were measured in normal (N) as well as in totally hypophysectomized, retrochiasmatic sectioned, infundibulum lesioned (HR) toads. Groups of animals were studied while adapted to tap water and during immersion in sucrose solutions of different concentrations (46, 92, 138, 220 and 230 mM). Subsequently the rate of water uptake (Jw) and the osmotic permeability coefficient (LPD) were calculated. Also the effect on these variables of the subcutaneous administration of a non-competitive α-blocker (Phenoxybenzamine: POB) was tested. 2. No correlation was found in normal controls between the osmotic pressure outside and WU, U, WB, bwv orJw.Jw remained relatively stable from 46 to 184 mOsm of external osmotic pressure, apparently due to a compensatory increase of LPD in the same group. 3. At a higher concentration of the external environment (220 mM) a drastic increase inLPD was observed in normal animals but the effect was markedly attenuated in HR animals. 4. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with POB induced a significant and almost constant increase in WU, WB andJw in normal animals in solutions up to 138 mM sucrose. These effects ceased when the external concentration reached 170 mM. A concomitant and stable increment inLPD was also observed. These values provide an indirect estimate of the adrenergic factor controlling water movements across the skin of the toad in vivo (Segura et al. 1982b), which appear to be osmotically independent within this range. The copious increase in WU due to adrenergic blockade was unaffected by amiloride (10−4 M), so water transport cannot be linked with sodium transport. 5. The present results appear to establish that: (a) Permeability of the skin to water is related to the osmolarity of the external environment in the normal toad; (b) hypothalamic-hypophyseal mechanisms seem only in part to account for this responsiveness; (c) normal toads are able to compensate in some degree for the reduction in water uptake caused by an increase in the osmolarity of the external environment by an increase in the osmotic permeability of the skin.

Modelling of heat transfer in a climbing-film evaporator: Part II

The equation developed theoretically in part I for the liquid zone is validated from experimental data obtained with a pilot size single tube glass climbing-film evaporator. From experiments with the feed entering at the boiling temperature the heat transfer coefficient in the boiling zone is calculated. The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated for sucrose solutions of different concentrations and for tomato juice.

Comparative effects of various naturally occurring cannabinoids on food, sucrose and water consumption by rats

The effects of intraperitoneally injected Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) were compared to d-amphetamine sulfate (d-AMP) on food and water consumption and intake of two different concentrations of sucrose solutions. Three groups of rats were given the following dietary regimens within a 6-hr feed period day: a — water and dry food; 2 — water, dry food and five percent sucrose solution; 3 — water, dry food and 20% sucrose solution. Food and water consumption were dramatically reduced by each test drug at feeding periods immediately following and in some instances up to 4 days after dosing in all 3 groups. However, sucrose consumption was much less affected by each cannabinoid, indicating a preference for sweet calories, whereas d-AMP had an equal anorexic action on both food and sucrose consumption. These data suggest for the first time in rats that a preference for sweet calories occurs during an overall anorexic effect of THC, CBN and CBD.

Differences in Gustatory Responses of Newly Emerged and Field-Caught Females ofHybomitra lasiophthalma(Diptera: Tabanidae) to Sucrose Solutions

Abstract : Females, as well as males, of most bloodsucking Diptera, including tabanids, feed on carbohydrate, usually flower nectar. Although tabanids are sometimes of considerable medical or veterinary importance, little research has been devoted to their feeding behavior. During a study of the sensitivity of female tabanids to different chemicals an opportunity arose for comparing the gustatory response to sucrose solutions of different concentrations by newly emerged females of Hybomitra lasiophthalma with the response of females netted in the field. This paper discusses this comparison. (Author)

Effect of Reinforcement Context on Rate-Concentration Functions for Monkeys

Bar-press rates of monkeys for different concentrations of sucrose solution used as the reinforcer were not influenced by changes in reinforcement context in the form of the order of presentation of the concentrations and the number of concentrations. After some initial changes unrelated to reinforcement context, the form and level of the rate-concentration function remained practically constant over the course of a considerable number of test sessions.

Particules subcellulaires dans les tumeurs: II Analyse de fractions mitochondriales et microsomiales de l'hépatome HW par centrifugation isopycnique

1. 1. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions from a rat transplantable hepatoma have been analysed by isopycnic centrifugation. Experiments were performed with two kinds of gradients, one made with pure aqueous sucrose, the other with glycogen dissolved in aqueous sucrose solutions of different concentrations. 2. 2. After density equilibration in a sucrose gradient of a mitochondrial fraction, cytochrome oxidase shows a relatively homogeneous distribution while acid hydrolases exhibit more flattened distribution curves in higher density regions of the gradient. After isopycnic centrifugation in glycogen gradients, distribution patterns of cytochrone oxidase are quite different from those of acid hydrolases. On the other hand, the equilibrium density of mitochondria and of lysosomes as ascertained respectively from cytochrome oxidase and from acid hydrolases behaviour, is greatly affected by the sucrose concentration of the medium although differently for the two kinds of particles. 3. 3. Isopycnic centrifugation of a microsomal fraction in an aqueous sucrose gradient and in glycogen gradients strongly suggest that glucose- 6-phosphatase and catalase are associated with distinct elements of the microsomal fraction. 4. 4. Comparison of our results with those obtained by de Duve and his co-workers on rat liver [2, 5, 6] suggest that significant differences exist between mitochondria of the hepatoma HW and those of rat liver as well as between structures bearing catalase in both tissues; in contrast, lysosomes seem to be very comparable in the tumour and in the liver.

Quantitative control of motivation through sucrose solutions of different concentrations.

Quantitative control of motivation through sucrose solutions of different concentrations.