Differences In Prosocial Behavior Research Articles

Women are an Advantage in Supply Chain Collaboration and Efficiency

A large body of literature has documented gender differences in prosocial behaviors, but little is known about the implications of different gender pairings of partner firm agents for supply chain performance. Using a production decision experiment which features asymmetric information and asymmetric risk sharing, we report three key findings. First, women are more collaborative than men in the role of both buying agents and supply agents. Second, information about counterparts’ gender affects behaviors, as both genders are more collaborative when paired with women than when paired with men. Finally, all‐women supply chain pairs outperform all other gender pairings in supply chain efficiency. Our results suggest that women exhibit an advantage over men in supply chain collaboration, and that employing women is advantageous irrespective of gender diversity concerns.

중학생의 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일: 자율성지지와 심리적 통제의 예측효과와 친사회적 행동 및 공격성의 차이

본 연구는 욕구만족과 욕구좌절이 구별되지만 동시에 공존하는 구인이라는 가정에 따라 중학생의 기본 심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일을 탐색하고, 잠재프로파일에 대한 부모, 교사의 자율성지지와 심리적 통제의 예측효과와 잠재프로파일 별 친사회적 행동 및 공격성의 차이를 살펴보았다. 중학생 435명을 대상으로 기본심리욕구 만족과 좌절의 잠재프로파일분석을 실시한 결과, 첫째, ‘좌절형’, ‘만족형’, ‘평균형’과 함께 기본심리욕구의 만족과 좌절이 모두 높은 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’이 도출되었다. 둘째, 부모와 교사의 자율성지지가 높고 심리적 통제가 낮을수록 ‘좌절형’보다 ‘만족형’의 프로파일을 나타내었다. 특히 부모와 교사의 통제뿐만 아니라 부모의 자율성지지가 높을수록 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 셋째, ‘좌절형’은 낮은 친사회적 행동과 높은 공격성을 나타낸 반면, ‘만족형’은 높은 친사회적 행동과 낮은 공격성을 나타냈다. 특히 ‘만족-좌절 복합형’은 친사회적 행동과 공격성 모두 높은 수준을 보였으며, 이는 ‘만족형’의 친사회적 행동, ‘좌절형’의 공격성과 비교해서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구는 기본심리욕구의 만족과 좌절이 모두 높은 집단이 존재함을 밝혀냈으며, 이 집단의 복합적 적응 양상을 확인하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 나아가 기본심리욕구의 낮은 만족과 좌절은 구분되어야 하며, 청소년의 친사회적 행동을 높이고 공격성을 낮추기 위해서 욕구만족의 증진뿐만 아니라 욕구좌절의 예방을 위한 부모와 교사의 적극적인 노력이 필요함을 제안한다.

Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Adolescents during COVID-19: Implications for Planning Community Based Interventions

Background: The study aimed at assessing the emotional and behavioral difficulties in adolescents using the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire. The challenges brought forth due to the COVID-19 shut down of educational institutions has created additional distress due to a lack of routine and separation from one’s peer group. Being closeted with a family for prolonged duration can exacerbate pre-existing vulnerabilities of conflict and mental health issues. Method: Both males and females were selected for the study. The age of the participants was 16-18 years. The total sample size was 140 (mean age 17.5, SD 2.5), with 70 males (mean age- 17, SD 1.5) and 70 females (mean age - 16.5, SD 2.8). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by Goodman et al. (1998) was used, as also a detailed clinical case study was taken to identify pertinent issues and concerns. Result: The study found significant gender differences in prosocial behavior and peer relationships in adolescents, and we assume that a role parity and empathy may be the linking factor between prosocial behavior and peer relationships. A case study is also discussed from the practitioner’s perspective that brings into focus the increased consultations due to the stressful times. Findings also bring out a need for inculcating life skills in adolescents for recognizing and managing their stressors; incorporating a balance between internalizing and sharing their feelings. Conclusion: Interventions such as yoga, physical activities that maintain distance such as aerobics to mediate stress under lockdown can be undertaken at community level. The study showed that correlations may be present between conduct problems and emotional behaviors due to similar causal factors but more research is needed in the said field.

Perbedaan Perilaku Prososial Ditinjau Dari Tipe Kepribadian Ekstrovert Dan Introvert Pada Organisasi Berkah Langit Medan

This study aims to see differences in volunteer prosocial behavior in terms of extrovert and introvert personality types in the heavenly blessing organization. Field. The sample in this study were 65 volunteers, so the hypothesis proposed in this study is that there are differences in prosocial behavior in terms of extrovert and introvert personality types, assuming extrovert personality types are more prosocial than introverted personality types. This research uses a scale of prosocial behavior which consists of 6 aspects, namely, sharing, cooperation (cooperating), helping, acting honestly (honesty), giving (donating), and paying attention to the welfare of others), and personality type scale. using screening to see personality types in organizational volunteers. Data collection was carried out using a Likert scale. Testing the proposed hypothesis is done using the technical analysis T-Test. Based on the results of the data analysis carried out, it was found that there were differences in prosocial behavior in terms of extrovert and introvert personality types. This result is known by looking at the value of the difference in the T-Test = 6.236 with P = 0.000 <0.05. This means that the hypothesis proposed is accepted with the result that there are differences in prosocial behavior in terms of extrovert and introvert personality types.

Honesty-Humility, Beliefs, and Prosocial Behaviour: A Test on Stockpiling During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Increasing evidence links personality to prosocial behaviour. HEXACO Honesty-Humility, in particular, has been linked to prosocial behaviour when it comes with a personal cost. Yet, evidence for such a link is mostly limited to the laboratory, although social dilemmas abound in daily life. Emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic pose salient conflicts of interests between individual and societal welfare. One example is the run on many basic goods in anticipation of lockdowns. Such social dilemmas afford the expression of personality traits associated with individual differences in prosocial behaviour. Indeed, across two studies (N = 601), Honesty-Humility was positively, albeit weakly associated with refraining from stockpiling in the past and intentions to do so in the future. Causal mediation analysis shows that this was not due to differences in beliefs that others would refrain from stockpiling. Instead, results suggest that faced with a social dilemma, individuals high in Honesty-Humility may have been willing to forego individual benefit. This provides rare evidence on the relationship between Honesty-Humility and prosocial behaviour in a field setting.

Relationships Between Music and Empathic Decision Making in Healthy Young Adults

Music and empathy are components of social experience. Similar and adjacent functional brain systems are required in the production and understanding of music, the processing of emotion, and engagement in social behavior. Activity in these brain systems is often reflected in autonomic features, including dynamic behavior of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Music may influence prosocial behavior and this effect may be reflected by the behavior of the autonomic nervous system. This experiment was designed to evaluate these relationships. Healthy undergraduate students ( N = 60) participated in Cyberball, a task sensitive to differences in prosocial behavior, while listening to or not listening to different types of music. Results indicated that music positively affects prosocial behavior, but autonomic activity does not reflect the degree of music’s effect on prosocial behavior.

Impact of Parenting styles on Prosocial Behaviour and Life satisfaction among university students of Peshawar

The current study investigated the gender differences in Pro-social Behavior and focused on the relationship between helping behavior and life satisfaction of the students. This study was also aimed to explore the dominant parenting style of parents and its influence on the helping behavior of their children. A sample of 100 students (50 males and 50 females) were selected from different universities of Peshawar. The Helping Attitude Scale, (Nickell, 1998) Scale of Parenting Styles (2014) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (1985) were administered to the participants to measure all the variables. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Product Moment Correlation and t-test in SPSS. The results revealed that male students scored higher on the helping attitude scale as compared to the female students and there was a significant correlation between the Prosocial behavior and life satisfaction whereas there was no significant difference between parenting style on prosocial behavior of the students.

Empathy, gender, and prosocial behavior

This paper examines how empathy is associated with gender differences in prosocial behavior in some economic games. Examining dictator, charitable giving, public goods, and trust games, we find that accounting for empathy eliminates the significance of gender differences in prosocial behavior in all four games. When the data are pooled from all games, the reduction in the female coefficients are significant after including either total empathy or empathic concern. The strong effect of empathy on prosocial behavior in the four games persists with controls for college major and demographics. This pattern replicates itself only with empathic concern, not the other empathy subscales. We conclude that measured gender differences in prosocial behavior in the games are not due wholly to sex per se, but at least partially to personality traits such as empathy that both sexes share, and that the most empathic men act as prosocially as do women.

Nice Kids, Healthy Kids? Prosocial Behavior, Psychological Problems and Quality of Life in Children, Preadolescents, and Adolescents with and without Chronic Health Conditions

O bjective – First, to compare prosocial behaviors and psychological maladjustment between children, preadolescents and adoles- cents with and without chronic health conditions; and second, to test the direct and indirect effects, via psychological problems, of prosocial behavior on quality of life (QoL). In addition, the invariance of this model was examined across different age groups and health conditions. M ethods – Self-report questionnaires on the aforementioned variables were administered to a sample of 312 children, preadolescents and adolescents with chronic health conditions (asthma, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy) and 118 healthy controls. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were conducted to examine differences in prosocial behaviors and psychological maladjustment, respectively. AMOS computational tool was used for path analysis-based mediation. Multi-group analyses were performed to test the invariance of the structural model. R esults – There were no differences in the reported levels of prosocial behavior of children and youths with and without chronic health conditions. The association between prosocial behaviors and QoL was mediated by externalizing problems. The invariance of the proposed model was observed across health conditions and age groups. Conclusions – Interventions targeting prosocial behaviors may improve QoL outcomes in children and youths, through the prevention or mitigation of externalizing psychological problems, regardless of their age group or the presence/absence of a chronic health condition.

Does she compensate the victim while he punishes the perpetrator? No gender differences in anonymous economic games across 11 nations

AbstractSocial role theory posits that occupational gender roles give rise to gender differences in behavior, such that men and women engage in qualitatively different prosocial behaviors. Therefore, we expected that women who observed an unfair situation (involving a victim and a perpetrator) would respond by demonstrating communal prosocial behavior (by compensating the victim), whereas men would respond with agentic prosocial behavior (by punishing the perpetrator). Furthermore, on the basis of social role theory, we expected that gender differences would be more pronounced in countries with a more unequal distribution of men and women in communal and agentic occupational roles. The current research tested the predictions using an economic game. Two studies consisting of samples from 10 countries (Study 1, N = 1,791) and a student sample from Germany (Study 2, N = 193) showed no support for the predicted gender differences in prosocial behavior and no systematic relationship between prosocial behavior and gender roles across countries.

The Emigration of Pro-social Behaviors: A Comparative Analysis of Colombian and US Latter-day Saints

Scholars have studied the differences in pro-social behaviors among countries for over 50 years. Religious participation in the USA is one of the factors that lead to comparatively higher rates of giving and volunteering. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is known for the highest rates of pro-social behaviors in the USA, but do members of this US-based religion exhibit the same levels of giving and volunteering in other countries? Using a prior study of 2664 Latter-day Saints in the USA, we administered the same survey to 1719 Latter-day Saints in Colombia, measuring volunteer activity, charitable giving, as well as religious beliefs, and attitudes toward giving and volunteering. We found a variety of relatively small differences between the groups. However, the comparative similarities in pro-social behaviors indicate strong organizational influences that have effectively shaped high rates of these behaviors across countries.

Social norms and cultural diversity in the development of third-party punishment.

Human cooperation is probably supported by our tendency to punish selfishness in others. Social norms play an important role in motivating third-party punishment (TPP), and also in explaining societal differences in prosocial behaviour. However, there has been little work directly linking social norms to the development of TPP across societies. In this study, we explored the impact of normative information on the development of TPP in 603 children aged 4-14, across six diverse societies. Children began to perform TPP during middle childhood, and the developmental trajectories of this behaviour were similar across societies. We also found that social norms began to influence the likelihood of performing TPP during middle childhood in some of these societies. Norms specifying the punishment of selfishness were generally more influential than norms specifying the punishment of prosocial behaviour. These findings support the view that TPP of selfishness is important in all societies, and its development is shaped by a shared psychology for responding to normative information. Yet, the results also highlight the important role that children's prior knowledge of local norms may play in explaining societal variation in the development of both TPP and prosociality.

Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis.

Decades of research document individual differences in prosocial behavior using controlled experiments that model social interactions in situations of interdependence. However, theoretical and empirical integration of the vast literature on the predictive validity of personality traits to account for these individual differences is missing. Here, we present a theoretical framework that identifies 4 broad situational affordances across interdependent situations (i.e., exploitation, reciprocity, temporal conflict, and dependence under uncertainty) and more specific subaffordances within certain types of interdependent situations (e.g., possibility to increase equality in outcomes) that can determine when, which, and how personality traits should be expressed in prosocial behavior. To test this framework, we meta-analyzed 770 studies reporting on 3,523 effects of 8 broad and 43 narrow personality traits on prosocial behavior in interdependent situations modeled in 6 commonly studied economic games (Dictator Game, Ultimatum Game, Trust Game, Prisoner's Dilemma, Public Goods Game, and Commons Dilemma). Overall, meta-analytic correlations ranged between -.18 ≤ ρ̂ ≤ .26, and most traits yielding a significant relation to prosocial behavior had conceptual links to the affordances provided in interdependent situations, most prominently the possibility for exploitation. Moreover, for several traits, correlations within games followed the predicted pattern derived from a theoretical analysis of affordances. On the level of traits, we found that narrow and broad traits alike can account for prosocial behavior, informing the bandwidth-fidelity problem. In sum, the meta-analysis provides a theoretical foundation that can guide future research on prosocial behavior and advance our understanding of individual differences in human prosociality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Decoding fairness motivations from multivariate brain activity patterns.

A preference for fairness may originate from prosocial or strategic motivations: we may wish to improve others’ well-being or avoid the repercussions of selfish behavior. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify neural patterns that dissociate these two motivations. Participants played both the ultimatum and dictator game (UG–DG) as proposers. Because responders can reject the offer in the UG, but not the DG, offers and neural patterns between the games should differ for strategic players but not prosocial players. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found that the decoding accuracy of neural patterns associated with UG and DG decisions correlated significantly with differences in offers between games in regions associated with theory of mind (ToM), such as the temporoparietal junction, and cognitive control, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex. We conclude that individual differences in prosocial behavior may be driven by variations in the degree to which self-control and ToM processes are engaged during decision-making such that the extent to which these processes are engaged is indicative of either selfish or prosocial motivations.

Situational Affordances for Prosocial Behaviour: On the Interaction between Honesty–Humility and (Perceived) Interdependence

Individual differences in prosocial behaviour are well–documented. Increasingly, there has been a focus on the specific situations in which particular personality traits predict prosocial behaviour. HEXACO Honesty–Humility—the basic trait most consistently linked to prosocial behaviour in prior studies—has been found to predict prosociality most strongly in situations that afford the exploitation of others. Importantly, though, it may be the subjectively perceived situation that affords the behavioural expression of a trait. Following this reasoning, we tested the proposition that Honesty–Humility would predict prosocial behaviour more strongly in situations characterised by, and perceived to contain, two dimensions of interdependence that can afford exploitation: high conflict and high power. However, across a series of incentivised economic games and two large experience sampling studies, we only found inconsistent evidence for the association between Honesty–Humility and prosocial behaviour. Furthermore, the link between Honesty–Humility and prosociality was neither conditional on objective interdependence nor on subjective perceptions of interdependence. Nonetheless, perceptions of conflict and power tracked objective properties of economic games and were related to prosocial behaviour in the lab and field. Future research should take individuals’ subjective understanding of situations into account, which may also help understand the (generalisability of the) effect of Honesty–Humility on prosocial behaviour. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Shyness, aggression, and empathy in children of shy mothers: Moderating influence of children's psychophysiological self‐regulation

Maternal psychological factors are known to play a critical role in children's socioemotional development, particularly in pro- and anti-social behaviors. Although shyness is a ubiquitous phenomenon and associated with social anxiety, relatively few have examined the relation between maternal shyness and children's socioemotional development. We explored the moderating influence of children's resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and RSA change on the relation between maternal shyness and children's shyness, empathy, and aggression in 129 (62 males) typically developing 4- (n=81) and 6- (n=48)year-olds. We found that 6-year-olds' RSA change score from baseline to a cognitive challenge task acted as a moderator on the relation between mother's shyness and child observed empathy but not for maternal report of child aggression or child's observed shyness. These results were not found in the 4-year-olds. Six-year-olds with relatively high RSA change and relatively low maternal shyness displayed the highest levels of empathy. These results suggest that the maternal caregiving environment and biological characteristics of the child may confer individual differences in prosocial behaviors in children. Findings are discussed in terms of age-related differences in socioemotional behaviors in children of shy mothers.

Medical students’ empathy positively predicts charitable donation behavior

ABSTRACT Empathy is known to motivate prosocial behavior. This relationship, however, is complex and influenced by the social context and the type of prosocial behavior. Additionally, empathy is a complex psychological capacity, making it important to examine how different components influence different prosocial behaviors. The current study uses a unique longitudinal sample to assess how changes in cognitive and affective components of empathy relate to charitable giving. Measures of empathy were collected from medical students in the fall and spring of students’ first three years of medical school. After this time, students had the opportunity to donate to charity. Positive changes in students’ cognitive empathy predicted their charitable giving, with students who demonstrated greater increases in cognitive empathy giving more money. This study points to an important role for cognitive empathy in generosity, and suggests that long-term changes in empathy influence individual differences in prosocial behavior. Abbreviations: Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE); Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy - Student Version (JSE); Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)

Developmental Differences in Prosocial Behavior Between Preschool and Late Elementary School.

Research points to evidence of innate prosocial tendencies present early in life. As more complex cognitive abilities emerge with development, this may alter the expression and nature of prosocial behaviors over time. Sharing is one important expression of prosocial behavior. Our aim was to explore how children’s sharing behavior with different recipients across important social categories changes by comparing two distinct transitional periods in development. We compared the responses of 46 preschoolers (M age = 4.95 years) and 52 5th graders (M age = 9.98 years) on two social decision-making paradigms. Results showed that older children shared more selectively depending on the recipient than younger children, who shared resources more equitably with different recipients. A second paradigm revealed greater uncoupling of behavior and cognition among older children, such that prosocial behavior in preschoolers was more closely linked to their judgments about the recipient’s character than it was for 5th graders. Increased cognitive complexity that emerges over the course of development can be used to help or discriminate against others, depending upon how those capacities are channeled. Therefore, how these abilities are shaped has important societal consequences.

Testing helping behavior and its relationship to antisocial personality and psychopathic traits

When presented with decisions that require simultaneously weighing self-benefit and other harm, adolescents with callous-unemotional traits compared with controls engage in less Costly Helping (i.e., giving up a benefit to protect a beneficent other). Young adults completed questionnaires, played an online-administered game of Costly Helping, and viewed an Elevation stimulus video (when witnessing another's act of virtue, individuals may experience a positive or elevating response). Subjects were assigned to one of four study arms, which varied the order of presentation. Higher levels of Factor 1 (callousness) psychopathic trait scale scores (assessed using the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale) were associated with significantly less Costly Helping. Elevation associated positively with Costly Helping behaviors and negatively with psychopathic traits. Introducing Elevation as an independent variable in regression analyses attenuated the relationship between psychopathic traits and Costly Helping, suggesting mediation. Those viewing the Elevation stimulus video prior to playing the game, as opposed to after, trended toward more Costly Helping by taking less money for themselves ($3.28vs. $3.72). Results support that this simple game provides meaningful behavioral data associated with psychopathic traits. Differences in Elevation may, in part, explain the observed differences in prosocial behavior in those with high psychopathic traits.

The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence.

The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by increasingly sophisticated social cognitive abilities that are paralleled by significant functional maturation of the brain. However, the role of social and neurobiological development in facilitating age differences in prosocial behavior remains unclear. Using a cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents (n = 51; 8–16 years), we examined the age-related correlates of prosocial behavior. Youth made costly and non-costly prosocial decisions to anonymous peers during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Among a subsample of youth who made prosocial decisions (n = 35), we found quadratic age differences in neural activation that peaked in early adolescence relative to childhood and older adolescence. In particular, early adolescents showed heightened recruitment of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), temporal pole and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) when engaging in costly prosocial behavior at the expense of gaining a reward, whereas they evoked heightened pSTS and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/IFG activation when engaging in costly vs non-costly forms of prosocial behavior. Given that we did not find age differences in prosocial behavior, this suggests that early adolescents show unique patterns of brain activation to inform similar levels of prosocial behavior.